Herzl's Judenstaat (1895-1902)
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- čas přidán 7. 06. 2024
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Sources:
Shlomo Avineri
"Herzl's Road to Zionism"
The American Jewish Yearbook, Vol. 98
www.jstor.org/stable/23605389
Isaiah Friedman
"Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements"
Israel Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3
jstor.org/stable/30245639
Ahad HaAm
"Jewish State, Jewish Problem"
HaShiloah
rrfei.org/2017/08/ahad-ha-jewi...
Neville J. Mandel
"Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I"
Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3
www.jstor.org/stable/4282539
Katherine E. Sorrels
"Austrian Jews and the Idea of Europe"
University of Pittsburgh, 2009
d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8117/1/...
0:00 Intro
1:55 Jews in Austria-Hungary
4:13 Herzl’s Early Life
7:03 Karl Lueger and the CSP
8:55 Der Judenstaat
12:55 The First Zionist Congress
15:47 The Second Zionist Congress
19:14 Herzl in Palestine
22:33 Herzl’s Opposition Grows
24:27 The Typewriter Affair
27:41 Altneuland
CORRECTIONS/ELABORATIONS:
First: at 3:39 Vienna is misplaced, in reality it's much further north next to Pressburg/Bratislava.
Second: "Jewish State" is really a mistranslation but it's one that's accepted. _Judenstaat_ should really be translated as "Jews' State." The German and Hebrew are much clearer about this, and that's what Ahad HaAm was playing on: he wanted not a "Jews' State" (a state comprising a Jewish majority) but a "Jewish State" (a state with an authentic and organic Jewish culture).
It’s true that Vienna was misplaced, but I’m very impressed by the accuracy of the maps you use! I’m thinking for instance of the orange shading of the Italian states ruled by other branches of the Habsburgs. Appreciate the commitment to accuracy!
The literal translation of "Der Judenstaat" is "the state of (the) Jews", but yes, it can also be literally translated as "the Jews' state"
The German language uses a lot of compound words consisting of neologisms and "Judenstaat" is one of those, but these compound words are unusual in other languages, therefore they should rather be translated with the possessive prepositions.
Also, as a result, these compound words lose their articles and therefore it's not always clear if it would be a state of the Jews or a state of Jews, it can mean both things, depending on the context.
6:10 Südfeld ("south field") -> Nordau ("north meadow" as folk etymology). That _is_ a radical break.
Banning typewriters must have been one of the pettiest moves in all of history
Unreal how we've gone from the first cultures in the Levant to Herzl already. Love it!
It really shows the continuity of Jewish history and how everything is built on the history that came before it
@@ShnoogleMan "how everything is built on the history that came before it" yeah almost like we're watching history.
@J Kim I'm not even a Jew
Herzl's 50 year prediction was such an incredible power move in retrospect ngl
In his book "Jerusalem", historian Simon Sebag Montefiore says the following about Herzl's vision for a Jewish state:
“Herzl concluded that Jews could never be safe without their own homeland. At first, this half-pragmatist, half-utopian dreamed of a Germanic aristocratic republic, a Jewish Venice ruled by a senate with a Rothschild as princely doge and himself as chancellor. His vision was secular: the high priests “will wear impressive robes”; the Herzl army would boast cuirassiers with silver breastplates; his modern Jewish citizens would play cricket and tennis in a modern Jerusalem.”
Somebody in the teaser comments described it as Herzl playing SimCity, and that's just about perfect.
Hey I know this is a niche subject but could you maybe do a small video on Jews in Cuba or Latin America in general? I’m a Puerto Rican Jew and most here came from Cuba after Castro took power. There’s not much info on it though It would be cool to see what you can find
That sounds interesting. Great idea.
He will make the video if he has the opportunity to make a collaboration with other channels.
I would love to see that I know there are definitely a lot of small communities of Latin American Jews especially descending from the Inquisition and converso community
That would be a kewl video
Yes! I’d love to see a video on the Caribbean Jewish diaspora communities especially since I feel as if I’m reconnecting with Judaism through the Caribbean
You have to admire Herzel's persistence, I mean, he got recognition from 2 world leaders. The guy really knew what he was doing.
