The History of the Alphabet
Vložit
- čas přidán 3. 08. 2021
- The history of the Latin alphabet. From ancient Egypt, to Palestine, Greece, and Rome. Hope you enjoy.
Some Sources:
On the Origins of the Latin Alphabet: Modern Views by Arthur E. Gordon
How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs by Goldwasser, O.
The Evolution of the Alphabet by Ewan Clayton
Music:
Angevin Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
creativecommons.org/licenses/b...
Follow me:
/
/ harrisonholt2
#alphabet
Unfairly underrated channel, the quality of your content is equivalent of channels like armchair historian, hope you will explode in subs soon !!
Agreed! Recently discovered and this content is so good!
“Phoenician” is such a fraught term that generates a great deal of misunderstanding. Firstly, there is no ethnic or linguistic group who called themselves Phoenicians. That name is just what the Greeks called Canaanites from the handful of sea going northern Levantine city states who they traded with. As such, they didn’t develop the “Phoenician alphabet” and the Paleo Hebrew alphabet wasn’t derived from it. They were simply regional variants (and only minutely variant), having both descended in parallel from the Proto-Canaanite script, which itself was actually just last stage Proto-Sinatic. Realistically, Phoenician and Hebrew, at the stage in question, were the same language using the same alphabet and about as close as northern and southern American English at the turn of the 20th century.
Your channel is going to grow massive, glad I've found it
1:30- Actually, most hieroglyphs were phonetic, representing the sounds. For example, the sign 𓉐 (p'r) that you mentioned was either used to demonstrate the concept of a house (such as in 𓎟𓏏𓁐𓉐 - nebet per, which means lady of the house) or just the sound that is represented.
A better example is the sign 𓏏 I used above, which is supposed to be a loaf of bread, but is far more commonly used as the T sound to indicate femininity. That turns 𓎟𓀀 (neb- lord) into 𓎟𓏏𓁐 (nebet- lady).
Hieroglyphs and phonetic are two amazing Greek words!
@@katerinaxatzi8551 not really.... They are both egyptian words with a touch of phoenician.
The Greeks contributed only with the world alphabet. But they didnt created it. Long before them the egyptians and the phoenician... The word phonetics derive from them.
@@nhokonhokopuala, well actually … ‹hieroglyph› and ‹phonetic› are purely Greek words, meaning ‘holy sign’ and ‘sound-related’. The Hieroglyphic script itself was of course invented by the Egyptians, the (Hellenistic) Greeks contributed the name. And the ‘phonetic’ principle of the alphabet was created by the makers of the proto-Sinaitic script, neither by the Egyptians nor the Phoenicians. The word ‹phonetic› was invented by 19th century linguists, using classical Greek according to the scholarly customs of the time.
Lol, the arabic text is written backwards at 0:33 and three of the letters are the wrong variation. He wrote ة م ل ك
it should be كلمة
tbh its even more complex than that cuz often its both and they loved doing some word plays and switched characters just for fun making the hieroglyphs often extremely hard to read for translators
Subbed after watching 1 vid. Great "deep dives"! 👍😊👍
keep it up. love the video
Very cool video, although I think a small specification is in order - runes were used as the primary alphabet in Scandinavia up until the 1100's, so a fairly long time after the Roman Empire fell. It was only when monestaries sprung up across Denmark, usually sponsored by local rulers, that the Latin alphabet disseminated into everyday use.
absolutely fascinating! thank you
This my new favorite channel 👌🏽💯
Solid videos bro
Great videos man. New subscriber here
I can tell you put a lot of work into your visuals, you've got a beautiful style. Great job.
Lol, the arabic text is written backwards at 0:33 and three of the letters are the wrong variation. He wrote ة م ل ك
it should be كلمة
@@WilfChadwick you're like that train kid in Polar express
@@thomascleveland شكرن حبيبي
In Vietnam they also use Latin alphabet, adjusted with accents.
That comes from being a French colony, like the Philippines was a Spanish colony.
