Dissolving a Super Rare Metal to make Ammonium Perrhenate
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- čas přidán 31. 08. 2021
- We use one of Earth's rarest stable elements to form an oxidiser, just for fun. Then we destroy some of that oxidiser... also just because I can. Discord link: / discord The full details of the competition are in the 'synthesis-challenge' room!
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Track name: Fernace - Věda a technologie
Please, it's rude to say rhenium gets lumped into the platinum group. It gets *pelleted* into the platinum group.
That is a much nicer word I agree
Good one! :-D
Well Played!
That was a very good comment, well spotted
Or sharded in my case
I think making this video might actually be the most use anyone has got out of rhenium.
Don’t let the transition metal chemists hear that. They’ll lose their shit
IIRC, it's useful as a grain stabilizer in the newer generations of nickel based superalloys too. Those are great for jet engine turbine blades and other very hot projects.
(EDIT: he mentioned it first)
@@loberd09 their only proper use is (as much as I know) they have the highest boiling point and they are quite dense but they are too damn rare so commonly tungsten is a place holder for it
The only use I know of it is Wilkinsons catalyst 😂
BloopTube what’s wrong with inconel?
I did my undergrad thesis with rhenium. One of its other uses is that it is very similar chemically to technetium, so it can be used to test medical activity of technetium complexes without the hassle of the radiation :)
very interesting
@@jamide3000 same
@@jamide3000 I read this comment immediately after seeing another comment about someone with a PhD working on it
2 people came true
I feel like "So, yeah, that's fine!" is the emotional equivalent to turning up the radio when your car starts to make a noise you haven't heard before.
Too accurate it hurts
ooh that sounds expensive, the Bon Jovi is going up
Rhenium has replaced thorium as an additive to tungsten filaments used for electron emission. This is at least the case for space applications where nobody wants to deal with the radioactivity of thorium. Edit: I did some tertiary PhD work on rhenium-tungsten filament lifetimes in pure oxygen, low pressure environments.
:D I love that Tom's prophecy of there being at least one dude who did PhD on rhenium came true
@@petrkryze to be honest, that paper didn’t even make it into my dissertation. I still deal with W-Re filaments though so I suppose it was ultimately useful.
I don't remember rhenium from my welding textbook. I used lanthanum, which is probably a lot more common.
What about Iridium? Shouldnt it outlast both because its the most corrosion resitant metall?
@@yaykruser It doesn't make much difference. They're consumables that you need to grind to a point again because the arc damages the tip over time. So cost with iridium would be a big factor. Also grinding thorium probably isn't the healthiest come to think of it.
Bro you can't just hit me with the whole "everything is fleeting" bit like that I just woke up
"All good things are fleeting, and we are born here to suffer"
Couldn't have said it better myself bud
This had me cracking up!
All things in life return to...yellow
Same.
Goes ever so slightly Yellow -> "We are born here to suffer"
Yep that's the E&I we know and love.
I refine precious metals, including all of the platinum group metals, and I know almost nothing about Rhenium.
Thanks for the info and it's good to see you again!
Maybe one day the rhenium price will shoot up and lots of people will have to become rhenium experts
@@ExtractionsAndIre I'd become a Rhenium expert if it does what Rhodium did! We can only hope.
I've always been interested in this job. Curious how you landed that?
IIRC, it's useful as a grain stabilizer in the newer generations of nickel based superalloys too. Those are great for jet engine turbine blades and other very hot projects.
