History of Islam, Part 2 of 5: Conquests of Umar
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BAKU - In the first part of the History of Islam, we discussed the succession to Muhammad and the birth of the Caliphate under the leadership of Abu Bakr. The formation of the Caliphate was not easy, and the newly elected Caliph faced a secessionist rebellion throughout Arabia. He overcame the rebellion, but his reign lasted for only two years. Before Abu Bakr’s death, however, he nominated his trusted military advisor Umar as a candidate for the Caliph. The ‘Ummah’ and the council of elders were stunned because Abu Bakr and Umar could not have been more different.
Abu Bakr was the wise and modest grandfather type of person. He dressed simply and he lived simply. He accumulated no wealth and made every decision together with the council of elders. As the Caliph, he received only a very small salary; in fact, Abu Bakr continued his trading business just to get by. Sometimes he even milked his neighbors’ cows for extra cash. For all of his modesty and humility, he was greatly respected.
Umar, on the other hand, was known as a brawler and a drinker prior to his conversion to Islam. He had a notorious temper and intimidated the people around him with his great height. So, the council wasn’t convinced that Umar was the right person for the office. Then, in the heat of the debate, Ali stepped forward and endorsed Umar. This tipped the scale of the debate; Umar was elected as the new Caliph.
Over the next ten years, Umar would lead the Caliphate. He would conquer the lands of Persia, Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt, and he would give Islamic civilization its own unique identity. Umar was a theologian as influential as Saint Paul, and he was a statesman and a patron of philosophy, much like Lorenzo de' Medici. But Umar was also a social reformer, like Karl Marx, and a military thinker equal to Napoleon. Any of these achievements would have earned him a place in history, but when most people speak of Umar, all they know is that he was the second Caliph.
Soundtrack:
Decisions Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0
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But seriously, this is so informative and interesting. Really broadened my outlook.
Povilas Račkauskas It's good to see you appreciate the importance of this subject.
Povilas Račkauskas I do feel this information is actually very much shia sided, despite attempts to seem impartial a lot of the information is from the shia perspective.
Mr Men I am Muslim Sunni and i see no problem with what he said.
Mahmoud Zaki Neither did i at first, until heard what he was actually saying about Umar RA.
For example he said that Umar RA bent the rules so he could do an 'unislamic' war with Persia.
Not only that, he also twists history to make Umar RA seem even less genuine, by saying that the reason Umar RA nominated Abu Bakr RA for khalifah was because it was the custom to respect old people. implying if this was not the case then Umar RA would have taken the Khalifah for himself.
We know the status Allah has given Umar RA and how beloved he was to Muhummad SAW
The prophet Muhummad SAW said:
If there were to be a prophet after me, indeed he would be Umar, son of Khattab. [Sunan Tirmidhi, Hadith 3686]
Muhummad SAW would not have said this, if Umar RA's personality and spiritual bond with Allah was defective. In fact only the best of people were the prohpets, and for Muhummad SAW to say that Umar RA has such charachtersitics, shows just how little justice this video has done on Umar to slander him to the extent of saying he would change the religion to suit his preferences.
Na'udhubika min dhalik
Mahmoud Zaki
Also he made it seem as if Ali RA was exlcuded on purpose from becoming Khalifah, when he was supposed to become Khalifah but from Ali RA own words;
Hadrat Abdullah bin Salma Radi Allahu Allahu Ta'ala Anhu reports from Sayyiduna Ali Radi Allahu Allahu Ta'ala Anhu ,
خیر الناس بعد رسول الله صلی الله تعالی علیه وسلم ابوبكر وخیر الناس بعد ابوبكر عمر
'After the Noble Messenger, the best of people is Abu Bakr, then the best of people is Umar' [Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 111]
and
Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah ennoble his face) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bestow peace and blessings upon him) said,
أبوبكر وعمر سيدا كهول أهل الجنة من الأولين والآخرين، ما خلا النبيين والمرسلين
“Abu Bakr and `Umar are the leaders of the mature inhabitants of Paradise, of the first and the last with the exception of the Prophets and the Messengers.” [Jami' al-Ahadith, Hadith 233]
If Ali RA had been involved he would have surely nominated Abu Bakr RA and then Umar RA
Umar is my favorite caliphate. When I converted they gave me the name Umar because my personality reminded the brothers of him SubhanAllah
You got it wrong there! 1:00
Umar wasnt viewed as "not fit for office", it was actually Umar himself who continuously declined to be a Caliph. Before his death Abu bakr nominated Umar because Umar was just as wise as abu bakr if not more. Even before accepting islam Umar was viewed as a Wise man. There are literally verses in the Quran that came down supporting his opinion when he discussed a matter with the prophet. The is a saying from prophet, "if a prophet was to come after me it would have been Umar".
Umar although was very strict throughout his lifetime, remained the advocate of justice. There was no man after prophet who was more just than umar. You may have checked about his personality from shi'ite sources as they always try to degrade his legacy. But he still remains one of the most just, wise, brave, pious and down to earth companions of prophet
He's Azeri so even though they're mostly secular/non-religious Shia over there (he is secular for sure based on his opinions in his other videos) those biases are still present whether intentional or not.
Umar being the next prophet if he was to be a prophet was a Hadith , not quranic verses
@@junudallah6406 no one said it was.
@@isseabdirahmanweheliye9010 yes I misread I thought he said there’s verses from the Quran that says if there was a prophet after Muhammed pbuh it was Umar , but yeah I’m misread
Even without the pictures,this guy was able to explain in a more interesting way,than an actual uztad(priest)at our school.
This series is fantastic
+Senad Santic Hi Senad, like Caspian Report I am making videos about international affairs. The style is a bit different though. I am trying as hard as possible to make good videos, but I do not have many people to watch them. As you love Caspian Report I think that maybe you could be interested by my channel! Anyway, I would be soooo glad if you could have a look and tell me what you think! (I recommend the last episode)
Fantastical is the word you're looking for. Pure pro-islam propaganda. There are so many details left out, which makes islam sound peaceful & tolerant. It is anything but. Look around the world today. Islamic armies across the globe are at war with the entire free world, always have been & always will be. Boko Haram, Al Shabbab, Al Qaeda, Al Nusra, Hamas, ETC, ETC, ETC..The list goes on.