@@Blaqjaqshellaq the french popularized it it was actually created by a portuguese monk or priest i cant remember exactly and its suprisingly well done especially considering it was done in the 17th century and the french arrived in the 20th
20k subs hope 1 mil soon
05:46 the Eubeans (from Eubea 🇬🇷 Island, modern Greek "Evvia" ) created their colonyes in the west, southern Italy🇮🇹. In Eubea there is the city if Kyme, they founded, not far from the bay of Naples (another Greek town) a village in 740 b. C. with the same name Kyme/Cuma, the village I'm writing from now. 😀
Villages can haz interwebz?
@@ANDROLOMA what? Villages can.... What?
@@unioneitaliana7107 Villages can internet?
@@ANDROLOMA today they can. In the past too. Postal service of the Roman empire for exemple was amazing.
@@unioneitaliana7107 Good to hear.
Your videos are extremely high quality! I absolutely love them. I hope you all the best.
Lol, the arabic text is written backwards at 0:33 and three of the letters are the wrong variation. He wrote ة م ل ك
it should be كلمة
Nice channel!
Well made video! One thing, it's spelled "Phoenicians"
THANK YOU VERY MUCH,
I sincerely love the unique topics that you cover and the way you present them. Thank you for the great videos.
Can I communicate with you please
Great 👍
Very amazing video. How interesting discovering the mind-blowing history of the Latin alphabet was. The Latin alphabet is the best writing system in the world in my opinion because it's the most commonly used alphabet type of script which contains letters and sounds that are quite easy to learn and stick with. Knowing its tremendous development throughout the history is so important and impressive, this beautiful alphabet is the main foundation of languages such as English, Spanish, French, German and so on. I'm pretty curious by the way because I'm crazy about the history of many things like the one shown in the topic of the video. Thanks for your useful explanation about it 🤗.
Easy to learn if you’re exposed to them from a young age. People who speak Russian natively, for example, would find the Cyrillic alphabet easier to learn as they hear its sounds all the time
Fun fact: the runic alphabets used by the various germanic people before being displaced by the Latin alphabet were also based on the Phoenician alphabet. A long lost cousin, you might say.
I lead trips to some of the Proto-sinaitic script. Once in landscape and familar with the ethnic group there and history of the places around the script, you realize quickly how and who and why the script evolved in this place to launch humanity to new heights of knowledge accumulation
Great stuff.
Great job! Your channel is great and i don't know why you are so underated. I hope your channel will be greater! Can you do some video of how worked the Habsburg Austrian monarchies? Because many people don't understand this, and they think that for example Austria-Hungary was one country with one government and one "Austro-hungarian emperor" or whatever, i think it would be great video
Lol, the arabic text is written backwards at 0:33 and three of the letters are the wrong variation. He wrote ة م ل ك
it should be كلمة
@@WilfChadwick thanks for the info baby Hitler👍
@@lmaocetung I'm going to be famous.
Congratulations! You showed New Zealand on your map, usually we are forgotten! ❤️
Nice Video!
I would love to hear about slavic languages, they're fascinating nowadays.
The information was very interesting.
if rather inacurate
My question out of curiosity is what was the order of the English alphabet before letters thorn, wynn, etc., were dropped?
Interesting.
Thank you so much for uploading this video. It is helping me get through the pandemic!
This is so cool
Did not know about vowels. My thanks.
Very good video. Sir do you know anything about Dravidien languages of south India?
Much appreciated to know. Thankyou.
The earliest known writing came from Sumeria around 3500 BCE and like most writing systems, it started with pictographs developing into actual writing systems.
Scholars now recognize that writing may have independently developed in at least four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia (between 3400 and 3100 BCE), Egypt (around 3250 BCE), China (1200 BCE), and lowland areas of Southern Mexico and Guatemala (by 500 BCE).
No it was Paleo Hebrew with the alpha-Tav.
@@dutchgrateful1541 No matter how many times you repeat your lie, historical hard evidence says otherwise.
Your assumptions are presented from religious views and religion is full of bullshit.
Just because you and your religion say their 'historical' views are correct, doesn't make it so.
