Receptors Physiology: Intracellular receptors : USMLE Step 1

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Intracellular and extracellular receptors are two different types of receptors that are involved in cellular signaling.
Intracellular receptors are located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. These receptors are activated by small, hydrophobic molecules such as hormones, steroid hormones, or certain vitamins. When a ligand binds to an intracellular receptor, it can directly affect gene expression and the production of specific proteins.
Extracellular receptors, on the other hand, are located on the surface of the cell membrane. These receptors are activated by large, hydrophilic molecules such as neurotransmitters, growth factors, or cytokines. When a ligand binds to an extracellular receptor, it triggers a series of events inside the cell that can lead to changes in cell behavior or gene expression.
In general, intracellular receptors are involved in slower, longer-lasting cellular responses, while extracellular receptors are involved in faster, more transient responses. Both types of receptors play important roles in cellular signaling and can be targeted by drugs for therapeutic purposes.
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