@@allymcmoist1484 There are no Islamic armies anymore, we no longer live in a world of empires or a world of religion, we live in a world of politics and laws, Boko haram, Al Shabab, Al Qaeda and so are some groups that were made by some person who had some personal desires, and they have nothing to with Islam but their claims, and the very basic acts like praying regardless of their level of faith, et cetera.
CookieTeam GT You are either clueless about what islam is or deliberately lying. Ask Al Qaeda or Hamas or Boko Haram which ideology they follow? Who is their "prophet"?? Islam is at the core of these armies. There are dozens of them still active all over the world , but you would know nothing about that, living in your bubble. It has EVERYTHING to do with islam.
@@DyadofBast very true
Caliph Umar seems to have been a great figure in human history. Unfortunately, the high ideals of early Islamic era declined. This is human nature...
these morals still alive inside may muslims today, just not muslim leaders
Assalamualaikum i want to ask a question so it's the immate a Shia empire or not because my ancestors create a Muslim empire in west africa call the immate of futajalon
@@almamybokarbirobarry780 No that was a Sunni Imamate. Imam means two different things for Sunni and Shi’ah.
Your maps leave out cities and Arabic societies north of Medina that came up with soldiers that took over weak Byzantium and Persian counties. It was not islam and a man named moe. Be honest with yourself. Nothing came out of the dust of the desert south of Medina. The Arabic arising came about in Mesopotamia and Nebation area and Is known as northern Saudi Arabia and Jordan and Syria. The fake history of the Mecca conspiracy must be thrown into the trash bin of fakers. The first gathering of stories now found in the quran pre date 630 AD and are Christian writings. The first Arabic inscriptions are found on Christian churches in Syria. This video is using fake stories that were written after 800 AD. Be honest and use only 8th century sources. You will change your views when you learn the truth from that time in history.
What we can see here is how decisions made in the past may lead to unwanted results in the far distant future.
That's the story of history. Decisions made by world leaders in all parts of the globe throughout history have effects on all subsequent generations.
Same when USA was created on the issue of slavery
@@tomlaureys1734 FACTS
Story of Umar and his servants making journey from Medina to jerusalem around 1,200 kilometers or 700 miles sharing one donkey speaks volume. A ruler of 4000 cities but didn't own camel or horse and shared one donkey and took turns for such a long journey. This is rightly guided Ruler Umar Radiallahu Anho
you forget to mintion that the first female minster was a muslim in omar ira and her name was al khansa
And that the state of Arkansas has been named after her.
murmurrrr 😂😂😂
@@murmurrrr how about Kansas city?
Oh! And during the wars, there were females military commanders, one of them being named Khawla :3
@Ezio Auditore Tunisia is a muslim country were women are treated exactly how they are treated in the western world
FOR THOSE INQUIRING ABOUT HIS SOURCES: MAJORITY COMES FROM A BOOK TITLED "DESTINY DISRUPTED" BY TAMIM ANSARY.
Amazing i admire your amazing report Shirvan, but some things need to be corrected.
1. Quran super clearly did ban slavery [The Qur'an 90:12-13]
2. The punishment for people who commit illegal sex (Sex outside marrige) is not "Stoning to death" it's only 100 lashes based on the Qur'an 24:2 & the punishment only applied if the doers do it publicly, that's why it's said 4 witnesses are required
3. Stoning to death is not found in the Qur'an and no doubt it's only applied to "Rapist" and the law was found in Jewish Book "Taurat" the book of Moses
Keep up the amazing work pal!
handsomethecat and also jizyah which is the money that non-muslims had to pay was only for the able and it was equal to what the muslims had to pay which is zakat also only for the able, it is like a form of tax the money would be used to build the nation from the days of profit mohammed. and the punishment for drinking was only applied for people who are drunk in public you had to have witnesses also for adultery to be punished by 100 lashes you had to be seen by 4 people witnessing the sexual encounter.
+handsomethecat "Only 100 lashes" ... at this point I realized that you were a fucking moron.
Em Zee
Compare it to *stoning to death* than hopefully you'll get it, still you have your right to accept or to reject the system... and for your last two words, in my area it's like expressing *Yo my best partner ever how yu' doin bro* :)
Fine thanks! :D
+shirakimazar LIAR. Jizyah starts at 20%, Zakat is 2.5%.
Sen Tient zakah is very complex and is equal if not even less than zaikai and all money generated goes to poor muslims and non muslim alike, unless you mean isis's version of zakah which is theft under the name of zakah
thanks for the upload man.. As a Muslim this answered a lot of questions in my head, now i like my religion so much more because because i know lot of negative things about islam was creation and ideology of the arabs rather than religion itself
***** tbh, if what isis is practicing was real islam, i would have changed my religion years ago, im not being racist but arabs use islam as propaganda machine for centuries..
***** i would suggest this english translated version as it contains commentary explaining each verse:
www.amazon.ca/Meaning-Holy-Quran-English-Arabic/dp/1590080165
franco arnold Don't just trust a random video on the internet that has no sources. Read the Qur'an yourself, and then read the Hadeeth, and the Seerah of Muhammed saws.
After you do that you can make conclusions, and not before. I am not discouraging you, but it's best you love Islam for what it truly is, rather than loving it based on a video without credentials.
franco arnold I am Arab & Muslim, and I couldn't agree more with what you said. All decent educated Arabs know this already and we are fighting tough battles withing ourselves just so that we could make people understand the difference between real Islam and bad Arab traditions that people think it is part of the religion but it is not! Even prophet Muhammad suffered a lot from the hypocrites which still exists today.
1HUSEINKAPETAN1 I am Muslim and I studied history extensively and this video is very accurate
Excellent video. I can't wait for part three. Thank you.
great job caspian report, lovin' these seriese
"Dar al islam and dar al harb”
Means the land of the Muslim nation and land of the enemy nation
But they weren’t the only lands to describe
There was land of zima “ land of people of the book “
Land of mosta’mn “ lands of non Muslims we have peace treaty with”
Its not just land of islam and land of war. Which all was established in the time of the ummayed
And also the explanation of omar who started jihad is wrong it was established at the time before omar .
War and peace must be declared in the interest of the ummah and no aggression should be started . And peace must be kept war must be the last resort .