(Hope you don't mind a copy paste from a previous post)
I use rhenium every day at work. it is used in type C thermocouples alongside tungsten to measure temperatures up to 2300 degrees C
Yeah not bad, that's pretty damn hot
It's really nice to see that Tom - in addition to his fondness for energetic (in a chemical sense) materials and not so surprising bearing in mind his enthusiasm for the swinging nuclear sixties - doesn't shy away from the next step: dealing with radioactive materials (energetic in a physical sense)! Yes indeed, rhenium is naturally radioactive, it mainly (62.6% mole fraction) consists of the primordial radionuclide Re-187 (half-life 43 billion years), resulting in a surprisingly high specific activity of about 1030 becquerel per gram of the element; that's far more than potassium (32 Bq/g) and even rubidium (870 Bq/g). Its radiological effect is, however, much smaller because it only emits very low-energetic beta minus radiation (max. 0.0025 MeV) and no gamma radiation, whereas potassium and rubidium emit beta minus radiation with noticeably higher energies, and in the case of potassium there even is partial gamma emission (10.7% intensity) with considerable high energy (1.461 MeV). How about fulminating uranium next time?
Bananas are radioactive?
@@matthewjohnson1633 Yes, there even is a humorous informal unit of measurement in radiation dosimetry named "banana equivalent dose". And there is potassium constantly in your own body equivalent to over 4000 radioactive decay events per second. For both subjects see the "Potassium-40" article in Wikipedia.
@@matthewjohnson1633 Not only that, the decay produces positrons iirc, so bananas also produce piddly amounts of antimatter
@@sohamsengupta6470 Yeah, but the share of positron-releasing beta plus decay in the total decay of K-40 is only 0.001%. In an average banana with about 15 Bq of K-40 in it there will be only 13 positrons produced per day and I doubt that many of them will make their way out of the banana, matter-antimatter-annihilation with electrons should likely occur beforehand. But don't forget the electron antineutrinos/neutrinos associated with the beta minus (89%) resp. electron capture (11%) decay modes of K-40, they surely get out of the banana - about 15 per second, so it's a (very weak) neutrino source ... But back to rhenium: Because of the beta minus decay of its main isotope (62.6%) Re-187 to Os-187 there is an automatic, partial conversion of rhenium to the much more precious osmium over time - unfortunately way too slow to make money from that ... but if you don't shy away from the effort you can accelerate this a little bit by stripping all 75 shell electrons from the rhenium atoms, thereby shortening the half life dramatically from 43 billion years to only 33 years ("bound-state beta minus decay").
@@mobrumm7366 An effort that will consume enough energy to plunge my entire city into darkness for those 33 years?
I've come across rhenium in the literature on a few occasions, and I can't say I'm very impressed. It was tried as a catalyst/mediator for pi bond metathesis back in the 70s, before anyone really knew anything about that reaction. It was later discovered that ruthenium works way better, and I don't think anyone has ever looked back. It has been show to be able to make Re- Re quadruple bonds (or quintuple, I can't remember which). Completly useless, but kind of cool nonetheless. The Re(0) carbonyl complex pops up every now and then, but I've never seen it do anything interesting.
Maybe one day it'll find a niche and have a surge in popularity!! But also... maybe it won't
@@ExtractionsAndIre Rhenium is getting popular in Dinitrogen splitting recently. Not completely useless.
@@ExtractionsAndIre duck you bro you are amazing just be yourself thank you for being
@@eggplantlover6662 I never heard about it so I can not tell for sure but I am pretty sure that if you could just mix nitrogen and oxygen, pump it through a rhenium coated mesh and expect to get NO2 going out of it under normal conditions then the demand for the metal would be much higher than what it is now. With a tiny bit of that stuff you could just start getting fertilizers literally out of thin air.
@@Kirillissimus you could sell this whether or not its true hahaha.
7:17 "all good things are fleeting, and, um, we are born here to suffer"
Reality intruded on my happy place and I am upset
I've actually used Rhenium on one occasion, in the form of a Pentacarbonylchlororhenium(I)-complex. I was synthesizing targeting ligands for radiodiagnostics of cancer via SPECT, but because our lab isn't equipped for handling radioisotopes, the ligands were tested using Rhenium as a cold template for Technetium-99m. Rhenium is right below Tc in the periodic table so their coordination chemistry is quite similar. So, basically the purpose of Rhenium was to substitute for it's hotter and lighter brother.
