Quantum Entanglement Explained - How does it really work?
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- čas přidán 27. 04. 2024
- To learn QM or quantum computing in depth, check out: brilliant.org/arvinash -- Their course called "Quantum computing" is one of the best. You can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Enjoy!
Chapters:
0:00 - Weirdness of quantum mechanics
1:51 - Intuitive understanding of entanglement
4:46 - How do we know that superposition is real?
5:40 - The EPR Paradox
6:50 - Spooky action and hidden variables
7:51 - Bell's Inequality
9:07 - How are objects entangled?
10:03 - Is spooky action at a distance true?
10:40 - What is quantum entanglement really?
11:31 - How do two particles become one?
13:03 - What is non locality?
14:05 - Can we use entanglement for communication?
15:08 - Advantages of quantum entanglement
15:49 - How to learn quantum computing
Summary:
Albert Einstein described Entanglement as “spooky action at a distance,” where doing something to one of a But it's not spooky action at a distance, at all. So what is entanglement?
Electrons have a quantum property called spin that makes them act like little magnets. We’ll always measure it pointing in one direction or the opposite: up or down, say. If we entangle two electrons so that their spins are always pointing in opposite directions, the two spins are said to be correlated. If we entangle the two electrons in this way - and fire them in opposite directions, we don’t know which one of the pair is up and which one is down until we make a measurement. If we find that electron 1 is spin up. We know the spin of electron 2 must be down.
Why isn't this like a pair of gloves? The handedness of the gloves is there from the start. It never changes. With entangled particles that’s not the case. They are in a superposition. Prior to measurement, there is no definite answer.
How do we know superposition is real? The double slit experiment is good evidence. Entangled particles are stranger, because a measurement on one particle determines the outcome for both of them.
Albert Einstein thought up an experiment like this in 1935, in collaboration with two younger scientists, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen. They are referred to as EPR for short. They believed superposition was impossible because information cannot travel instantaneously. So they thought there must be hidden variables. But Danish physicist Niels Bohr, said that Einstein was just wrong.
Scientists remained divided. in 1964, Irish physicist John Bell figured out how to set up an experiment, Bell's inequality, to determine who was right. Bell proved that quantum mechanics predicted stronger statistical correlations in the outcomes of some measurements than any hidden variable theory could.
When Bell’s experiment was first done in a lab in the 1970’s by physicists John Clauser and Stuart Freedman at the University of California Berkeley, it showed that there was no sign of hidden variables.
How are two particles entangled? You can entangle two photons from birth or you can bring two quantum objects very close together.
Once objects are entangled, they’re not separate. They are, really two parts of a single object. In quantum mechanics, objects are described by wave functions: mathematical expressions that encapsulate all that can be said about the object. This wave function can be spread out in space. This is why particles can act as if they are waves. But if we entangle two particles, they are then described by a single wave function. They are mathematically the same object.
Entanglement tells us is that the quantum world has nonlocality: things at one place don’t depend just on what happens in the neighborhood of that place, as they do in the classical world. Quantum non locality is an alternative to spooky action at a distance.
#Entanglement
#quantumentanglement
It will not let us communicate faster than light because only knowing how they are correlated can provide any meaningful information. This has to be transmitted at the speed of light.
The advantage to using entangled particles to send messages is you can encrypt the message in a way that it can never be intercepted and decrypted without that decryption being detected. Entanglement is also the key to quantum computing. - Věda a technologie
That explanation is even scarier than spooky action at a distance when you think about it
@Black_No_Sugar No, faster than light communication is not achieved. The result of the measurement is inherently probabilstic. No useful information for communication can be encoded in the entangled particles. Thus no communication occurs when the measurement on the particles is performed. Both parties will receive a random measurement outcome.
@Black_No_Sugar depends on how you define communication. If useful information is impossible to send, I wouldn't call it communication.
@Black_No_Sugar The no-communication theorem shows that when person B measures their part of the entangled system, they will not be able to tell the difference between what person A did and a random measurement.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication_theorem
@Black_No_Sugar First you have to explain why 'what others say' is incorrect. Just because the person is using another idea that is not their original idea doesn't discount it mate. If you want to argue such claims with large implications, you are going to run into a lot of theories and hypotheses that will go against what you are claiming.
The point is that if person A were able to use entangled particles to send person B information faster than the speed of light (instantaneously) we know that Person B would receive that information before person A ever sent it which causes a never ending list of other problems. Certain laws which holds our universe together simply can’t be broken and for that I am grateful
I really appreciate these intermediate level videos. You help close gaps in our understanding of these complex theories. I've known about entanglement for years now, but watching this video really helped me to grasp it in a mind blowing way. You are the real MVP Arvin!