@@kenlyneham4105 Actually it's factual for your information. Our DNA is actually the original Hebrew alpha-Tav half twit and it's factual and can prove it stupid so be quiet when speaking to an adult who knows how science and scripture actually correspondence.
Phoenician and cuneiform are writing systems like exactly the linear scripts I II in Greece
It does NOT count as an ALPHABET in the classical scientific sense of the term since it has an incomplete structure.
you cannot write scientific philosophical complex texts with these scripts
it does not SEPARATE letter-Phonem but SYLLABLES, besides the fact that the vowels or the consonants X, Ψ, Φ were not included at all
the Phoenician A, how do you explain since the Phoenicians did not have vowels and finally has a different phonetic property than the Greek A
All scientific terms related to writing, e.g. grammar, syntax, tone, phonem syllables are in Greek.
@@panagiotis7946 The Phoenician alphabet could absolutely convey scientific and philosophical terms. Abjads do not contain vowels thanks to the structure of their grammar which allows to build words based on certain templates, the "wazn" in modern arabic. They simply do not require the vowels to be written but they are pronounced. Such language/writing systems tend to also actually be much richer and have a much wider vocabulary than latin ones because of how they allow words to be built from and original noun, in arabic "masdar" or source.
People always look at the ancient alph bet going backwards. Hebrew goes from right to left.
thank you for the video.
Please make a video on Tamil and Sanskrit the former isa Dravidian language and the latter an Indo Aryan language. Tamil is considered the oldest language in the world followed by Sanskrit. Both are estimated to be 5 thousand years old. Can you throw some light on the evolution of the Deavanagari script of Sanskrit and Tamil script?
Very good
Very interesting
The chart at the end has many inaccuracies. For one, the phonecian row has two letters out of order, and one letter missing: jot while the letter that the video "thinks" is jot is actually zed...
Also, it ‘thinks’ that Greek digamma>Latin F split off from Phoenician he, whereas it is the straight development of Phoenician waw; it ‘thinks’ that Greek chi>Latin X came from Phoenician taw, whereas it was a new letter in Greek; and it ‘thinks’ that Greek upsilon which split into Latin U/V and Y was a new letter, whereas it was split off from Phoenician waw. It also fails to show the development of Phoenician thet into Greek theta, and Phoenician samech into Greek xi (that is the same letter, though it exchanged its name with Phoenician sin which is correctly shown as developing into Greek sigma); and I think the second proto-Sinaitic letter that is shown merging into Phoenician ayn is actually samech.
7:20 I find it hilarious that the Romans were literally just screaming at eachother for a few thousand years till lowercase came along lmao
People didn’t stop screaming after the invention of lower-case letters, UNFORTUNATELY!
There‘s a lot missing.
When you talked about the spreading of the alphabet you could‘ve mentioned that the language of Malta, Maltese, is the only semitic language that uses the latin alphabet. The language is very close to Arabic but uses the Latin alphabet which is very interesting.
On September 26, 1957 and October 2, 1959 in Washington, as part of the World Bank Annual Meetings, Mr. Xenophon Zolotas, a famous and highly educated Greek, delivered two speeches in English using (exclusively) Greek words.
Not ancient ..... but words used by the Greeks, as they are, from Antiquity until today, in their daily lives and not only!!!
Mr. Zolotas was a great Economist, who at the age of 24 became a University Professor, for a number of years Governor of the Bank of Greece and Prime Minister. who by many has now been accepted as one of the most important personalities of the last century).
The special element was that he used throughout his speech words that were of Greek origin and are used in English.
The audience watching the IMF meeting was speechless and Zolotas's speech became historic with him and his wife making headlines in the NYT and "Washington Post".
(Somebody must be fluent in English and Greek to be able to write two such speeches. I will quote you the first one.)
The speech was:
''Kyrie, I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas.
With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous Organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized. Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy.
