The Surprising Origin of All the Elements in the Universe?
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- čas přidán 1. 06. 2024
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Background videos:
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: • How Did the First Atom...
Solar Fusion: • Why Does the SUN SHINE...
Chapters:
0:00 - Periodic table
2:21 - Where did the original lightest atoms come from?
6:05 - What atoms are produced in the core of the sun?
7:15 - Where do heavier elements come from?
8:29 - Where do elements heavier than iron come from?
10:46 - How the sun produces elements heavier than iron
12:13 - How the heaviest elements are produced by neutron star fusion
Summary:
The universe, shortly after the big bang only consisted of the lightest elements, Hydrogen, Helium Lithium, and some isotopes. But today we have elements on earth as heavy as Californium, element 98 on the periodic table. Where did all these elements on earth come from?
The nuclei of the lightest elements first came from the first minutes of the big bang, when nucleosynthesis occurred. After 380,000 years, the universe cooled down enough to produce neutral stars.
Later as hydrogen gas condensed into the first stars, the universe came out of the dark ages, as these stars began to shine. Stars shine thanks to a process called fusion. In the first stars this happened when hydrogen atoms combined to form helium atoms in the core of stars, where temperatures and pressures are high enough to initiate fusion. This process releases heat and light.
The process happens something like this: You start with 4 hydrogens atoms. You can fuse the two pairs of hydrogen atoms into two deuterium atoms, as two protons can transmute into Neutrons. Then you can borrow two more protons to make two helium-3 atoms. These can then fuse to make a helium-4 atom and two free protons. Energy is also released in this process.
You can continue this fusion process to make heavier and heavier atoms. But stars like our sun can continue this fusion process up until elements like carbon, or nitrogen because they don't can't produce the temperatures and pressure for further fusion.
But large stars can produce elements up to iron. Iron has the largest nuclear binding energy or all elements - it has the most stable nucleus. So, the fusion process stops at iron, and the bigger stars also die.
Where do the heaviest elements larger than iron come from? When a very massive star dies, they explode in a supernova. Elements beyond iron are not usually produced in the core of stars, but are formed in this explosion. The extreme temperatures in a supernova can reach billions of degrees. This drives additional nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron, yielding elements all the way to Zirconium, element 40.
Where do element beyond Zirconium come from? Although the sun doesn’t produce elements much heavier than Nitrogen, it CONTAINS heavier elements even up top iron because these were present in the original gases that formed it. When free neutrons merge with heavy elements, they produce an even heavier isotope of the element. Then over time, due to the weak force, some of the neutrons transmute into protons inside the nucleus creating heavier elements. This way, Iron turns into Cobalt, then Nickel, and so forth, all the way to bismuth, element 83.
Heavier elements than this can be produced when the core of a supernovae, called neutron stars merge. When two neutron stars merge, they can free up a lot of neutrons which can get absorbed by heavy atoms. And over time these heavier elements become even heavier as some of the neutrons transmute into protons. This can produce elements all the way to plutonium, element 94.
Elements heavier than Plutonium only have very unstable isotopes. So, we find them typically only around radioactive sources., in very minute amounts as elements like uranium absorbs neutrons. These neutrons transmute to produce isotopes of heavier elements.
The remaining 20 heaviest elements from 99 to 118 on the periodic table are man made. They do not occur naturally and are highly unstable lasting sometimes only fractions of a second.
Three elements - boron, beryllium, and some lithium are not produced by any of these mechanisms, but from fission due to cosmic rays. 98% of the visible matter in the universe is made of only Hydrogen and Helium. The remaining 96 natural elements make up only 2% of the remaining. Most of the atoms in our bodies and on earth, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are part of this tiny 2%.
#nucleosynthesis
#periodictable - Věda a technologie
Arvin is incredibly unselfish with his knowledge. We all are so lucky to be able to have this opertunity. Each video Is a gift to each and every one of us. I would like to personally thank you from the bottom of my heart, sending you much love and appreciation from a loyal subscriber.
Wow, thank you. I really appreciate it.
@@ArvinAsh you're one of the most genius teachers of all time Arvin Ash, although you're not perfect, and i disagree with some theories you show In some of your videos, you are one of the best when it comes to making complex things easy.
@@ArvinAsh well it's all true and you're quite welcome Arvin.
True ……although it’s not his knowledge.
Isn’t that right Arvin?
@@PetraKann Avin doesnt answer everybody
My school years have been decades ago. I wish I had teachers like him to explain these topics maybe I would have had more interest in science as a kid. Doing a lot of catching up now
Ikr. I remember sitting at my science table at class thinking "who cares that this table is made of atoms? i just wanna go home"
I feel the same. But tbh I think it has a lot to do with when we were kids, we can be very closed minded, so if it didn't peak our interest right away we instantly turned off. But as we get older, especially in my case, we become more open to learning things and actually enjoy learning new things. It's that old saying I wish my younger self had the attitude I do now. I enjoy learning and will try even when it goes over my head.