I know right? Arvin and PBS SpaceTime are the best explainers of high level physics on CZcams. PBS SpaceTime's recent explanation of the Many-Worlds Interpretation being a superposition of all possible wave-functions of the universe over the 'actual' wave-function of the universe, was mind-blowing! 🤯 I finally understand it, and can now see why so many people find it an attractive alternative to the Copenhagen Interpretation.
Sabine Hossenfelder is really good too, but she keeps her video explanations mostly at a more entry-level, which is good for mass appeal, though she cuts out the BS and unhelpful analogies (the 'lies we tell to children' type explanations). She's also pretty opinionated about stuff which I appreciate!
I've learned more from CZcams than all my years of education. Inspiring stuff.
@@RoganGunn Thanks for mentioning Sabine. I watched her video on quantum hype and instantly subscribed. I see what you mean about her cutting out the bs. Her videos will help fill more gaps of understanding.
gematriaeffectnews22 checkout zach hubbard
It’s nice having it broken down a little bit from having to take a full course and understanding very high level math
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I have been searching for hours for a video that would explain this concept clearly. I finally found it. Thanks so much. This deserves a like and a sub.
After 4 years I finally discover the one video on the internet that actually explains quantum entanglement clearly. Thank you Arvin for your hard work. Once you realise they are not two separate particles - that there is only one wavefunction - everything falls into place.
makes you wonder if they are truly connected through another universe. lets say you take a shoelace and put it through a sheet of paper, both ends through different holes. from one side it looks like two different objects, you pull at one end and the other one reacts instantaneously, looking from the other side you realize its one object
Most of what he says is wrong
@@hosoiarchives4858 Wormholes!
@@RobertSmith-kj6eb I got that once. I took antibiotics and they went away
Guys 😂, what's going in quantum entanglement is non-dualism, the particles are not separate but one( interconnected by an infinite dimension called pure consciousness ) , just like the yin and yang symbol, what science is trying to convey is the exact same thing that Spirituality had been trying to tell people for thousands of years that what's going in this this space and time reality is ultimately an illusion and is mainly governed by an" invisible reality" called non-duality( a reality that exist beyond time, space, forms , concepts ect.. which you cannot see, touch, smell or feel.). Those particles were never separated in the first place and has always been and will always be one. This physical universe that operates as space and time is an illusion,but there is another Reality which is the source of all the things happening in this universe. Every form, words, concepts, relatively and understanding all ceases to exist and what's let's is pure energy, the consciousness itself beyond duality. Science and spirituality are so very close to be best friends, this is because science is now catching up with Spirituality. Go to a spiritual teacher or any yogi master ,they are going to explain this whole thing of quantum entanglement to you simply and it will make your head spin❤
Just wanted to say I recently found your channel and I'm already addicted. The ideas are expressed/described very well while still getting into things that are difficult to say in a conversational way.
I can see your head again! I hope whatever that was is gone now and you are healthy and wittier than ever!
Great vid as always (y)
So you don't know the story behind the hat it seems...
@@joegillian314 no..would you please let us know?
@@GMan958 If someone answer : "Pfff you don't even know that" to a question, without giving any answers.... Don't feed it, its a troll
@@GMan958 he had a kind of "birth mark" that he got surgically removed, so he had to wear a bandage for a few months. thus the hat to cover it up. he explained it in some video months ago.
I was assuming hair transplant.
Awesome explanation. I have read a lot about entanglement but still had some challenges to really understand it. Your explanation makes it all clear now to me, especially the part where you explain that two entangled objects are being described by the same wave function. Thank you so much for this.
Fantastic video! I finally get entanglement, because you stated very succinctly the assumption EPR (and the rest of us) have been making that the two particles are not separate but the same wave function. Lots of other videos don't mention this basic problematic assumption or glide over it very quickly so that it isn't clear. Thanks!
Exactly. And in that sense, I don't see why everyone says that Einstein was proved "wrong".
Einstein just puts a different name on the same phenomenon and one seems as accurate as the other
Can you help me understand more by explaining What "the same wave function" means & the implications of two particles having a common?
It sounds like having a singular wave function somehow combines the two particles into one. Is that correct? Does having one singular wave faction "actually cause the two to become one? If not, does the fact that there is only one wave function simply "reveal" that there was only one particle all along?
Thanks for any insight you can share in layman's terms.
🙂
I don't experience quantum entanglement now that I've moved to wireless headphones.
Ah, but are you sure it's not just a superposition?
The wireless headphones act as a measurement. So I would guess decoherence?
I get constant quantum entanglement with my mop, still waiting for that wireless model.