This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe. In parallel, a panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic. I apologize for my eccentric monologue. I emphasize my eucharistia to you Kyrie, to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of this Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia. Η δεύτερη ομιλία στις 2 Οκτωβρίου 1959: Kyrie, It is Zeus’ anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonise between the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia. It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, energize it through their tactics and practices.
Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria.Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been antieconomic. In an epoch characterised by monopolies, oligopolies, menopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia which is endemic among academic economists. Numismatic symmetry should not antagonize economic acme. A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic.
Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically.
These scopes are more practical now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic. The history of our didymous organisations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economics.
The genesis of the programmed organisations will dynamize these policies. I sympathise, therefore, with the aposties and the hierarchy of our organisations in their zeal to programme orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them. I apologize for having tyrannized you with my hellenic phraseology. In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers.''
Looking forward to the video explaining J, u, and w.
Here's a fun fact to hold you over: The letter that looks like V is actually U, and depending on context, it made either the U or V sound. Over time, it would be split into the modern letters U and V.
How do I get a copy of the derivation chart you show at 8:32 ?
Don’t. It’s got too many errors. Go to Useful Charts where you can obtain a correct chart.
Fun fact: Uzbeks just officially switched from writing their language in Cyrillic to Latin. Before that they wrote in Arabic script. That tells you everything you need to know about the real center of power.
You're winning the algorithm
Where can I find the complete map of this alphabetic evolution. I still can’t find what ancient egyptian hieroglyphs were adopted and turned into letters.
The Anglo-Saxon alphabet had a letter or two that fell out of use. The "TH" in "the" was once written much like an upper-case "Y": the "Ye Olde Inn" sign was really saying "The Olde Inn"!
Did cuneiform writing play a role?
That's because they got it from the Paleo Hebrew alpha-Tav.
Actually the greeks had more than 6 alphabets they had 28!!
@Ευτοπία Iumaser
για περισσοτερα στα 2- 3 βιβλια του Κ.Πλευρη και σε αρκετα τευχη του δαυλου οπως και στο ΙΧΩΡ του β.μπεξη... αρκετα ενδιαφερουσα ειναι κ η ομιλια του Α.Αντωνακου στο youtube .fryktories web channel
@@dutchgrateful1541 alpha-Tav is Greek
@Ευτοπία Iumaser Correct ✔
Philippines has its own writing system but when spanish colonize our country we lost almost all of our original culture and religion
Cartouches and cuneiform existed well before the 16th century BC.
The system of phonetic symbols were used on an early map, probably centered around ancient Sumeria, which was copied again and again; because this was the ancient world's first alphabetic primer. If one knew the names of the kingdoms and territories on the map, one could learn which letter of the alphabet represented each sound. A cartouche-graph.
This map had limits, reaching only somewhat into Asia and Africa. Countries not on the map were the ones that did not directly inherit an alphabet of phonetic symbols.
The Greek alphabet's names of some of their characters exemplifies the relationship between ancient place names and corresponding letters. Iota for the first letter of Ionia, and sigma for the first letter of Seguma, ancient Sri Lanka or Senegal. Many of our terms for describing language still herald back to ancient civilizations named on this map, phonetics and babble are without a doubt influenced by the names of Phoenicia and Babylon. There also may be a correlation between nautical terms and descriptions of alphabetic usage.
Thank you
Tune did they sing the alphabet song to before twinkle twinkle little star?
Tagalog is just one of the languages in the Philippines - there are more than a hundred languages or "dialects" and a majority use the same alphabet plus a couple of additionals: NG and the Spanish Ñ. There is also a local alphabet called "Baybayin" but it feel into obscurity when the Spaniards came and suppressed the local culture in favor of their own.
Do you have "NY" in your language?
@@thanosal-titan nope, only NG
@@llydrsn
We also have "SY"
Again? Thanks to the Spanish that you are a unified country now and no more divided into tribes... the Spanish they already left long time ago and now you have the American Base
wow I'm Filipino (really)
Well done Harrison! Just know that the area you refer to as Palestine, was not indeed called that back then. It's actually a recent name. Back in the days after Canaan, the area was split into other areas, and then part Judea and part Israel.