He was great at politics, but kinda shitty as a visionary.
Yeah, he knew what he was doing. He also knew what he was doing when he settled palestine with the palestinian colonization organization.
@@hatinmyselfiscool2879it's entire goal was land buying.
I'm shocked at how I was familiar with so little of this, and how this narrative was different to the one taught in Israeli schools. I feel as if this is your best video yet, though to be honest I think that was the case for all of your videos in the past few months. What a great video to enter the 20th century with
כן בבית ספר לא מספרים לך על כמה שהרצל היה בור לרצונות היהודים ובכלל ליהדות, למסורת ולתרבות של העם שלנו.
@@ilayohana3150 זאת דרך מאוד קיצונית לתאר את זה, אבל אולי אני מסכים איתך
I think Herzl, Ahad HaAm and most other Zionist leaders of the time would've been horrified if they ever saw the Israeli school system.
@@smorcrux426 אני לא חושב שזו דרך קיצונית, זה בדיוק מה שהבחור בסרטון ניסה להסביר. הרצל לי באשליה שבישראל תיווצר עוד אמריקה שמדברים בה גרמנית, והוא היה היחיד עם החזון הזה וזה נראה. אף אחד לא תמך ברעיונות שלו. הוא פשוט עשה רעש מהציונוץ ומשך אליה תשומת לב, זה מה שהרויח לו את את המעמד הניתן לו היום אבל הוא בהחלט לא הקים את התנועה או אף הקים אידיולוגיה פופולרית.
That's a cruel line to end on, I'll be on the edge of my seat until your next video.
I’ve read Herzl’s Jewish State but had no idea how ignorant he was to the movement at large both the fact it existed and its ideas and makeup. This is truly fascinating.
Well done Sam! This is definitely one of your best in the whole series!
Excelent video as always mate!
Great work, Sam! Thank you for all that you do. I sort of intensely look forward to each new video. Awesome stuff
I’m not even Jewish but this is fascinating and well made!
O same dude
Can't get much pettier than trying to ban typewriters over that dispute!
There was precedent for it. In the early days of the empire, only Jews were allowed to own printing presses in order to protect the jobs of scribes. You can learn more from Al-Muqaddimah's video here:
czcams.com/video/5PwdYmT5U9c/video.html
@@SamAronow
In the book "Why Nations Fail" these types of bans were blamed as one of the big reasons why the Ottoman empire stagnated. The book argued that the Ottoman empire created an atmosphere that actively punished innovation and "creative destruction" in order to protect older power structures. Really fascinating book if you haven't read it.
@@mattbenz99 Nationalism did them in.
Amazing Video, and what a cliffhanger! Can't wait for the next one!
Finally saw all videos up to here - what an accomplishment! (you making it - not me watching it - because to me it was a joy). Looking forward to more!
I've been waiting so long for this video and it still surprised me more than I expected. That last cliffhanger was indeed a perfect one! Good work, Sam!
What does he mean that it wasn’t the only Jewish national movement, what was the second one ?
@@UnknownSend3r Of course Arab Nationalism in the lands of Palestine.
@@IsrarulHaque24x7 how does a arab national movement become the second/first Jewish movement he’s clearly talking about a Jewish movement.
Well, I heard it as the 'only nationalist movement' taking place. Maybe I heard/understood it wrong. Need to re-hear it.
@Aris Totle It looks like he's referring to both the Jewish Labour Bund, which were a socialist movement that also advocated for Jewish nationalism in the Russian Empire, and the Yiddishist/Cultural Autonomist Movement led by people like Zhitlowsky that wanted Jewish national autonomy within a broader secular context.
No oen's saying so I will, in addition to Zionism, Herzl was rocking a LEGENDARY BEARD, I mean look at that thing, so well groomed.
Nice videos, recently saw your channel, and I gotta say I really like the storytelling approach. Also nice ending song choice, gave me that historia civilis vibe. :)
I can't wait for the next video!