Lol oh.. 😂
Give this comment 10tothepower18 likes
What a GREAT video!! Never before has it been mentioned that these particles
"met". This made so much sense to me!
Im a lay person who loves quatum physics. Great Job! Definitely subscribing!
It has been mentioned many times before that they are entangled first and taken apart later.
@@innosanto Yes, but what does the lay person understand with the word entanglement? Meeting? It must be spelt out and Arvin did it.
@@Aaqe Agreed.
Gloves are entangled too. You don't look - you don't know. Look, you know both. All classical. What's the difference from electrons?
I love learning new ways to think about entanglement. This description was marvelous! thank you!
Exceptionally well done Arvin. This is the most intuitive explanation I have seen yet.
This is the only CZcams channel l have watched that actually made me consider buying a full course on third party websites
Lol it’s a scam…
I just got a brilliant subscription because of this channel, it only like $10/mo which is waaaay lower than my student loans 😅
This is quite good. Even as quantum mechanics degreed/educated business strategy person working in quantum computing, I can tell you that this stuff is hard to wrap one's head around. Arvin is a big help to me.
First of all business strategy is not theoretical physicist, seckndly of course it is not easy to grasp since it is about a more fundamental part of the hniverse than our everyday experience.
@@innosanto He said he'd done both subjects - not that they are the same subject - lol. I think you have entangled yourself here
@@tonycook1624 LOL
@@innosanto actually it is our everyday experience... You see it everywhere every day all the time. It's more common than the idea of air. That's why people don't notice it. It's just the idea that one thing is just part of a set that contains it and the opposite of it. When we say 'is' we automatically determine what 'isn't' even if never said. There just has to be an opposite to everything.
Guy in the video said we can't send information FTL with it, but couldn't you just use the collapse of the particle wave-function to a single state on the other end to imply a pre-agreed upon message? Like you take an entangled particle from Earth to a colony, and read its state if you're in distress and need assistance. You could have other particles to say which type of crisis is happening, and so on
Maybe they just don't know if the wave-function has collapsed until they read it anyway, so they don't know if they collapsed it or the particle on the other end
Amazing video. Ive watched a lot of videos that explained the recent findings in a well manner but none of them explained how quantum objects are entangled in the first place. Great video 👍
Wonderful work Arvin...taking us to the application in electronics, quantum computing.
Amidst the wash I gathert it's technology that has improved our theoretical knowledge...observing an actual electron...in a manner of speaking ... is a case in point.
The ability to do this was previously thought impossible.
I look forward to following your work.
Sounds like everything is submerged into some larger field, keeping a perfect balance of energetic potentials.
with the right symmetry group, yes
@@ZhangGuoqing also the flux capacitor must be at a 38°angle to offset the quantum biologists left thumb
Quantum field theory.
@@constpegasus thought so
@@andykod77 QFT doesn’t explain entanglement, it just describes the elementary particles and force carrier bosons as excitation of a field.
This was really well explained! I havent learned about this before, and I still managed to follow along
How grateful should I be to Arvin Ash for providing wealth of knowledge ! Heartfelt thanks 🙏🏼
Arvin, halfway through you went through entanglement pretty fast, but then you caught back on where you left off on the later part of the video. This made my understanding of quantum particles much clearer. thanks of that. good video
Arvin - thanks so much. I now understand something that EPR didn’t!
Giants on the shoulders of giants...
Einstein got a lot of things wrong though. For starters in his early years he said nuclear fission was impossible to achieve.
me too! because i know how shrek 2 ends! take that einstein !!!!
You make the most mind blowing things so easy to understand.
Thank you ✌🏻
Best explanation ive seen on youtube. Thank you so much for the overview
Thank you, cool video! Also it feels so good being able to understand what you're talking about coming fresh from a physics course in modern physics.
And that's coming up right now! Most awaited line for me.
Once, just once, I'd love him to drop the f bomb and say
"It's coming up, right fucking now"
yes
Along with "and that's what we'll talk about today" 😉
What an awesome video. Thank you very much for putting this together and explaining it in a very digestible way. You've just got a new subscriber.
Question: Want scientific Recommendations? CZcamsrs to check out?
This is by far the best description I've heard. It finally makes sense to me.
Thanks a lot Arvin. Your explanation on entanglement is so clear and understandable. I have just started reading quantum mechanics. But I fully understood what the entanglement is.
Thank you for a great video. Some (many) naive questions: Matter is made of particles, and all matter was created after the big bang, yet somehow we can experiment with particles that have never been observed.
1.) What counts as an observation/measurment?
2.) How do we know that we have A electron in an apparatus before shooting it at a detector (double slit expr, DSE) without observing it?