The rarest element on Earth is Arvinium, made by fusing together large pieces of knowledge. It's radiating away wisdom, and it's detectable on youtube.
My favorite element, for sure ❤
Just shut up. Cringe Lord. Never comment again.
@@danieldorsz1047 Either you really think I'll never comment ever again cause you, a random, insignificant nobody told me so, which is quite dumb,
or
you don't actually think seriously that I'll never comment again, which also makes your comment dumb.
Both options turn out to be bad for you. I advise to remain silent, so you't make your position worse.
Let me love what I admire. Thanks.
@@balazsadorjani1263
Don’t worry about that envious guy. He has no likes on his comment which means nobody agrees with him.
Edit: As of now, the envious dude has 4 likes which equals to 4 idiots who thinks it’s cringe.
@@Bassotronics A silent voice 😭🤧🤧
And it all happens with virtually no energy.
Many documentaries satisfy the “ what is happening ” but getting someone to at least attempt to answer the deepest “Why it’s happening” is great.
thank you
In my opinion this one is hands down the most valuable video in your catalog.
absolutely true
@@ratnakarmore5345 Be Smart (PBS) channel has a fun way of explaining this.
Wow this is the BEST video on nucleosynthesis on YT. Arvin accounted for every nucleus!! The 4 heavier elements after Pu and Li, Be and B - everything!! The level of detail in this video is mindblowing. Moral of the story - sufficiently energectic protons and neutrons can do ANYTHING 😂😂
Complex things explained in a simple, easy to understand manner, spot on!!
Interesting, I had not realized there were so many different ways to form elements heavier then iron.
Fun Fact : Uranium nucleus's is energetically more stable than Nitrogen's nucleus
But it is easier for heavier element to go under nuclear fission ( it has a smaller activation energy/energy barrier) while for lighter elements is difficult to go under nuclear fusion ( it has a very large activation energy/energy barrier).
I think you meant to say fission again. Lighter elements are the ones used for fusion. Due to their tightly bound nucleus with smaller atomic radii it is harder to separate the electrons from their opposing protons so closeby. Uranium has a very large atomic radii with the outer layers of electrons very far from the nucleus, making them much easier to remove with much less activation energy. Fission is exothermic, releasing energy from the breakdown of larger atoms. Fusion is endothermic, building potential energy by fusing atoms together.
.
I have a feeling you already knew all this and that this was just a simple typo. As far as your fun fact, I believe the nucleus being more energetically stable is due to strong forces right? Chemistry is so cool!
@@anthonyfaiell3263Fusion is not endothermic, if it were, stars could not exist.
@-889 true till you reach iron, getting heavier eats more energy than it produces.
Thats why elements above it come from supernovas and neutron capture
@yfaiell3263 Why do you mention electrons? You dont need to ionize an atom to make fission.(seperate electrons=ionize the atom) and its not correct that ionizing a smaller atom is harder, its sort of the opposite, but not quite. Ionising Hydrogen is pretty easy(~13eV x 1 electron=13eV). Completely ionizing (making plasma) of heavy atoms is very difficult and needs lots of energy even if it is really easy to kick of a single electron(Iron ~7eV x 26 electrons=182eV).(elements left in the periodic table have smaller ionisation energys per electron, noble gases have the highest ) (Cesium lowest, Helium highest per electron)
But besides of that you are talking chemistry here but its a nuclear and not a chemical reaction.(even if afterwards chemistry will "happen" to the products)
You need to make a neutron, ideally a slow one because the probability then is higher, destabilizing the Nucleus to split it via coulomb-force(like charges repel each other) overcoming the strong and weak force in certain parts of the nucleus.
For fusion, the problem is the coulomb-barrier. What you are using in the fission is the problem in the fusion. Make them hit harder(heating makes them faster)or crunch them harder together(increasing the pressure) and they fuse together releasing energy and particles depending on the elements.
For the fission a proton with high enough energy would work but since neutrons are neutral and dont feel the force they are the only one who realistically can do it.
Great video! I taught astronomy for several years at the 2 - year level. I wish I had videos of this quality back then. They would have been so useful to help my students understand how everything came to be.
I am personally very much Greateful to you Arvin. Like, I'm in India and I'm a science aspirant who's in 12th standard who was searching for such a channel which would cover all the enthusiastic topics in science
🔬🚀 I'm glad I found your channel and gain knowledge📚. Really really appreciate your work sir. Thank you❤
Prajwal, this excellent video told you the current paradigm for how the elements formed. This is not the end of the story. There are probably many other pathways that could not even be imagined yet. That will be your job. Just as an aside, there is a small amount of elements formed by a natural nuclear reactor in Africa. As someone said, "Reality is not only stranger than we suppose, but stranger than we can suppose."