"War and peace must be declared in the interest of the ummah"
So basically this all come down to the benefits outweighing the costs i.e peace isn't the core of the religion
@@drose6437 but war is to be declared as the last option
lol! that is a bunch of bs, and history is proof!
@@adisj5696 what bs
jet another great Caspian Report! thank U. Love
Wow a Christian who appreciates our caliphates that's good to hear.
i love me some Caspian report seriously all your videos are fascinating keep them coming
also love all of your content. It is relatively unbiased, educational and realistic
Great video. I'm really looking forward to the next one. :)
This series is so interesting and enjoyable to watch. I would just want to point out that jihad as righteous war and stoning for adultry, as well as men and women praying separatly, were mentioned in the sunnah so it wasn't really Umars inventions.
Anyway, thanks for the video.
You have to understand that the "sunnah" is a somewhat broad term that could include the actions of the first caliphs or their interpretations.
@@abdullahsagga7195 no the sunnah is the prophets actions and words and ways
one of greatest men in history♡ ... RIP Umar♡
he lied about Ali and umar .abu bakr .Even Ali himself refused to take responsibility .he let people to elect what they see .you do not mentioned that they loved each other.and they are friends .Ali named his other sons as Abu bakr bin Ali and Umar bin Ali . if he hate them then why he named his other sons by their names. do not lie about slam.iran wants to control arabs by spreading shittes .as arabs conqured .they want to destroy islam.
Dayar-E-Hind (Hindyan) exists till date in Iraq, Karbala this was the place where hindu warriors fought against yazid to avenge the death of Imam Hussain and the family of prophet Mohammed.
In short shia muslims should always be supporting Hindus and vice versa we are related by blood line ...you can say that hindus and shia are children of mothers sister. this is why hindus went to fight for Imam hussain in karbala , they received distress call from their cousins and they went to protect them from yazid/ wahabhi muslims.
Yest still it is shia who have cheated their hindu brothers and supported the yazids time and again. During battle of plassey it was Mir jJaffer who cheated india and joined the british. In 1947 a shia /Ahmadiya muslim Jinnah created Pakistan. During Nkholi riots it was a sshia muslim who organized to burn 5000 hindus in a factory which resulted in riots all over India. The conspirators of godhra train burning included shia muslims. So Hindius cannot help but regret if their cousin brothers the shia muslims keep getting brainwashed by wahaabhi nd yaazid muslims. it is time to wake up and join RSS and BJP, but will shia muslims cheat their hindu brothers again only time will tell.
czcams.com/video/LtxPo5erN68/video.html
Even today India is trying to help Iran with solve issues with USA, while India is trying to help Iran, press tv is continuously doing anti hindu and anti india propaganda in kashmir.
czcams.com/video/zQE8zmcpi-E/video.html
This video does not mention that Umar was cause of the death of Fatima, the daughter of the prophet. He burned her home & kicked her stomach while she was pregnant which resulted in the death of unborn baby mohsin & fatima. If you skip out so many prominent things about Umar how you can be considered honest.
Story of 2nd Caliph Umar ibn al-Kha??ab and the Attack of Persia, Sysanaid Empire
In 610 Muhammad started preaching the message of Islam. Like many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and he even threatened to kill Muhammad. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting Muslims. He recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord.
Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated. Umar at the age of 39 converted to Islam in 616. In 625 Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad. At the time of signing of Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, wherein Muhammad giving in to the Quraysh on most points, including not using the name of Allah and not calling himself the Messenger of God. Umar later said that if a hundred men had supported him, then he would have left Islam then
The Persian ruler Khosrau II (Parviz) defeated a dangerous rebellion within his own empire, the Bahram Chobin's rebellion. He afterward turned his energies towards his traditional Byzantine enemies, leading to the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628. While Prophet Mohd was alive there existed a Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628, Islamic Prophet Muhammad had sent many letters using his ambassadors to the neighbouring kings and princes including Khosrau II. Sassanid King Khosrau II submitting to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, from a plaque on a 12th-century French cross. This is only an allegory, as Khosrau never actually submitted in person to Heraclius.
Khosrau II was executed in 628 and as a result, there were numerous claimants to the throne; from 628 to 632 there were ten kings and queens of Persia. The last, Yazdegerd III, was a grandson of Khosrau II and was said to be a mere child aged 8 years.
Muhammad on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 AH (6 March 632) in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, during the Islamic pilgrimage announced Ali as his successor read the full text of last sermon yet Abu bakr forced himself as caliph ignoring the wishes of prophet mohammed. He also said in the same last sermon, I have left behind two precious things amongst you, one of which is greater than the other. The Book of Allah, the Exalted, and my 'itrah (i.e. Ahl al-bayt). So watch out how you treat these two after me, for verily they will not separate from each other. Umar attended the event of Ghadir Khumm, which took place a few months before Muhammad passed away. According to both Shia and Sunni sources, he was among the many who pledged allegiance to Ali at the event. In Medina, after the Farewell Pilgrimage and the event of Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad ordered an army under the command of Usama bin Zayd.Muhammad gave Usama the banner of Islam on the 18th day of the Islamic month of Safar in the year 11 A.H. Abu Bakr and Umar were among those that Muhammad commanded to join Usama’s army, However, Abu Bakr and Umar resisted going under the command of Usama despite order of Mohammed. However, while a few companions were ready to join Usama’s army, many other companions, including Abu Bakr and Umar, disobeyed Muhammad’s orders. So there was mutinity even as Prophet Mohammed was alive, lead by Abu Bakr and Umar. Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.