It is what the Romans, Babylonians, ancient Egyptians called this land of course it was called that back then
@@MohammadAli-iz9ld no, actually they did not call it that at that time.
@@oivey2 every land used to had different names especially in middle east that doesn't mean anything... it started as the land of cann'an then became judea and philistia, but ancient civilizations have always named it palestine we liked it or not, (peleśeth, peleste palestina etc...)
@@MohammadAli-iz9ld I acknowledge your viewpoint, even though mine is different 🙂
@@MohammadAli-iz9ld only called Palestinia by the Romans after they destroyed the temple and expelled most, not all Jews from Israel. They did it to chastise the Jews as the Philistines where some of Israel’s biggest enemies. Never was the land referred to as Palastina, ever. And the philistines where sea peoples that most likely came from Europe.
The Person ,Ευτοπία Iumaser, had given a very good explanation where the alpabet come!! Bravo!
I agree!!!
Very good video, but the accuracy of the maps could cause some confusion.
In 0:42 you cut off the entire region of Macedonia from Greece and separated Cyprus from the Greek language
In 5:27 you show where the Cyrillic alphabet is used in 9th century AD from the Bulgarian/Serbian empires, while still being in the context of ancient times, even though in the present the majority of Macedonia speaks Greek.
That' s right!!!
Would it still be considered the alphabet if the order of the 26 letters were altered in a different order. In other words, is there a significants in the order of the letters other than messing up the dictionary and destroying the grade and high school grading system?
Europe: we have 25 symbols called letters, we can write one billion of words.
Asia: we have one billion symbols called ideograms, we can write one billion of words.
(i hope you do not erase my joke again).
You wouldn’t have your alphabet without the middle eastern abjad
If you study alphabet and writing sistem you should know about Georgien one. I think ,this language deserves attention of languages historiens, It is the earliest alphabet in the world .according to the theory of Pheonisianism,theGreek and Georgien scripts were created from Pheonisien..Georgien writing was created in the pre -Christien era.
Sinaitic, not Sainaitic. It's the Sinai Peninsula. Phoenician, not Phoenetian.
Image result for Dispilio Tablet
The Dispilio tablet is a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings, unearthed during George Hourmouziadis's excavations of Dispilio in Greece, and carbon 14-dated to 5202 (± 123) BC. It was discovered in 1993 in a Neolithic lakeshore settlement that occupied an artificial island near the modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in Kastoria, Western Macedonia, Greece.So i think you should represent a new video based to the new information tthat you are reading above.
PHOENICIAN Alphabet: (two Greek words).
The words that start with "ph-" are usually of Greek origin, for example: philosophy, physics, photography, phrase, philanthropy etc. according to The OXFORD Dictionary!!!
Also most words with „th“, „X“, and „y“. For example „xanthophyll.“
Good script and info graphics.
However, yall gotta change the voice narrator. Too pitchy.
0:14 So Celtic languages are Germanic now? News to me.
Of course the Celts are not Germanics.
Congratulations!!! The video is perfect !!! 👍❤
You have done a lot of research! Very interesting topic that you chose to develop!
Incidentally the words you use, for example: Hieroglyphs, Sophisticated, Alphabet, History - Story, Logographic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Characters, Proto, Symbols, Archaic, and others, are Greek!!!
By the way, I would like to point out that these words are not ancient, but are used as they are, from Antiquity until today!
In the Greek language every word and every name has an interpretation! The words Ethiopia and Egypt are interpreted in Greek, because they are Greek! Especially the word Ethiopia has no meaning in the language of the respective country.
Strabo was an ancient Greek geographer, philosopher and historian, which states "that Egypt is etymologically derived from the words Aegean and -uply-, that is, the country, which is located (south) of the Aegean Sea.
Also the word pyramid is Greek. The word "pyramid" is derived from the words "πῦρ" (= fire) + "ἀμίς" (= container) The word "pῦr", however, implies not only fire but also "energy". After all, Heraclitus, referring to "pῦr" as a cosmogenic principle, meant a kind of energy and not fire as we know it… So the etymology of the word shows us that the pyramid is "that which receives energy". Could we say that it is a "capacitor" of the Earth?? Maybe…..