@@caricue sir,, where are u from... Just excellent that ur replying to kids like us..
Me to
same here broh
@@caricue Arthur C. Clarke, science fiction writer.
This channel thrusts my curiosity at its peak 😃 thanks arvin
As usual, Arvin is a true master in explaining complex matters! Superb video! So glad to have this channel on my list!
The whole idea of non-natural elements is so cool! Like, a lot of times I feel like we are just little blips of order living in a universe that wasn't made for us.
But the fact that we can make actual elements that actually exist that have never ever existed before (that we know of) is super cool.
Yeah the universe wasn't made for us, we are made for the universe, or at least for planet earth.
@@loganwolv3393
It's neither, it just is, it's probability, throw enough darts at the dart board blindfolded and you'll eventually hit the bullseye. Billions of chemical elements and molcules (and molecules are in space) going through billions of environmental situations, on a billion planets, and you'll eventually get something once in a hundred of billions of years.
We're not made for it, we essentially are it. But meaning is a subjectivity created by the brain.
we're gods. we're even on the verge of making artificial suns. scale that up with future developments in technology and we can postpone the heat death of the universe indefinitely
@@loganwolv3393 Exactly! Fine-tuning proponents seem to not understand this.
I’m so happy I stumbled across this channel! You provide a valuable service as a science communicator.
This has grown to become one of my favorite science youtube channels. Thanks for all the great content!
Awesome and engaging presentation (as usual) Arvin. Kudos for keeping the bar so consistently high! :)
Very well explained. Congrats on the art and the script
This was probably the best video I’ve soon on this topic. Amazing work and thank you so much!
Very interesting! Thank you Arvin, my friend!!
As usual, another excellent video. So much good information! Thanks again to Arvin Ash.
if I had access to these videos when I was a kid in school I may have decided to go to college for this stuff, so interesting and fun to learn
New Arvin video? Thats how I know today's gonna be a good day
This is the best video I have seen to explain the origin of elements. Thank you Arvin!
What an absolute treat. Gread video, very well explained!
Just love all your videos, learn so much every episode
Thanks Arvin. I love your videos. I'll be honest, I understand only half of them, but, I'm trying.
Thanks again.
Lot of love and prayers for Arvin. Thanks for sharing such great videos
I love this channel. It adds so much wonder and magic to my curiosity about science and exploration of our universe 🤘
This is incredibly well done video!!!!! Awesome work!!
I love the "coming up... right now!" and "I'll see you in the next video, my friend!" parts as much as the mind-boggling content :D
Hello. . I have been watching your videos for a while, but I wanted to thank and encourage you. You are amazing and have some of the absolute best science videos I have seen. Thank you for being you!
Great video, thanks loving yall
Excellent video Arvin!!! Most exhaustive account of the whole periodic table. Can u do a video on the detailed physics of pulsars, what causes their extreme magnetic fields and how they emit light beams?
I've been finding this video everywhere but finally I got it . Thank you Arvin.
You've got a new subscriber ❤❤
Awesome! Thank you and welcome aboard!
It looks like weak force holds very key importance in formation of these heavy atoms.
I do have one question:
Why does the isolated neutrons get captured by these heavy atoms? I assume that these atoms are in stable state so there must not be any reason for them to capture these neutrons. Is there any mechanism behind this phenomenon?
On the side note I really appreciate your work. The way you explains these complex topics in layman terms is astounding. I am glad I was able to witness the growth of this channel from under 50k to now 583k subs. Hopefully you'll reach the 1 million milestone quickly.
Neutrons are being absorbed and released all the time, in very large scales under the right conditions, high temperatures and pressures. A tiny portion of these exchanges result in stable elements being formed with the help of the weak force. This is why typically, higher mass elements occur in lower quantities than lower mass elements.
Great video, thanks. I think this topic is very important.
Arvin sir, I want to request you something.
Please, upload videos as soon as you can. I don't want to miss your precious whys.
Thanks!
This guy is awesome. I just found this channel this week. Subscribed! 👍👍👍
Thanks boss, i appreciate everything you do.
One of the best channels on yt in my opinion. Thank you Arvin!!
Thanks Arvin for another fantastic video. I really learned a lot from this video. How wonderful it would be to have as a collector's item the first Hydrogen atom created by the universe !!!
Very informative and easily understandable.
I knew about super novas making heavier elements, but did not realize that they only did so up to a point. I'm glad I watched this!
Great video! Thanks!
Quite detailed yet simple!
One of your best videos. Best and clearest explanation I’ve encountered on the origin of elements.