After the death of Prophet Mohd, many muslims/ Umar/ Abu Bakr deserted prophets message soon after his death and accepted Abu Bakr as caliph, the rich Ummayyads supported Abu Bakr, and the second caliph Umar also supported him. Abu Bakr then asked Umar to prophet Mohammed daughter Fatima to get her acceptance, but Fatima was very angry she said I dont want to see Abu Bakr face, asked Ali not to invite Abu Bakr to her funeral. To this Umar was very angry he pushed Fatima which led to her Abortion and then he burned her house. One by one all the family members were killed by the muslims. All these facts are recorded in Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bhukhari, I can share the exact references for anyone.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar
Soon after prophet mohammed death the caliphs ignored the existing treatys with the Sassanid, the Arab conquest started precisely when the Sassanians and Parthians were exhausted in internal warfare over succession to the Sassanian throne this was between the period from 628 to 632. Arab Muslims first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633 , The second invasion began in 636, then Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian empire in 642, which led to the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651. In this war Caliph Umar took pages of Quran and put them on the spears to motivate everyone to fight the Sysnaids, as initially people did not want to attack the Sysanaids due to the treaty in place between the arabs and Sysanaids. This is why in my view Umar betrayed prophet Mohammed, as prophet mohammed preachings was never to attack anyone who has treaty with you, and not to force anyone to convert in this case neither were observed.
Eventually, military reinforcements quashed the insurgency and imposed Islamic control. The violent subjugation of Bukhara is a case in point: Conversion to Islam was gradual, partially as the result of this violent resistance; however, Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many priests were executed.
With no dis-respect or with no intentions to hurt anyones feeling.
As per Sahi Bukhari & Sahi Muslim Umar bin khattab is the same man, who
1. Swore to kill Prophet mohd before converting to Islam
2. During Prophet Muhammad's Last Sermon, on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 AH in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, during the Islamic pilgrimage of Hajj. Prophet Mohammed announced his successor as Ali and Umar promised in that meet to support Ali, but soon after this joined hands with the 1st caliph Abu Bakr ignoring the promise given to the prophet..
3. Soon after the death of prophet, broke all the treaties with neighbours which were made by prophet himself and attacked sysanaids and byzantine empire.,
4. Came to force Ali to accept Abu Bakr as the 1st caliph instead he burned the house of Fatima and caused her abortion. Fatimah was killed as a result of injuries sustained when her house was attacked and burned by Umar.
5. When Prophet appointed a new general for his army he asked umar and abu bakr to go to syria but they both disobeyed prophets orders and refused to go.
6. Umar was not present at the funeral of the Prophet of Islam. He was brawling with the Ansar in the outhouse of Saqifa when the body of the Prophet was being buried It is he who was responsible to make abu bakr to make abu bakr the 1st caliph against the wishes of the prophet.
7. Pierced the pages of the Quran onto the spears to motivate muslims to fight the persians.
8. The prophet on his deathbed, he asked the companions to bring pen, paper and ink so he might dictate his will but Umar defied him. He did not let the Apostle dictate his will and testament.
9. The Banu Umayya were the traditional champions of idolatry and the arch-enemies of Muhammad and his clan, the Banu Hashim. Muhammad had broken their power but Umar revived them. The central component of his policy, as head of the government of Saqifa, was the restoration of the Umayyads. He turned over Syria to them as their “fief,” and he made them the first family in the empire.
10.When Syria, Jordan and Palestine were conquered, Umar appointed Enemy of prophet , Yazid bin Abu Sufyan the governor of Syria
11. When Yazid bin Abu Sufyan, the governor of Syria, died in the plague of 18 A.H. When Umar heard the news of his death, he went to see Abu Sufyan to offer condolences to him. But Abu Sufyan interrupted Umar's commiseration, and asked him, “Whom are you going to appoint governor of Syria in place of my late son, Yazid?” Umar said: “Of course, his brother, Muawiya.
There are so many incidents like this mentioned in Sahi Muslim and Sahi Bhukhari about Umar.
Whenever this questions raise the standard answer is this is shia propaganda then why are the sunnis follow the books of Sahi Bhukhari and Sahi Muslim that mention these facts.
There is no fire without smoke, the while episode of fitna seems like a conspiracy against ahl-bayt.
The reign of each of the caliphs did not last long, there was a rebellion within 20 days of Abu Bakr announcing himself as caliph.
Abu Bakr's era: 632-634
Umar's era: 634-644
Uthman's era: 644-656
Ra JeSh
@@rjhaveri8bh Yes brother you are right....he is hiding the truth... not only this guy does this...it has been done 1300 years..."Truth is truth if no one believes it, A lie is lie even if everyone believes it".
It's hilarious watching everyone call this biased and propaganda simply because it is not what they were told to believe in as kids.
Great video, can't wait for the next one
I wish Muslims could rule and live the way we used to. Everyone is corrupt now and has forgotten our roots and the Qu'ran.
No, you can't say that. There are still many great Muslims in the world. Our leaders may be corrupt, but a nation is built by people, not a few idiot politicians.
I cant think of any great Muslim leaders living today. Or any great leaders at all for that matter.
+Sarah Bouachir There are many great Muslims, but there are not many great Muslim leaders
+Sarah Bouachir Spreading knowledge about this is the only way back.
Sarah Bouachir me too sister.. me too
Well done Shirvan! I enjoy watching your videos and learning more about the world. Have you ever thought of Latin America and its geopolitical scene? I look forward to the next video, cheers Amigo
Although it's a really short summary, it's pretty accurate to the history I've learned about in Islamic school called 'madrasa'
If they was another Prophet after Muhammad ibn Abdullah From the Holy Tribe Destroyer of Evil, it would be Umar, May Allah fullest blessings be upon them
Allahumma Amin
This is one of the very few sources in the current social media where you can get almost accurate information.
An excellent video Shirvan sagol.
Khalid al walid was a pure badass
Amar Abidali really? you want to slander one of the prophet's companion? You want to slander the one who hold title 'The sword of Allah'? You want to slander someone who put his life on the line so you and I can be born as a muslim? your shia imam did't teach you the sin for slander?
0bserver00 no you have just been taught a lie for your entire life, this is why 'ISIS' terrorists love Khalid ibn Waleed. For example have your scholars ever taught you about this hadith:
Aisha said: “'The verse of Rajm (stoning) and of suckling an adult ten times were revealed, and they were (written) on a paper and kept under my bed. When the Messenger of Allah expired and we were preoccupied with his death, a domestic animal entered and ate away the paper”
Musnad, by Ahmed bin Hanbal, Volume 6, Page 269
Amar Abidali A lie? Muhammad S.A.W himself trust khalid al walid and personally give him the title 'sword of Allah'. and I should believe you and your scholar accusing him as a rapist over my Prophet?
a verse written on paper? BAHAHAHAHA! first of all Muhammad S.A.W never write anything on paper since he is illiterate. Then someone must have write it for him.. meaning someone else must heard of the verse and memorize it. Futhermore There is no Quran printed on paper before Uthman b. Affan became a caliph.and that fake hadith is a blasphemy and contradict the Quran. This are verse where Allah promise to protect and preserve the Quran.