My favorite channel on CZcams. You are the best, Sam!
I am a newcomer to your excellent channel. Some videos seem to be standalone, others end in cliffhngers, like this one, but I'm not sure where to go for the next instalment!
Amazing work!
What amazing quality; thank you!
Really amazing episode. I got chills by the end and now I am so excited for the next one. I know Altneautland was very much a utopian idea, but the idea of a peace force centered in Jerusalem with the focus of aiding everyone around the world is an ideal I wish manifested and maybe one day can. Learning about Jewish history makes me feel more connected to the world and that one day everyone can live in harmony.
If I’m remembering Altneuland correctly, wasn’t it a weird system where non-Jews who don’t want to be a part of the country can instead be members of a different nation that exists side by side, which is an….interesting idea
So he was a Zionist, and Assimilationist, _and_ a Bundist all at the same time!?
@@SamAronow I think he’s implying that hertzl theorised a two-state solution.
i never read altneuland but i learned about its importance in school and how hertzl invisioned the jewish state in it. but while hearing your description of it i died laughing. much of it is hindsight of course but with hesses predictions i was surprised by their relative accuracy in most cases here i just died laughing by how far off and fictional everything he said sounds
@@chimera9818 I get that but I kinda was taught about it in a romanticized way making it sound like this was hertzels vision of a Jewish country and it came true
I really appreciate your channel, as a non-Jewish person I am ashamed that I have not been exposed to more of Jewish history.
This video series is incredible!
סרטון נהדר ומשכיל מאוד! תודה!!
OMG a kraut cameo. I love it.
Is that his cat?
Amazing and fascinating video 👏👏👏
Great work! Keep this content up! Its been a great help in helping me understand the history of Palestine and whats happening now, and Ive been using this clip in particular to prove my point.
Trying to help people on twitter understand to look at this history and not just at the terror flooding their screens.
❤
Finally! More cliffhangers!
Thank you for another fantastic presentation! Shabbat Shalom!
Great work
15:40
It wasn't in 50 years.
It was 50 years 9 months later that Israel was declared.
31:15
Do you mean Yiddishism, or Jewish territorialism?
Because Jewish territorialism was part of the Zionist movement and its ideas were discussed in the Zionist congress. Only eventually it split from the Zionist movement.
Herzl himself was one of the prominent supporters of its ideas at first.
Especially in Argentina (as you mentioned) and the Uganda plan.
If you mean Yiddishism and Jewish Autonomism of Simon Dubnow, it was indeed very popular in Eastern Europe.
The Bund was even one of the main establishers of the "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party" of which Lenin was the leader. But after the Bolsheviks split from it and later took power, Jewish Autonomism was heavily suppressed.
Only in Poland, Romania and Lithuania, it was thriving. And even there it constantly suffered from "defectors" to Labour Zionism as anti-Semitism increased more and more.
That last part is incorrect. The Bund in Poland increased in popularity massively during the 1930s, when antisemitism became state policy. In fact, it gained more votes than all other Jewish parties combined in the 1938 local elections.
@@zetmo2205
I didn't say it was decreasing in popularity. I just said that more and more people from the Yiddishism movements turned to Labour Zionism.
I knew this would be good. I've loved this whole series, but as we get closer to the birth of modern Israel, I knew it would be even more interesting. You are so good at what you do, Sam Aronow.
Nice collabs! This time it's Kraut if I'm not mistaken
I really thought you were going to end the video by saying that they then translated Altneuland into Hebrew, and called it "Tel Aviv"
We'll probably come back to that later.
I know this is because this was the situation at the time, but I hope future episodes relating to zionism will have more than 'the one arab mentioned in the book'
Great video. Altneuland’s story of Rabbi Geyer is quite prophetic to today.
It's weird that he put a proto-fascist antagonist in his own utopian fantasy, right?
Amazing that Herzl warned against Kahanism. But what he didn't seem to understand is Kahanism's appeal.
@@SamAronow It's a utopian fantasy because the proto-fascist loses and the good guys prevail perhaps?