The complexation with Rhenium worked allright, but afaik the final complexation with Technetium wasn't great so the targeting and imaging capabilities of the Tc-complexes were never tested. Frankly, I'd wager this was because the samples were sitting around for over a year before the radiolabelling experiments were performed, by that point the ligands probably went to shit. The PhD student that worked on this finished his thesis in 2017 without publishing it, and no one has bothered to complete it since so the project is probably dead at this point.
I love how the ferrates/plasticine beaker is still sitting there. Watching it slowly evaporate over 3 years is why I keep coming back to this channel (also the chemistry too I suppose).
eh? could you please link the episode? i missed that one..and hey when getting a collab from you two?!
@@RedDogForge It's a bit of a long story. A few years ago he did a live stream about making ferrate (or Fe(VI) in solution):
czcams.com/users/livetk854EGX3lY?feature=share
Then, on his other channel, at the end of his video on energetic polymers, he threw a lump of plasticine at the wall and it fell into the ferrate reaction mix, ruining the reaction:
czcams.com/video/0zcqeaJfY-8/video.html
Since then, the beaker has been in the background of the shot, sitting on the toaster oven, for more than four years now.
@@ScrapScience ahhh, i remember the thrown object incident lol.
7:17 "all good things are fleeting; we are born here to suffer" 😂🙏🏻💜
Already written down in my quotes stash XD
[...] it's a nice reminder that all good things are fleeting and we are born here to suffer.
- Extractions&Ire (2021)
@@ejkozan So, yeah, that's fine!
Iridium IS used in some spark plugs, as an alternative/replacement for platinum (they have the same service life, roughly 3 times that of copper plugs)
Yeah it's weird now tho, as the iridium price has shot up way past platinum
"FINALLY it's green and not yellow!!"
- nitrogen oxides left the chat
"SHIT!!"
Chemdaddy you've come back!
It took you a while to get those cigarettes again.
he couldn't find any ciggies at a reasonable price
@@Nae_Ayy there's no way I'd be able to afford to do chemistry and also smoke. Only got room for one expensive hobby
Nice to see this element being covered. If you still have some powder left maybe consider giving the octachlorodirhenate anion a shot. It is one of the more well known compounds containing a quadruple bond and therefore some really weird stuff - also has a fancy colour!
Perrhenates and benzoyl chloride make octachlorodirhenates.
Better not be yellow.
When you were diluting that green solution, I was sitting here saying "please turn yellow. please turn yellow." Life isn't good, but at least it is just.
Like the bible says, the byproduct of my byproduct is my product.
😂
WHAT IS THIS? A Tom video with a yeild higher than 20%?!? We truly live in the future mate
72% yield
Love to see it
"It wasn't real and it was a nice reminder, that uhm, all good things are fleeting, and um, we are born here to suffer." Ah, grad school is full of many such useful pieces of wisdom.
Rhenium is used in high quality relay contacts to help reduce wetting current (the minimum current a contact will conduct). It also helps reduce oxidation, thereby also reducing the minimum voltage to in some cases hundreds of microvolts for reliable conduction.
Very cool, I never knew that. How can I find relays that have rhenium in the contacts? Is it noted in the marketing material for specific relay product lines?
Besides superalloys for jet engines, rhenium is also alloyed with tungsten in the focal track of modern X-ray tube anodes to increase the focal track’s resistance to vaporization, since rhenium has a higher boiling point than tungsten (even though its melting point is lower).
Mate, we covered extensively Re for our course in Materials for Energy in my Engineering degree.
Plenty of that in high T turbines, good that you covered such a peculiar element
Cheers from Italy
Yea we had it covered in our inorganic chemistry course but yea not for turbines
Also rocket combustion chambers as I recently learned in a course on space propulsion systems
Rhenium! Something interesting to come home to after finally finishing my bachelors degree in chemistry today. Thank you for helping me to stay motivated through all these exams and the labwork!