"[Quran 15:9] Absolutely, we have revealed the reminder, and, absolutely, we will preserve it."
"[Quran 56:77-80] This is an honorable Quran. In a protected book. None can grasp it except the sincere. A revelation from the Lord of the universe."
Did you really think Allah S.W.T would let an animal wipe out an entire verse from the Quran after what He promise?
0bserver00 1- That "sword of Allah" is a lie, RasoulAllah (saww) disassociated from Khalid ibn Waleed (la), like the Christians you follow the hypocrites who were enemies to RasoulAllah (saww). The fact that you believe that no person can reach the imaan of Abu Sufyan (la) is enough for any logical person to know you follow lies.
Also ask your scholars, read your books, Khalid (la) killed Malik ibn Nuwayra (ra) a great companion of RasoulAllah (saww) and raped his wife at the same night. Umar (la) who didn't like Khalid (la) wanted to have him killed because of what he done.
2- RasoulAllah (saww) was not illiterate, you know when they were making the peace treaty of Hudaybiya and the Pagans wanted RasoulAllah (saww) removed from his title so RasoulAllah (saww) erased it? How did he know where RasoulAllah (saww) was on the paper if he could not read?
Futhermore for his will he wanted a pen a paper before Umar (la) didn't allow him and insulted him.
3- Quran was compiled during the life of RasoulAllah (saww). Allah (SWT) says in the Quran that He sent down the Quran to us. Not a bunch of ayahs and surahs.
4- You are saying that your mother Aisha (la) is lying when she said ayah of Quran was eaten and so there is tahreef?
Amar Abidali Your scholar is the liar here.. passing down false Hadith, slandering the prophet companion.. Muhammad S.A.W trust these people with his life and who do you think would know better about them? Muhammad S.A.W who live with them or your scholar who live centuries away? Before the time Uthman become caliph,most people just memorize the Quran.. sure there are some verse written on pelt, leaves or stone but not many and there is no such thing as a complete book of Quran. The use of paper is not yet common among the arab community since most of them is illiterate...oh about the Hudaibiya treaty, there is this magical ability that all man & woman have that help communication a bit easier. this ability is called 'pointing' you should try it some time.
Aisya r.a is an honest woman,the wife of the prophet Muhammad S.A.W , an Ahlul-Bayt, She does not utter such lies..And just how dumb that story is, you can already see it is invented at the first glance.The golden rule of hadith is, Any hadith that contradict the Quran is a false hadith. False Hadith is an invention by the enemy of Islam with the sole purpose to corrupt Islam. My friend, your so called 'scholar' that you follow is the enemy of Islam.
Excellent stuff. Waiting eagerly for the rest.
impartial, unbiased and informative. Thanks!
The change in Umar (RA) life was incredible. Yes, he had bad character before embracing Islam, but after joining he rectified. His conversion of Islam is a wonder. Prophet(pbuh) prayed with eyes full of tears to Allah for his(Umar) guidance, many people actually don't know that.
This is quality content. When all parts are uploaded, I will post this in many places.
1schwererziehbar1 No sources listed.
It's quality propaganda,
definitely not academic in any way.
Want to extend my thanks for giving insights into the concept and evolution of Islamic law in the initial years. Neither ancient history nor religious laws & codes are areas I know much about - but, as someone interested in geopolitics of the contemporary world since 19th century onwards, getting insights into foundational events that shaped, and still shape, our society, politics and culture, really stengthens one's understanding of things and processes... Especially appreciate the perspective into how analogy as a basis of law played a crucial part in gender-based segregation over time and different cultures.
Thumbs up. Learned a lot. Keep up the good work.
18:08 You are wrong! Punishment for adultery & fornication is mention in Qur'an...
Where?
@Ahmed Khaled103
the punishment mentioned in the quran is for unmarried couple
but stoning which is mentioned in the sunna is for the married ones
both of them are applied in case of direct eye witness of 4 trusted men or by confession to the governor
@Ahmed Khaled103
It is if adulterer is already married
Thank you for this hard work you have put together. I wish the leaders of the free world would watch these presentations. We might then forge a better understanding of the roots which the tree has grown from.
Hey man, thank you.
These are all done so well. I think I've already learned a lot, and believe I'll learn a bit more from you.
Is this a team effort? Or is this one, lone genius kid?
True Islamic values are a little different but i feel the channel has made an extremely praised effort to cover the topic.
Sources would help tremendously, though I think Mr. Shirvan has done a great job in such a short presentation.
I give you historical sources for anything you want about arabia and islam just ask.
I wish Muslims could rule and live the way we used to !!!
LET THE FLAME WAR BEGIN
+Kronstadt Sailor Wow, we have an unmatched kd lol
+Kronstadt Sailor Well, to each their own. But the fact that you have so much hate toward us and are constantly in your head at night, makes for quite an achievement on our part :D. As much as I would love to provide you with more information about my religion, you just don't seem interested, you seem too butthurt bro
+Kronstadt Sailor No? That's interesting. Then explain this verse that's from the bible for me: "But those enemies of mine who did not want me to be king over them--bring them here and kill them in front of me." - Luke, 19:27
+Kronstadt Sailor Ok, you got me. I swear to you, by the name of allah, that I will leave the religion of islam, and burn my quran, if you can prove to me the prophet mohammad peace and blessing be upon him, did all of this. I swear, I will burn the quran, just prove it.
+Kronstadt Sailor Wow, really? Because you FAILED TO GIVE ME PROOF OF WHAT YOU JUST SAID. Oh and btw, did you read the quran the way it was supposed to be read? Or just cherry picking ayat to back up your false belief that we are killers? More and more americans are waking up to you liars.. LOL, just LOL. Waking up? or just basing your knowledge of islam on the mass media? If you really wanted to know about islam, you'd get involved in the community to see what it really is about. But the fact that you said you read the quran , sira and hadith means much knowledge has been taken on board doesn't it, and the fact that you say you read all this and come to the conclusion that we are liars just proves how much of a liar YOU are, and I can prove this by asking one simple question: What was the prophet's grandfather's name?