That ending hit hard
I think you misplaced Vienna at 3:39
came to look for this comment. still excellent video
Hi Sam, I would suggest for you to make a video about Latin American jews, as a Venezuelan-Jew myself I would be more than willing to help on anything you need
היי סאם, אני מנסה ליצור איתך קשר אני רוצה לקשר אותך לבית יד לבנים בחולון או הרשת בכללי שתבוא לעשות סדרת הרצאות בנושא יהדות בסיסית ויהדות בתפוצה .. אין לי תפקיד פשוט ממש אהבתי את הערוץ שלך ואני חושב שיש לך קול מלומד חשוב שיש לשמוע אותו בקהלים צעירים...
יאללה! אתה עובד איתם?
after looking more into Herzl, I feel bad for him, the current state of Israel is a perversion of what he wanted
I'm not a Jewish but just a cat😺.... This Herzhl dude amaze me of his dream having a Jewish State as priority and not the Jewish Nation.... His Jewish State utopia is capitalism and not run by religious group of parties, that's why he's not into Jewish Nation.... I believe if the current Israel government did apply some of Herzhl's ideas Jewish and Arab Muslim community will be peaceful instead and no killing and greediness are being exploited against he native Palestinian in Israel
Well done.
18:10 I didn't expect Kraut and Tea here.
An episode on Lithuanian Jews of Salatai, and Rabbi Shmuel Salant would be amazing
Question, not sure if you’ll see this, but are you or your family from New York? You have a New York accent in some of your pronunciations.
This is fantastic research. Thank you for presenting.
It's amazing how Herzl went 720 degrees on his views regarding socialism, since altneuland was the theoretical layout for the socialist utopia.
It's also amazing seeing other socialistic Zionists working other angles as well. Theodore Hertzka (not Herzl) wrote "Freiland," which is actually a trial balloon for seeing up a socialist Jewish colony in East Africa.
Couple that with the Austrian School of Economics, we have some lovely debates along Kärtnerstraße!
Keep up the good work!
It's driving me insane- starting at 22:33, what is that song?
I love the cat at 17:56!!
חתול העם
I also read der judenstaat. It does say such a state will be "An opposition to barbarism", any opinion on this?
Wait is leuger the guy who fired Gustav Mahler from his job as conductor of the Vienna Orchestra? The guy who said “I decide who is a Jew and who isn’t”?
Yes.
I would love a video on Argentinian Jews if possible. Love the content so much, so much I was never taught in school!
that one cliffhangy way to end an episode, the typewriter story sounds so rediculous it has to be some jewish legend, literally has all the components, a kind hearted well meaning king with an evil advisor trying to fool him, with the clever jew trying to outsmart the advisor
Baroech atta hashem,
Thank you so much for this Sam🙏
What’s the song at 22:40?
Funny ! Südfeld is southern field and Nordau is northern (humid) field ! He stayed close to the meaning !!
Wasn’t South Bulgaria known as Eastern Rumelia?
I've already heard of Karl Leuger as he was one of the main people who inspired the Nazi and anti Semitic beliefs of Adolf Hitler the infamous Nazi leader and Nazi dictator who was infamous for his role in starting ww2 and the holocaust.
Very good video and good to see you discuss the Jewish Z|ionist opposition to Herzl over creating a state not a nation. One question - what's going on with the borders in Sinai?! Know that UK concluded a treaty with Ottomoans in 1906(?) creating a border - as far away from the Suez Canal as possible, so what are the triangular looking borders in Sinai?
So strange to read about a difference between a Jewish State and a Jewish Nation
Kraut-Spotting @ 18:03 😉
Hey if you can, can you make a video covering the recent israeli election?
Great video, and its interesting that you mentioned Lueger, as in my video on "What Hitler Got Wrong" I pointed out how his anti-semitic populism was a major inspiration for a young Adolf
really?
@@bijtmntongaf Yeah for sure, check it out to find out more!
Ah great Parnell's effect is showing, it always shocks me how often Irish nationalists effect in different ways so many other national movements. Even Jewish ones it seems
It's gonna become relevant again the next time we revisit Herzl, in 1903-04. And not for the reason you're probably thinking.