Ayyy congrats!!
@@ExtractionsAndIre The same from me, dude. I'm handing my thesis in this month.
7:18 This is the most acurate chemisty thing someone propably said.
Calcium from bones ?
OMFG I'm so hyped about that
You ever see a survival video where they cook an animal to a crisp and eat the bones as well? Calcium is absorbed in your stomach from eating the bones
Phosphorus
Weirdly, rhenium has decently common use outside of chemistry. I run into alloys containing a few percent regularly in machining.
wonder why it's added to those
In short, it has the required properties in terms of electrons that it sticks in the crystal lattice where needed, to give the physical properties to an alloy as desired.
How your Vids go for non-chemists: "Synthesis of Ammonium Wat? from Wat? Metal"
Maybe I don't do enough chemistry (none... I'm a programmer) but that reaction at 5:40 was just... fun? Happy dancing powder.
Also your new filming method totally pays off. Keep up the good work man.
edit: these are all quite fun to watch! 100% keep doing the close up camera shot!
Similarly, I love watching precipitations like this but know nothing about chemistry. The favourite I've seen on CZcams, that I think you may also enjoy, is this: czcams.com/video/yD8Vz-mFHgI/video.html
@@erinwright645 I think it's that time of year again where I binge watch periodic videos!
If there's an award for Rhenium-related videos, like a Rheniumee, this video should be nominated.
Let's take an utterly obscure metal, and make it fascinating.
That's alchemy!
The solution even went yellow! And so did one of the final products!
Great vid, man. Always look forward to seeing your newest ones.
And something with Re other than "this is what it looks like, moving along..."
Always a treat when you post vids. Smoothbrains such as myself whom have no profession or real tangible grasp on the makeup of our surroundings and place in them, Appreciate your humor and entertaining content.
Cool now I know more about rhenium than I ever wanted or will ever come in handy.
I was like "I know a use for Rhenium!" then I realized I confused Rhenium with Rhodium, what a sucker I am!
Love your videos Tom! Favorite of all the chemistry channels, with Nile Red and Cody's Lab a close second. You make me laugh. Great work and keep it up! Best of luck on your research too!
I love this channel. This is one of the top ten CZcams channels I watch and has been for quite awhile. I am not a chemist but I have always been fascinated. If I had been more focused as a young lad I could be doing these experiments as well but thanks to your channel and others like it I am able to at least witness the processes.
The biggest use for rhenium is in those periodic table of elements with bits of actual elements you put up on the wall of chem labs.
We use Rhenium in my lab as a stand in for Technetium. It's much cheaper and not radioactive, and forms all of the same ion complexes. Also, two of its radioactive isotopes are great candidates for future chemotherapeutic agents. Maybe I shouldn't praise it too much so that it stays inexpensive! I love the videos, great job!
Love the style of this channel. Just want more. Loved chemistry at school but went a different path.
all good things are fleeting, and we are born here to suffer. chem 101 ladies and gentlemen.
very manichean statement, although I suppose with matter you don't think all matter is evil. Or do you?
maybe yellow matter is evil, I suppose you can call that semi-manichean
@@bromisovalum8417 Yellow chem is definitely evil, holy shit. Even in nature yellow means evil.
I’m so happy to see another video from you, man! You’re one of the only creators who’s videos I hit like on before watching them
Rhenium is a very important addition in nickel based superalloys for single crystal turbine blades. Every modern jet airliner has a lot of these turbine blades in the hottest section of the engine.
First video of yours I've come across that uses a reagent I use often. It has a great application in deoxydehydration (vicinal diols --> alkene), ammonium perrhenate is my source for making heterogenous rhenium catalysts (ReOx/C). It's unfortunate that it's a little expensive, but it just works better than any other DODH catalyst like MOx or VOx
Very cool!