Umar was one of history's greatest BOSS!!! wow!
The guy turned history upside down
Great video! Thank you!!
I love your Video, but could you compile a list of your sources? I would be interested in looking up some of the points you make myself.
One of Prophet Mohammed's prophecies was that Muslims will Conquer the Romans..which they did when they took Constantinople....Another prophecy was that there will be no Cesar after the fall of the Sassinades
MrBander1 oh what a great prophecy . like saying athletic of Madrid will lose to barcelona
albusai he made that prophecy when the Muslims were very few in number and their backs against the wall fighting a strong Pagan Arab army
albusai fun facts.
Mohammad did send a letter to Persian king asking him to convert to Islam.
Khosrau II (Arabic كسري) is also remembered in Muslim tradition to be the Persian king to whom Muhammad had sent a messenger, Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi, together with a letter to preach the religion of Islam. In Tabari’s original Arabic manuscript the letter to Khosrau II reads:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
من محمد رسول الله الى كسرى عظيم الفارس . سلام على من اتبع الهدى و آمن بالله و رسوله و شهد ان لااله الا الله وحده لاشريك له و ان محمد عبده و رسوله. ادعوك بدعاء الله، فانى رسول الله الى الناس كافة لانذر من كان حيا و يحق القول على الكافرين. فاسلم تسلم . فان ابيت فان اثم المجوس عليك .
English translation:
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful
From Muhammad, Messenger of Allah, to Chosroes, Ruler of Persia. Peace be on him who follows the guidance, believes in Allah and His Messenger and bears witness that there is no one worthy of worship save Allah, the One, without associate, and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger. I invite you to the Call of Allah, as I am the Messenger of Allah to the whole of mankind, so that I may warn every living person and so that the truth may become clear and the judgment of God may overtake the infidels. I call upon you to accept Islam and thus make yourself secure. If you turn away, you will bear the sins of your Zoroastrian subjects.
منتظر الإمام
Xerxes is the ancient persian king of the first persian empire. It’s not a title for a king, SHAH is what iranians titled their kings which means king or emperor.
Great video. This helps me understand islam
Very informative.
You really did a good job in these Islam videos explaining the history in a neutralic way. As a non-muslim I knew practically nothing of the Islam history except the story of Muhammed.
I also really appreciatie the videos you made about 'Russia as a superpower?' And similar videos about Russia. You seem very well-informed and the videos are flawlessly narrated. Especially when explaining the Russian point of view and the Russian political goals etc.
Anyway, I really enjoy your videos so thank you for making these
Greetz from the Netherlands :)
The present Caliphate wants to be like the 7th century one? The 7th century Caliphate looks like a place where every race, nationality and religion can live in peace or am I wrong? The present day one looks like hell on Earth.
The problem with your claim is, there is no caliphate, currently
And yes, most people got many freedoms in the 7th century Arabia.
@@tahakaleem1783 indeed the cahlpite ended after the death of the caliph ali
Love your videos! just like to know where I can find the pictures shown in the video?
@shivam ....theory of two realms......exactly right......great video.....great narrative.......intense research........bravo......👍👍👍👍👍
It would have been great if the source references of the information were presented. If possible you can the add some references - otherwise, we’ll have to take your description as correct.
Imagine having a leader of a state country tribe kingdom or any of kind that goes to work like everyone else
Thank you shirvan for all ur hard work, and wish you a bright future.
Now for the video, I can’t help but notice all the fights in the comments about Sunni and Shi’a, and I find it so disheartening that even after seeing how all those amazing people would always put the unity of the Umma(Nation) before any of their own interests, we still jump at every chance of infighting, decisiveness, and division.
Let’s try and be aware of our own biases, we are all watching this video (Sunni, Shia,...) wanting it to agree with our point of view and our own past information, that’s not learning, that’s not growing, that has a name in psychology called “confirmation bias”.
Let’s also remember that most of us never really looked into the history ourselves, and that most of our main ideas and themes came from our parents, teachers, and schools.
I hope one day we can leave the hate we inherited from the past generations where it belongs in the past, and stop fighting about what we were told happened a 1400 Year’s ago.
This was excellent
Where do yo get your artwork from? Seems a lot is from 19th century russian realism (particularly vereshchagin).
I would live to see where u got the info on umers war and his made up reason of attacking Persia ..................umar used to say that I wish there was a wall of fire (to avoid war )between Arabs and Persians
Nope...it was wall of fire between Turks and Arabs...
It was a montain of fire between arabs and persiens
I was wondering about that. Especially since there was another Caspian report on the Arab conquest of Persia which referenced that exact quote.
Shirvan is far better than many Orientalists, but he tends to follow much the same narrative as many of the atheist progressives of the West...that religion is a tool that is always manipulated to serve the interests of those who have power rather than strictly adhered to by people like the Khulafaa-al-Raashidun. The fact is that the Prophet Muhammad had already predicted the invasion of Persia by the Muslims and the Persian nobles were already attempting to recover the territory the Muslims had conquered from them. As with the Tabuk and Mu'tah campaign, the Arabs, with the exception of many passionate Sahaaba and Taabi'een, were as all tribal people reluctant to join a campaign in a far-off land when they did not recognize an immediate threat and the odds were stacked so heavily against them.