@@SamAronow I honestly havent a clue why. Unless you're gonna tell me he was at the founding of the Irish volunteers or something haha. OH SHIT, could it be because of Parnells scandal with the Times? Or is that too late?
Again, Parnell died in 1891, so he's not showing up here.
@@SamAronow Oh yeah, mixing my dates up. Looking forward to more content though.
At 14:20, whom was the delegate for Belgium at the first Zionist Congress ? I couldn't find any info
Boris Barbasch.
Could you make a video about the Jewish history in the Netherlands? (a video about Baruch de Spinoza for example?)
It was very important during the Dutch golden age but most of Dutch Jewish history was destroyed during world war 2.
I have: "Return of the Conversos (1497-1677)."
@@SamAronow Thanks, I just watched. Great video.
Could you cover Jewish involvement in the American civil war.
Damn, now I have to wait.
The Swiss model for languages was very rational for the time.
Through the perspective of the Ottomans it would make more sense to give Herzl concessions in Armenia or Bulgaria than Palestine as Palestine was predominantly Muslim so their was really no reason for the ottomans to believe that the new Jewish settlers in the region would be any more loyal to the empire than the people who were already their. Meanwhile with a region like Armenia or Bulgaria that was predominantly Christian and in close proximity to the Russian Empire, Russian backed separatism was a very real threat for the ottomans just like it had been in regions like Serbia and Romania. Settling the area with Jews would not only enable further development it would also suppress Russian influence in the region as was perhaps no group of people with more reasons to hate the Russians than European Ashkenazi Jews
A fine programme. Ahead Ha’am wrote well but was stereotyped. How about a video on the Hebrew revival by Spanish Jews?
idk why the cat was added but I am ok with it
Will we talk about the Bund in the next episode?
Seems likely, but the Bund was extremly anti-nationalist
"Zionism wasnt the only jewsih nationalist movement".
Whoa, whoa whoa. You cant just put a plot twist like that and then put a cliffhanger.
The Lutheran Church of the Redeamer is actually built to look like a Prussian soldier!
First time I have heard of a Jewish man being confirmed, I thought it was a Christian ceremony which I remember being expected of me as a youth until I objected as a non-believer.
I am confused by that too
And that was the point - Confirmation is a Protestant ceremony, i.e. what many Germans did. I'm not sure how it worked, if he actually found a Protestant pastor to conduct it, or if he just copied the ritual form, but having a decidedly "German" ceremony was the whole idea behind it.
@@varana in Austria it would have been a Catholic ceremony just think it could have been clearer.
@@mrmr446 Read a bit more - apparently, it was a ceremony that was wide-spread in German Reform Judaism (which was much more influenced by Protestantism than Catholicism), mimicking specifically the Protestant ceremony, not the Catholic one.
Folks, it was a Jewish confirmation. It was discussed in my video on the Hamburg Temple Disputes. They have this in some Reform and Conservative synagogues even today. I had the option of confirmation after my Bar Mitzvah.
If it was all based on Herzl's judgment of the French I'd suggest he--and WE--remember it required Hitler and the Holocaust to relegate FRENCH treatment of its Jewish population to a mere historical footnote by comparison.
Can you make a video about Jewish characters in fiction by non-Jews? What did Jews think about Rebecca and Isaac from Ivanhoe?
11:17 Of course Ireland was involved somehow, why am I not surprised?
Whoa...PLOT TWIST!
Your political ideas can be the best around, the most well thought, most well cited, most well supported
But until you find someone who can get the crowd on their feet, your ideas aren't going anywhere fast.
Ladies and gents, I think we found our public speaker.