Congratulations on the recently accepted manuscript!
@@paullam8777 thanks! How did you come across it? It's not even published yet
I am one of the two people who did my PhD in Rhenium chemistry and am an expert
Tell us the secrets of the mighty Rhenium.
So now you can expertly declare what everyone else just suspected: that there is pretty much nothing interesting to see here?
Hi Alex, it's cool you are an expert on Rhenium. I had a couple questions about it. Firstly, is Rhenium toxic? I'm seriously considering using it to make jewelry because it has a lot of similar properties to PGMs. Secondly, do you think Rhenium is forgeable? Thanks in advance :)
@@alexanderbaca7352 I was making a joke based on his statement around the 1 minute mark. Sorry to disappoint
@@alexandermold8586 No worries man :) thanks for getting back anyways
Great video thanks for sharing buddy been waiting for a video glad you are getting back to CZcams hope your thesis is good
If only I'd known. Diagnostic X-Ray tubes use a Rhenium/Tungsten alloy as the target. I used to have dozens of dead tubes in a store room, back before I retired.
I was just binging your videos for a few days and now you upload? Ayyy ❤️
Iridium isn't use in converters, but it is used as the electrodes in spark plugs due to its resistance to erosion.
Missed you
I've barely been gone right??? ...where does time go
I would watch your videos every day and never get bored of it
A month gap between videos is too much for me xD
I know it takes time to make vids keep it up
I don't have a PhD in rhenium, but I have worked with it in an elemental analysis lab that does a lot of work with aerospace and superalloys. Not as terrible to work with as rhodium, which rarely melted properly
Any of you're videos I watch I know you deserve a way bigger following. Keep it up 🤙
My favorite metal!!!!
It's properties are really useful for containing samples pressed to very high pressures between diamonds :D
I did some solid state work on rhenium diboride. Rhenium is alloyed with tungsten to make high temperature thermocouple wire-max temperature is 2315 C. They are type C, D, and G thermocouples. They are brittle and not useful in oxidizing atmospheres.
Very cool! also Rhenium 187 makes up about 60% of natural Re and is radioactive....but with a half life over 41 billion years, most of it still has not decay from formation. it is incredibly weak but its there...cheers
When I was 12 I came across rhenium in a reference book on elements I was poking through. It fascinated me because of its insanely high melting temperature, and for some reason got lodged in my brain. 40-ish years later, this video came out and here we are. Thank you for giving me a bit more info about an element that I should have forgotten about decades ago, but didn't!
I studied Platinum Group Metals exclusively. And I LOVE PGMs. Great video!!!!!
Always so excited when you upload a new video.
God it's been a while hasn't it, take ya time man love the vids
i missed this video for a month and I've never been so personally insulted by youtube
How did I miss this!? Damn, glad I found it now.
Quick correction: RFNA is like 80-ish % HNO3, the one closer to 100 % would be White Fuming Nitric Acid.
I've missed you and your videos!!!
I was re-watching the cadmium post as you put this one up. Kinda funny coincidence.
I have 61 grams of pure rhenium that I carry in my pocket almost every day. (Not kidding) And when it’s not in my pocket, I wear it as a necklace. Rhenium is so similar to technetium that it’s used to do pilot testing of reactions. Ya know, keeps the radiation accidents to a minimum haha. It also has the highest boiling point of all metals, and it’s oxide is very volatile, somewhat like osmium tetroxide but more mild. It’s extreme melting point and volatile oxide make the fabrication of solid rhenium parts expensive and difficult, but the metal itself is very malleable, while also being tremendously hard and wear resistant. Great wedding ring material. It straddles the line between refractory metals and platinum group metals, sharing properties of both, which is cool because anything like platinum is usually also unafordium.