Glad you enjoyed it!
Avrin Ash you explained things so amazingly good in every video.👍
Great video thanks
Excellent video. Thank you for the explanation made simple-er.
Superbly explained thank you
Thank you. This has helped me get a way better picture. Always have wondered about elements past iron.
Quality video mate!
Excellent explanation!!!
Great presentation- should be viewed on 1st day of chemistry class in high school
Brilliantly explained !
Awesome video!! I knew about the lighter elements but not the heavy ones.
Thanks for sharing this
this is probably my favorite video of yours so far.
The planetarium at leicester space museum did a great presentation on this, really awe inspiring work.
Thanks for yet another wonderfully clear explanation of an interesting aspect of our natural world. For me as an interested lay person, you are the best science explainer on the internet, that I have found so far anyway.
Great video!
Your best vid in my opinion, great work. +1
Thank you for this masterpiece
Thanks, your channel taught me a lot.
Very nice. Thanks, Sir.
one of the most detailed explanation video . Thanks dude
Well made, well explained
Excellently Explained
Thank-you Arvin !
It wonderful as usual.
👍 👏
Awesome video! Should be required watching for everyone in school. Gives you such an overview of how all matter, including us, are made.
Would it be possible for you to make an additional video covering the same topic, but from the point of view that the atoms are made up of particles that are vibrations in underlying quantum fields? That is, could you explain nucleosynthesis etc in terms of what is happening in the underlying quantum fields?
I would also greatly appreciate some guidance to the following additional but related question:
If it is true that a particle is the smallest possible vibration of a quantum field, then how does a particle acquire its (x,y,z,t) location (as we experience it in everyday life)? How do a large number of particles (as defined by a quantum field) come together in adjacent (x,y,z,t) co-ordinates in order to form an everyday object? How can we (as macroscopic beings) use our muscles to manipulate these quantum field particles in order to construct an everyday object?
Intuitively, it seems that we would need some sort of laser beams or electron beams etc to manipulate a quantum field so as to move these particles to where would like them to be, in stark contrast to the reality that we can just pick them up with our hands and move them around.
Great! Like every video you do :)
loves the explanations!
Nicely done.
Thank you Arvin
Excellent presentation 👏
Excellent video! You should make a follow up video about the hypothesized island of stability in the periodic table.
Very good, thank you so much.
Arvin Ash is one of the best CZcamsr
Omg I’m so glad I found this channel!!!
Yes I subscribe now
This is one of the best explanations I’ve ever seen. If you can suggest further reading, even technical, it would be appreciated. Thanks,! Your videos are consistently great.
This is a pretty good and relatively simple read: www.nasa.gov/pdf/190387main_Cosmic_Elements.pdf
Simply Arvin, your channel is pure treasure! I’m rich to know all of your videos! I really think so! Thank you very, very much! What I think, who ever come a cross your video, he become your subscriber immediately! I guarantee you, because it happened to me too couple years ago!
this channel is under rated. it should have more views and subscriptions. what you tube algorithm is doing?
I pondered whether Life could exist without heavier, rarer elements. Looking at the periodic table I observed that with a few exceptions, notably iron, copper, calcium, and potassium, living systems we are familiar with are comprised almost entirely of low mass elements. Elements heavier than iron and copper are only incorporated in trace amounts. This implies that Life could arise quite early in the observed lifetime of the Universe. "Organic compounds" might well be able to provide the activity of all those trace elements, or those activities may not be necessary to Life.
cool thought. maybe in 200 billion years, future species will be asking "Can life form without stable meta-peta-Promethium?"
Your videos keep my brain working properly, thanks. ^_^
Thank you so much
Great explanation 👍
Can you do an episode about probability of “island of stability” thank you for making very comprehensive and awesome videos
That would be really great follow on to these videos !
Excellent information 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
Unbelievable explanation .
This is super interesting and educational. High school science and chemistry made a interesting topic so borning, i wish combine something like this in the educational system.
THANK YOU DR.ARVIN ASH...!!!
Thanks Arvin, This was the answer I was looking for. Thanks for converting the answer(given by you several months ago) to video format and doing in-depth explanation for all naturally occurring elements.
Now my next question arises from this video: Is our solar system a remnant of such a massive supernova ? As 98 elements occurred naturally so there must have been a supernova in the past to give a vast variety of elements. Also how do planets came to form at a specific point in the space ?
Hi Arvin. You are a great teacher. I am physician in USA, learning new things from your short but very interesting videos.
Happy to hear that! Thank you.
Arvin Hats off to your knowledge !
Thanks arvin for sharing tons of knowledge. Well I am trying to understand how a wave function of future Quantum probabilities chooses a definite classical past.
Thank good stuff thanks
One of the best