Those who support Abu bakr and Umar and uthman are forgetting that it is abu bakr who sent Umar to force Fatima to accept him as the caliph of Muslim but when Fatima refused to even see his face till death Umar kicked Fatima causing her abortion and he also burned Fatima house. These people who follow the first 3 caliph forget that when prophets Mohammed spoke to 10000 persons during the last sermon he declared Ali his son in law as successor to even Umar was present there he swore allegiance to Ali but later sided with Abu bakr. The Muslims who support Quran forget very conveniently forget that the Quran very clearly states that Mohd was the prophet of Israelites and not of the Muslims, the Muslim umma created by Abu bakr. The people who support the first 3 caliphs forget that soon after the last sermon Mohd announcement of the commander of the army, he asked Abu bakr and Umar to go to Syria under the commander but both Abu bakr and Umar disobeyed prophet Mohammed. They forget that Muslims killed the kins of prophet Mohd which lead to divide of Shi’a and Sunni. Not just that after prophet Mohd died Umar did not accept the treaty of neighboring states and he attacked Persia while a small child was king he disobeyed Mohammed treaty and attacked the neighbors unprovoked and burned the Zoroastrian priests. Umar supported Abu bakr to become caliph and versa. Within 20 days of Abu bakr becoming caliph there were riots and protests the reign of Abu bakr was against the wishes of prophet Mohd and so the first 3 caliph hijacked Islam and prophet Mohd
@@rjhaveri8bh facts... Hadiths and proof is needed brother.. dont make statements without backing them up. Dont cause disruption and in-fighting between muslims. Who ever goes against what Allah and the Nabi Muhammad SAW, then he is far from the fold of Islam. I pray Allah SWT shows you the truth and grants you guidance inshallah. Peace and love to you my brother in Islam.
Shirvan i'm amazed! Where do you get all this information?
It's a great supject thank you so much !!
War always finds a way.
Indeed, indeed.
@Sultan Mehmat F L A W L E S S L O G I C
من مقولات عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه : متى استعبدتم الناس وقد ولدتهم أمهاتهم أحرارا
Thank you!
Really good video like always but why there is no sources in this videos?
Can someone help with a question. Umar justified the invasion and the idea of Jihad saying that since there is only one god, there could only exist one community, the Ummah. However, post invasion, he allowed Christians and other pagan communities to still worship their gods, and live their own way. Something doesn't seem to add up?
Valid observation. You may want to read comments posted by John Constantine and Bahaa Ayman above. In shot like everything on CZcams, the channel owner has his own biases (which I believe he is entitled to). Consequently, some of the information he presented here are not historically accurate.
Here’s the answer, on personal level Islam allows non Muslims to worship freely. Also waging war on a Christian for example or other non Islamic empire and destroying it means Islam can spread to these regions that were captive to only Christianity and future generations will eventually be Muslims
The first one is not true historically the sources of this only one person from the Persians, a region caliph Umar was not so adored, thus it maybe subject to bias .
Nothing adds up, it's pure Islamist apologism
odd, on your other video for the conquest of Persia u said Umar was not in favor of war with persia and most of the wars there was a defense of attacks...
great research...
That’s islam . Islam never tells you to kill but to defend yourself . Islam never tell you to oprees people but tell you to live peacefully together
its obvious that this video is taking the view point of the shia which is very sad. Maybe you should do a video on how Iran became shia when it was almost 100% sunni.
You are a Sunni and that's very sad
Women never were barred from praying side by side men in time of Omer.Infact both in Mecca and Medinah same was happening in his time and after him.It isn't compulsory for a women to go and pray in mosque whereas to man it is compulsory that's the only difference.When the mosques were being build in Syria he was asked women here don't come to pray side by side man what should we do? He responded that if that is the case separate mosques can be made for their convenience.When ever Omer had a problem he used to go for Aisha's counceling who was a women.
I have to ask what is your source for saying that men are compulsed to pray in mosques? in all the years they taught us Islam and praying in school they never mentioned this
@@orwasaker3913 not compulsed,but it would be more preferable
@@orwasaker3913 No it would be preferable over at home. Better to do it at mosques rather than homes. And for the sources I honestly don't think the internet is a good place for Islamic knowledge due to a lack of actual muslims putting actual Islamic knowledge (not that there aren't any reliable ones but the ones written are mostly mistranslated by English and other languages beside Arabic translators so they're more prone to mistakes) so sorry dude, look up book.
@@orwasaker3913 jumaa is complused
Thank you.
Really appreciate your videos. One thing that I wanted to mention is that there have been other welfare programs prior to the Caliphate. Rome is the easiest example I can think of off the top of my head.
Really nice work and nice video.
Some corrections in 11:48 it's Jizya and not Yizja.
And it's Amir and not Amil in 14:28.
Yes for the Jizya, but no for the Amir (meaning prince in Arabic), it was actually Amil (meaning a worker for the wali, the governor).
@@abdullahsagga7195 Yes it's Aamil
Greatest man ever after his two companions.
Not if you were a Byzantine.
@@sweynforkbeard8857 😂
@@sweynforkbeard8857 or Persian
Thank you
Thanks, you made school easier for me.
Ummar al khathab imaan was never doubted...prophet SAW said if there were to be a prophet after me it will be ummar...
It's true he was alcoholic and so on before Islam...but when he converted he changed top to bottom...he was best of rulers and his reign was golden era of Islam he conquered much more than Alexander himself with in 10 yrs..al faarooq was a title given to him
CaspianReport
COME ON MAN. U ASSERT THAT IT'S UMAR WHO CAME UP WITH THE DIMENSION OF WAR FOR JIHAD. THAT'S A POOR ANALYSIS. REALLY.
This video does not mention that Umar was cause of the death of Fatima, the daughter of the prophet. He burned her home & kicked her stomach while she was pregnant which resulted in the death of unborn baby mohsin & fatima. If you skip out so many prominent things about Umar how you can be considered honest.
Ali believed he was the successor chosen by prophet mohd to lead the followers of Islam after Prophet Mohd, but when Abu Bakr cheated him to take up the role, he was not happy. Fatima also swore not to speak to Abu bakr, and told Ali not to call Abu BAkr for her funeral. When Umar kicked Fatima in the stomach while she was pregnant , this caused the death of Fatima and her unborn son mohsin. After his wife was killed Ali became sour he was not interested in being leader he lost interest he did not want anything to do with the caliphate role. This is why he may have got up and said let Umar be the caliphate I am not interested, even after uthman death he was not interested to take up the role of the caliphate. . Umar was also an intimidating person very largely built and tall. Abu bakr and Umar started to threaten Ali, he had responsibility of his children who were now without mother, ali did not want to do anything with Islamic followers due to the intimidation and the depression. Later on after lot of convincing he agreed to take up the role. Let understand AL was not a very well built man, he was medium physique and a tummy. So he was intimidated by Umar. He was scared for his family.