Rhenium is non toxic and can be used in jewelry? I'm highly interested in fabricating Rhenium, or just owning a few pieces, but I want to be sure it's safe to handle and skin contact :)
Very cool how fun this was
This man has mastered the alchemy tree of widening the video. And of editing. This man, has perfectly defined alchemy: yellow chemestry
Absolutely gorgeous reaction
Come back, we all miss you. Really enjoy your videos and your personality
Type C thermocouples are made from tungsten-rhenium alloys. They work at very high temperatures but are not supported by many thermocouple readouts.
It's a reminder that hated yellow chemicals are hiding everywhere! Even in pretty green solutions.
Thank you for the video!
Oh yeah, that’s the other reason I subscribed to your channel, the music!!
" PLEASE SOMEONE" do a rheinum counter on how many times the word "rheinum" is said in this video. 😆 I feel you have said it 5000 times already and I'm paused at the 3:33 Mark. LOL 👍
Not a counter, but here's the cuts.
czcams.com/video/jXTCxksCwHM/video.html
Looking pretty lockdown there dude
Yeah for sure, it's a whole mood
I like the increase in production quality! Better lighting. Better camera (?)...
Had the better camera just the last few videos, and slowly learning how to film with it to get nicer shots. Thanks!
Very good video, I miss your uploads
Very interesting green solution in concentrated HNO3. It could be sort of HReO3(NO) intermediate specie. It's worth investigating the green solution. Good observation!
The targets in rotating anode x-ray tubes are made of sintered tungsten bonded with rhenium. There is quite a lot in then too. The reason it is used is that it prevents the tungsten from being too brittle from thermal shock and avoids the need for making precision machined ultra-pure tungsten rotors which would up the price by thousands of dollars per tube. 🤓
The last element I acquired for my periodic table collection is osmium, which is the next element after rhenium. I was thinking rhenium was more expensive than what it currently is, so I might go ahead and get some from my favorite element seller on eBay.
i think at one point in the early 2000s it was the most expensive metal, but as it''s so rare it fluctuates strongly with demand, and now its prize is only a quarter of its peak value
Reminds me of what Poorman chemist was doing a few days ago. Still a very cool video.
Chem question;- has anyone boiled copper in copper sulfate?
I found it as a patina that produces a crystalline pattern in an old book.
I haven't found a picture of the result and wondered what it looks like to see if its worth doing. Thanks in advance. Going to try a purple patina when I can make some antimony chloride. Is it safe to wear antimony chloride treated copper? Double thanks.
Never a dull moment on E&I! :D
The older I get, the higher my crustal abundance gets, man. Dang good to see you again, son! I thought we lost you to the fancy new job! Thank you for keeping us satiated, young brother.
7:14 "And it's a nice reminder that all good things are fleeting, and we're born here to suffer. yeh... THAT'S FINE." - E&I 2021
8:05 This channel promotes violence! But not too much violence.
A little is ok
That place you sourced the metal from is interesting. Should we start a crowdfund to get you a cobalt keychain from them? :-)
Imo rhenium is mainly useful as a technetium surrogate since they're in the same column and Tc has no stable isotopes
Actually Technetium has no stable isotopes since it was the first human-made element hence why it is called _Tech_-netium after the Greek word for artificial
Geochemists use rhenium to help determine the oxygenation conditions of the ancient oceans. I don't pretent to understand it but I have to analyse there sediment digests for rhenium content on occasion. I quite enjoy it as it's so unusual but it can be a ball-ache as there's usuaĺly naff all there.
That is a lovely green!!
More explosions and fire pls
Very cool video and what is that cool blissy soundtrack?
its me
“All good things are fleeting and we’re born here to suffer” I’m fucking dying lmaoooo
This feels like a Chemical Force video but instead of covering chemicals that everyone searches up on Wikipedia, it's chemicals nobody searches up on Wikipedia. 10/10
Hi, does anyone know if onyxmet shipping to Australia will not get stuck in customs especially when I'm about to order technetium, every alkali metal and some uranium salts.