According to Wikipedia: ''The name of the country Ethiopia comes from the ancient Greeks who called it that, with roots (ath-) and (Ips) ("burnt face").
ATTENTION: In ancient Greece there were many City-States, which had many Colonies each and there were also many Dialects.
You mentioned that Cadmοs was a Phoenician Prince and the Alphabet was brought to Greece by him and also he was a great Greek hero. You were probably confused by the fact that Herodotus called him a Phoenician prince and not a Greek one. There were the Athenians, the Macedonians, the Spartans, the Corinthians and many others. They were referring to the Spartan or the Macedonian King and not to the Greek King. The term Greek was more general and referred to the entire Greek race.
Also there were THE TRIBES OF THE GREEKS - Aeolians, Dorians, Achaeans, Ionians. The Phoenicians were Greeks, otherwise Kadmos would not have been allowed to be called a Greek hero without being a real Greek. The ancient Greeks attached great importance to this and there was no way for them to make an exception. For example, there was no case for an athlete to take part in the Olympic Games if it was not proven that he was Greek.
I feel sorry for you, for all the endoctrination you have gone through, that the scientific truth cannot be accepted by you. Once you understand and accept that all human came from a same and single source, that started in Africa and spread around the world, your heart will be free of the decease of separation and classification within it. Today the USA is the most advanced country in the world, but it was last in the 1500s. See judging things by today's standard always leads to fallacy. Again I am very sorry for your pain, but no intellectual gymnastic will change the history of the world. Saying that the word pyramid or Egypt or Phoenician are Greek words is obvious, No one dispute that, because these are the word that the Greek called what they saw when they visited those Black people lands. To say that the name pyramid is Greek and implying the Greek built them is tantamount to say the word Ethiopian is a Greek word, then Greek created the Ethiopians, now how ridiculous is that?
So when there was only upper case letters is that why there were so many wars cause everyone thought everyone was hollering at everyone.
There have been many wars after the invention of lower-case letters, alas.
These days the term BCE is preferred to BC.
the Ethiopian alphabet Geaz is older than all the one you mention .
my theory is the alphabet song came first and they decided since they all knew the song from school lets just use that alphabet.
what about Ugarit?
Hebrew does not have a "true alphabet"? Because it is written without vowels? I think that would be news to Israelis who think they do have an alphabet.
With great respect to the wonderful research you have done, I will recommend you some books that you can find them in the Library of every Department of History of any University in the world,.
Buck, C.D. 1955. The Greek Dialects. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ✔
Hodot, R. 2000, Ancient Greek dialects and modern Greek dialects.✔
Hoffmann, O. & Α. Scherer. 1994. History of the Greek language. ✔
Jeffrey Horrocks, British Professor of Linguistics at Cambridge, 2006. Greek: History of the language and its speakers.✔
There are so many great books out there, but I'll not bother you with more.
I quote you a brief summary of the information contained in the above literature:
''Greek language appears from the dawn of its history divided into numerous local variants, ie into dialects. However, due to the lack of sufficient written evidence from the period before the 8th BC. century it is not easy to follow in detail and to place in time the gradual process of disintegration of the early Greek (ie the prehistoric form of Greek) into dialects.
The language of the Mycenaean texts (1400-1200 BC) and the Homeric epics (8th century BC and earlier) - in the language of which we can clearly distinguish two different dialects - as well as specific indications, however, lead to the conclusion that some of the basic features of the dialects, which are found in sources of historical times, had in the second half of the 2nd century BC. millennium already led to the formation of local variants in the Greek language. However, it is possible that at that time this process had not progressed so far that we are already talking about fully formed groups of dialects, ie the later Ionian, Arcadian, Aeolian and Western Greek.