Herzl basically proposed the UN to be in Jerusalem before there was a UN.
a bit wrong, according to history sultan abduhamid 2 didnt let herzel and jews to establish the comapany as he didnt want a jewish state in palastine
but later when he was removed from the throne british too palastine and let jews settle in the reigon and establishing a state after ww1
ww2* 1948
I do really appreciate the very clear criticism of herzl that I see you demonstrating and I think it's important to examine as we go further into the Zionist movement and into the 20th and 21st centuries in this channel that we appreciate that the Israel that was created and the conflict that came thereafter was not the only potential Israel that could have existed it was not the only potential Jewish state that could have existed and the current conflict in its current form did not have to be and if those things are true then to some extent that must mean that there is a solution whether it is far in the future or near at hand for a more cooperative Jewish state with its Palestinian community. I'm sure as a left-wing supporter as I believe I have gathered you are that you must be rather concerned about the new Israeli government under the very far right coalition that netanyahu has put together and some of its plans to further cause dissent and conflict between the Israeli and Palestinian peoples and this is an issue that I am watching closely as well as both a Jew and a friend of Palestinians. I'm really interested to see how you represent the issue and I am confident it will be fair because everything else you have done so far has been very historically reasonable even though you are telling the story from a Jewish perspective
I disagree. As an Israeli and a liberal, we have tried the high road, we have offered peace, we have given back land, we legitimized terrorists and what did it bring to us? More terror, no peace and less land. The Palestinians are ruled over back incompetent and corrupt islamists. As the World Cup showed us, there will never be support for a Jewish state by the Arabs. It will always be "from the river to the sea" and Bibi is fully aware of that and hence there are no legitimate left wing parties in the country left. What's the conflict Bibi is trying to steer? Allowing Jews to pray at their most religious site? Oh the horror. Annexing land that was bought from the Greek Orthodox Church? Land that Jordan, the actual Palestinian state, lost in 1967? I'm more concerned about the LGBT law than anything else. Israel will only be successful through force. We're dealing with an enemy ready to attack us on our holiest day.
I think treating ongoing tensions as merely a symptom of the current government misses the root cause. Netanyahu and other members of his coalition are just more open about the goals of Zionism and the means of achieving that, which necessitates the continued displacement and disenfranchisement of Palestinians and adopting policies to maintain a Jewish demographic majority at all costs. The road to actual coexistence and reconciliation in the region requires ending the forced displacements, adopting laws that do not discriminate based on ethnicity, and granting equal status to all inhabitants; all of which are fundamentally incompatable with Zionism.
@@TheKalihiMan Arafat and Abbas turned down every peace deal offered to them. They want a 1 state solution. Barack offered the deal of a life time to Arafat, the deal he always claimed he wanted, and he still turned it down and showed he was disingenuous. The Palestinians will never accept coexistence and the Israel withdrawal from Gaza shows that they can't even rule over themselves. Hundreds of rockets shot onto Israel within days of the withdrawal. The Palestinians arent serious about peace and Israel will not compromise its safety to achieve your naive goals.
I just watched a debate on Jesus and slavery. I live in a country that for some reason has a very small Jewish population so it's hard for us to understand antisemitism. Now I think the four gospels are the root of the problem especially the gospel of John.
22:18
Kingdom? Was there even a single Zionist at the time that was advocating for a kingdom?
He may have used a more generalised term in Turkish, and it got translated as "kingdom" because this was ~1900 and kingdoms were standard. Or he didn't really care what for of government they actually envisioned and defaulted to a monarchy.
I read story. Anti-Herzl
Yes Problem
Fantastic vid and a great series.
Not sure if the teaser at the end refers to Zhabotinsky, Trumpeldor, and Revisionist Zionism so not gonna be overly critical here about some typical Anglophone oversights regarding Eastern Europe that do occur: Jews were residing in Poland (and Lithuania) no later than the 11th C. CE, with rights so liberal by the time of the reign of Kazimierz III "the Great" that, while they might not technically qualify as "emancipation," they ought not be overlooked as having preceded rights granted by Western European nations such as France and the Hapsburgs. After all, ethnic Poles who were not land owners of the time didn't enjoy the franchise either, regardless of gender.
29:14 XDDDD
Oh my God the next twenty seconds were even richer 😭😭😭
Yo I need to know what heppens next dont make me wait a month broooo
I like Hertzels AltNeuland Utopia