Touch receptors physiology : USMLE Step 1

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Touch receptors physiology : USMLE Step 1
Touch receptors, also known as mechanoreceptors, are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion of their structure. They are specialized nerve endings that are located in the skin, muscles, and joints, and are responsible for detecting touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
The physiology of touch receptors involves the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain. When a touch receptor is stimulated, it triggers a series of events that lead to the generation of an action potential, or nerve impulse, in the sensory nerve fiber associated with that receptor.
The process of touch reception involves several steps, including:
Mechanical deformation: When an external force is applied to the skin, it deforms the shape of the touch receptor, which activates mechanically gated ion channels in the receptor membrane.
Depolarization: The activation of these ion channels causes an influx of positive ions, such as sodium ions, into the receptor, which depolarizes the receptor membrane.
Action potential generation: If the depolarization reaches a threshold level, an action potential is generated in the sensory nerve fiber associated with the receptor.
Transmission to the brain: The action potential is then transmitted along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord and then to the brain, where it is interpreted as a tactile sensation.
There are several types of touch receptors in the skin, including Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel cells, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings. Each type of receptor responds to a different type of mechanical stimulus and has a unique structure and location in the skin.
Overall, the physiology of touch receptors is a complex process that involves the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain to produce a sense of touch.
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