For example, Ionian and Arcadian, which show important common elements, may not have been fully formed at that time and were part of a generally unified dialect, which may include Greek of the Mycenaean texts. The dialectical fragmentation of (ancient) Greek is generally considered a product of the population movements that took place in the wider Greek-Aegean area during the geometric era (11th-8th BC), but also of the colonial activity of the Greeks during the archaic era. (7th-6th century BC), when sections of the population of the mainly Greek area settled in many coastal areas of the Mediterranean basin and were thus cut off from direct communication with the metropolises.
This fact would lead over time to the removal of the dialects of the colonists from those of the metropolises, while the often mixed population of the colonies (from settlers from different areas) would lead to the creation of new mixed dialects.
The local differentiation of ancient Greek, and even on a small scale, seems to have been intense, a fact that is also associated with the geographical and political fragmentation of the country. In a few cases, the sources show the small-scale local variation of the dialect of a wider area.
The ancient Greek dialects are usually classified into four major groups: Ionian, Arcadian, Aeolian and Western Greek:
a. Ionian.
This is the dialect of the Ionian tribe, which during the 2nd BC. millennium is said to have settled in extensive parts of southern continental Greece. Later they were repelled or assimilated by other races to be finally limited to Attica and Evia. They also settled in most of the Cyclades (except the islands of Anafi, Thira, Folegandros, Milos and Kimolos), in part of the Dodecanese (Patmos, Leros), in Samos, Ikaria and Chios, and finally on the opposite coasts of ASIA MINOR (Ionia) founding several cities, most notably Miletus and Ephesus. The Evian cities, and especially Chalkida and Kymi, developed intense colonial activity, establishing colonies in Halkidiki (the name of the peninsula comes from the name of the metropolis of Chalkida) and in Greater Greece (Lower ITALY - SICILY). Ionian colonies were also established on the coasts of Macedonia and Thrace (Thassos, Abdera, Maronia, etc.), on the southern coasts of Galatia (modern-day FRANCE), most importantly MARSEILLES, and on the eastern coasts of the IBERIAN PENINSULA and the BLACK SEA coast. Miletus dominated with its colonial activity.
b. Arcadian (and Cypriot) or Arcadian Cypriot.
The dialect of the Arcadian tribe. This dialect, which during the Mycenaean era seems to have been spoken to a significantly greater extent, with the so-called "descent of the Dorians" was limited to the interior of the Peloponnese. Arcadian-speaking populations settled during the 11th century BC. ai. in CYPRUS, whose dialect, despite its geographical isolation from Arcadia, shows a clear affinity with the dialect of the latter. The Cypriot dialect was the only ancient Greek dialect of historical times, which was rendered in writing not like the rest, with some variation of the Greek alphabet, but with a syllabic script, incomplete for the rendering of the Greek language, known as the Cypriot syllabary. This script is related to the Mycenaean linear script B and its use was abandoned in the 4th BC. ai. together with the use of the Cypriot dialect in the inscriptions. The Arcadian Cypriot group shows important and old common elements with the Ionian group, and close affinity with the Greek of the Mycenaean texts, without the exact relationship between them being clear. The Arcadian Cypriot group usually includes the Pamphylia, the dialect of the Greek colonies of PAMPHYLIA on the southern coasts of ASIA MINOR opposite Cyprus. This dialect also shows Doric impurities.
c. Aioliki.
The dialect of the Aeolian tribe, which in historical times was spoken in Boeotia, Thessaly, Lesvos and the opposite coasts of ASIA MINOR ("Aeolida"). It has a lot in common with Arcadian, which is why it used to be included by scientists along with the latter in a wider group, which they called Achaean. Today it is generally accepted that these are two separate groups. Important common elements also show the Boeotian and Thessalian Aeolian with the western Greek dialects (ie the Doric in the broadest sense).
d. Western Greek or Doric (in the broadest sense)
The dialect of the Dorians, of the ancient Greek race, to whose descent to the south (the "descent of the Dorians") is traditionally attributed to the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC. ai. Dorians settled in most of the Peloponnese (except Arcadia) and in the area of Megara, repelling, subjugating or assimilating older Greek-speaking populations. Western type dialects were also spoken throughout mainland northwestern Greece (Epirus and present-day Central Greece: Fokida / Delphi, Lokrida, Fthiotida, Aetolia, Acarnania).