However Ali was not the one to decide, the decision was prophet mohd's, and he has not nominated abubakr or umar. Prophet mohd decision was final and binding for muslims but the depression of ali lasted appx 6 months. So abu bakr and umar illegally took control of the caliphate against the wishes of mohd.
can you make a video about the Islamic conquiste of Spain?
One of the arguments from Abu Bakr was that weight of Caliphate will calm Umar down, because people thought that Umar was very hot headed and often made decisions in haste.
Hello CaspianReport! I was wondering where do you get your research and sources from?
Consult History of Arabs by Prof Phillip K Hitti
1:26 but also a tall, handsome, literate, respected, military mastermind, patron, rich and generous young man
Umer was black 😒
@@imsyed5 can you stfu
@@SultanMapping
Umer was black and bald
And he was nowhere near rich
@@imsyed5 he wasn’t
@@faisal35i92 lol have you ever really read about him?
Spread the Freedom!
Excellent excellent 👏👏👏👏👏👏
There is no comparison of umer RA or any companions of RASOOL ALLAH(S.A.W.W) with non Muslims leaders
A lot of facts are misleading and misquoted in this series.
This video does not mention that Umar was cause of the death of Fatima, the daughter of the prophet. He burned her home & kicked her stomach while she was pregnant which resulted in the death of unborn baby mohsin & fatima. If you skip out so many prominent things about Umar how you can be considered honest.
My good friend would you please let me know that based on what source you mentioned twice that Ali favored Umar's candidacy and therefore, tipped the balance to Umar's favor.? Thank you for your good job in explaining the issues.
This is the history of Islam nobody talks about!
khalif Omar bin Khattab, the last great Arab ruler, every khalif after him never achieved, what omar achieved.
for the destruction of persia, he got what he deserved
Your sources please; especilly, those for the origin of the expansionist doctrine of Islam, Jihad, by Umar Ibn el Khattab, as you mentioned;
Oh..give it a rest. He is obviously speaking from histirial perspective. In fact, he did not even point out how Abu Bakr gave all properties of Mohammad (pbuh) to his daughter Aisha, depriving the daughter Fatima.
@@citizenOfNowhere777 a majooosi spotted.... Prophet leaves nothing in his inheritance.
By the way why did Mushkil Kusha needed any help from Caliph when he had super powers to do everything
@@citizenOfNowhere777 Abu Bakr said, "Verily, the Apostle of God said, 'We do not leave inheritance, what we leave goes into sadaqah.' Verily, the members of Muhammad’s family will get provision from this money. By God! I shall not change the distribution of the sadaqah of the Apostle of God from what it was in the time of Apostle of God. I shall continue to spend them under the same heads as the Apostle of God was spending."
Eith all these information, you can shoot a movie. It's a lot of information. This'll help people to learn more about their leaders
Bro which book or reference did you use.. I really want to read your references for more knowledge.
Hi Shirvan! Are you a Muslim yourself? Please enlighten us about your religious views. Thanks.
catprincess9 He is Azerbaijani, therefore a muslim.
Dufffaaa93 That is a lame assumption. One doesn't have to be a Muslim, just because he is an Azeri. Unless Islam is forced on people in Azerbaijan. Since Azerbaijan is a secular country, therefore I hope it is not.
***** Well then I would be surprised to think that educated people believe in revelations!
***** Therefore I would like to know what goes on inside his brain to make him believe in such unscientific stuff.
***** You should do more research on Azeri culture :)
Hello, I have two questions.
1. Was Umar the one who ordered Qur'an to be written down, as before it it was only passed orally?
2. If drinking and adultery weren't sancioned by Qur'an or hadiths of Muhhamad themselves, why didn't it occur to Ulemma that perhaps it wasn't supposed to be punished?
Great video Shirvan, always a pleasure to watch.
Wish I could help financially but I'm a student so I like, comment, subscribe and share.
Nikola Maticki Those are good questions. First, the Quran was memorized by dozens of people during the lifetime of Muhammad. Umar was the one who suggested to Abu Bakr to establish the definitive version. So the project started during the reign of Abu Bakr and finally finished during the rule of Uthman. All the other variations were destroyed. As for your second question. The Ulema argued that to uphold law there was the need for punishment (back then it made sense). Muslims who consider the Quran as the sole source of information are known as Quranists.
CaspianReport Thank you for your quick reply!
I've heard of Quranii's! My friend follows only Quran and it's really cool (though I'm not religious myself)
Do you plan on making more history videos concerning islam after 4 khalifas?
Maybe Islam and knowledge during Islamic golden age..or something concerning Andalusia or Sicilia?
I'd love to hear your take on those parts of history.
Nikola Maticki Honestly I want to do more on the cultures, geopolitics and histories of other regions such as India, Latin America, Africa, etc. But with the limited time I have available (to research, write, record and edit) I have to make priorities. I do plan on making a report on the decline of science in the Islamic world. It will prove to be a very interesting video. Like most events in history, it will show how the smallest decisions can have the most devastating impacts.
CaspianReport
Great! Looking forward to it.
CaspianReport Please make a video about the Islamic conquest of Egypt.
It might be important to note that the question that would solidify Uthman as Caliph was worded in a way that was meant to reject Ali's claim...
Abu Bakr and Umar and Utman and Ali are the FANTASTIC 4 !
This video series seems honest to me. Between the Sunni and Shia. I would council peace. It explained how imperialism arose from Islam. This though it is not condoned in the Qur'an. Thank you Caspian report. In the name of our Lord.
there is so much hate in that book . obviously they fallow the pedophile teachings to spread by sword
albusai Likely you are no harbinger of good tidings.
Bruce Campbell by they fruits you should know how is the root . I just call it how it is . Quran has so much hate in it
albusai I have read the Qur'an and have a copy handy. Can you cite a passage that is particularly germane to your point. I suggest you check context before posting one example. Not 25 just 1.
Hate full words . I can give more if you want . Not even going to the hadiths . Any man no matter when makes his stepson get divorce si he can have his wife. Or have sex with a 9 years old when you are 60 ' is not a moral example .
Did you just make up the justification for omar's decision for the sassanid conquest? Please clarify if it was from your own judgement.
Yea, he did. The Arabs were already threatening Persia when Muhammad was alive.
Umar i love that man my real name is Umar he is the greatest commander with khalid ibn Walid
Can you post your sources?