The latter are included by linguists in a special subgroup, which they call northwestern, which shows characteristic but not old modernities and is therefore considered as the result of newer developments. It usually includes the dialects of Ilia and Achaia. Dorians also settled in Aegina, on Cycladic islands [Milos, Thira (Santorini), etc.], on most of the Dodecanese islands (Rhodes, Kos, Karpathos, etc.) and in Crete.
They also established colonies on the opposite coast of the Dodecanese ASIA MINOR (Bodrum, Cnidus, etc.), in NORTH AFRICA (Kyrenia, etc.) and MAGNA GRAECIA (SOUTH ITALY and SICILY).
Some Doric cities of metropolitan Greece, such as Corinth, Megara and Rhodes, developed intense colonial activity establishing many colonies mainly on the Ionian coasts and SICILY (Corfu, Syracuse, Gela, Selinus, Akragas, etc.), while Doric Potidaea in Halkidiki (of Corinth) and Byzantium, ie later Constantinople (colony of Megara, got the name from the King of Megara named Byzanta).
Finally, a western dialect was also spoken by the Macedonians.
History of the Alphabet. Way back in the beginning there was the letter A which was soon followed by the letter B. Then along came D. C was not going to have that and declared war on D....
🎉
I heard Arabic and Persian writing systems are also derived from Egyptian.
ancient Egypt script is origin of most of writing systems in the world include alphabets, abugida, abjad
Version history of the alphabet :)
My alphabet
22 letters
a à e è f h i ì y k m n
-n o ò r s t u ù w ts
Latin alphabet since the 1600s! Tagalog had a much older script with Sanskrit roots.
As some see it, the Hebrews, possibly the creators, brought it out and taught it to the Phoenicians, who passed it to the Greeks. According to a Hebrew historian in the early B.C.(sorry, I hate C.E.) I forget his name. Said Greek's passed it around like the Roman's did. The Canaanites picked it up along the way. As for the Etruscan's written word, it cannot be read today, according to scholars. The words written by the Etruscan's, on many stones, however, can be easily read by modern Slavic's today.
Any connection to Sumerian cuneiform?
Sainaitic is misspelled. It is Sinaitic.
👍👏👍👏👍
0:13 huh, Hungary changed to a slavic language?!
Lol, the arabic text is written backwards at 0:33 and three of the letters are the wrong variation. He wrote ة م ل ك
it should be كلمة
Phoenetian??
How did they spelled Julius if they didn’t have the letter J
Iulius.
You don´t mention the influence of arabic in the formation of the modern day alphabet........
Just comment for algorithm
A part of me wish we cept the runes
Ayyar kilippu- means higher stype.
This does ignore how the runic alphabet was based on the latin alphabet.
Picture/writing
And then there is Bahasa Indonesia that use latin since early 20th century....
I think the title should be "The History of the Latin Alphabet" and by the way the Arabic here 0:30 is messed up!
The production of this video focused only so called western alphabet , The old Persian alphabet ( Meakhi ) which translates to ( Nail ) is older than Greek,
script it's like Democracy and Church.It's the common use of all the society not only for elite.
Why is W called Double U instead of Double V?
Because when it developed as a separate letter (roughly, tenth century), U and V were still regarded as forms (‘glyph variants’) of the same letter, they only definitely separated into one vowel letter and one consonant letter around the sixteenth century. Besides, the French call it double V, and other languages, like German and Dutch give it its own ‘sound word’ name (sounds a bit like “way”). Also, in Welsh, W is used mainly as a vowel, and in Dutch some names have an archaic spelling where W is used as a vowel that is commonly spelled ‹uu› (for instance “Wttewaal”, where the first W is a vowel and the second a consonant).
You forgot to include the colonization of Australia.
Not sure how dependable anyone is talking about language development when he can't spell "Phoenecian".
Or Sinaitic (at 2:50)