3.) How can we even retrieve a particle into an approximate position without observing it? Isn't observing a piece of metal actually observing the particles that makes it, otherwise what am I observing, waves?
4.) Would the DSE work the same with chunks of particles, say protons? If so, how large chunks, atoms? Presumably not, but then when did the wave result of DSE break down when increasing the size of the chunks?
Science priests do not like questions undermining consensus. Matter is still created. Sun is a one big higher level elements generator. Big bang is only a theory. Something coming from nothing instantly is many orders dumber than bibles genesis in 6 days.
Fascinating with an idea so well unentangled to be able to explain it. We really must learn to think the almost unthinkable then call it perfectly natural! Brilliant expo from a brilliant mind. Yours! Bravo!
Thanks for this video. It certainly clarified some things for me. The concept of a unified wave function is very interesting.
Love your videos! I am a physicist and a science writer myself and I love to take inspiration from you to explain complex concepts.
That is awesome! Thank you.
Are you really a physicist? Holy crap that is cool that you are still watching youtube.
@@Overthinktank Yes! I love to see how people explain complex concept. I might take inspiration. :)
Great Stuff. I wish some day you(dear Arvin) would make a video about the equipment that were used during Einstein era and devices that are used recently for these experiments, such as splitting an electron and transferring it to another part of the world and how the measurements are done with these devices. where are they made and how much they cost, this kind of Info.
So often when I don't fully understand a topic, I pull up one of your videos and the clouds part! Thanks for what you do!
So well explained that even after knowing the basics of quantum mechanics for over 30 years, I did not feel comfortable explaining it to my friends or children. Arvin has done a great job of at least demystifying the various terms and clarifying how quantum computers work
Great to hear!
Love your work, keep it up
I am impressed with how complex these subjects are and how easy to understand you make them to be.
One of the best physics channels I had the pleasure to watch.
I’m new to this. You’re an amazing mentor. Thank you for embodying the ability to break down difficult concepts such as these into a digestible matter. Sending hugs
I appreciate your simplified and very personable explanation. You are able to get the points across effectively, unlike another self-important physicist whom I cannot bear to listen to.
I get thrilled up when you say "and that's comming up right now!" 🤩
Best channel ever. You answered two questions I had for years.
Hai sir
I am prajit Reddy
You said absolutely correct
I wanted to learn them
Outstanding exposition of this difficult subject.
This is the best video on the matter that I’ve watched so far! Thank you so much in clarifying this for us in such a understandable way! Regards from Belgrade.
It's first time I've heard explanation of why and how it actually works, at least something better than "Well it just is and nobody know why" I've heard dozens of time on other science channels. Thank you!
The fundamental theory of quantum entanglement &
Superposition must be mentioned in more general terms !
One of the best videos I've ever watched...
Arvin explains things so well.
Video after video on this, and it's the first I've seen that de-spooks the spooks. The 13th minute is gold.
I've been pondering this a lot this week, and it also seems relevant to me that the entangled photon's view of the observer's universe is instantaneous because it has no velocity along the observer's time axis.
This means in experiments where collapse at location A seems to affect location B instantly, well, we'd be wise to consider that those are 3 sequential moments from the experimenter's POV (Entanglement, AbsorbtionOfA, AbsorbtionOfB), but from the photons' POV there is one combined moment (EntangleAndAbsorbtionOfBothAAndB).
This seems like it warrants some model like ping pong tables on trains, themselves perpendicular on another axis to both on a 3rd train car, with the observer outside all that, and those ping pong balls having luminal velocity.
And that by pondering that, perhaps the "two parts of one object" can be better defined.
This video is EXCELLENT ! Superbly explained and demonstrated.
Hi Ash, it'll be great to see your video explaining completely different point of view from the standard model. Aka Electric universe by Wal Thornhill and other folks. You might find it very convincing to say the least. Would love to hear your opinion and the video on the subject. Thanks
Great content! You clarify much of the assumptions people make when trying to wrap their heads around these ideas. Late in minute 13 you suggested some physicists think entanglement might be more fundamental than space itself (or our conception of it). Can you (or anyone else) point me in the direction of further reading about that? Much obliged and keep up the great work.
Physicist can think but they can’t freely say what they believe because it goes against their doctrine that our universe is fundamental made from subatomic particles, and if they go against that thought without evidence they lose their credibility and funding to research. I can give you a possibility, which is what science should be about, and why there should never be scientific laws because science is never law, just our best understanding of something at that given time. Our universe, and what we perceive as the physical world in our dimension, is fundamentally harmonics of frequencies, and potential energy. Let’s call this consciousness. Primordial beings and living beings such planets and humans have a consciousness, but anything without consciousness will be dictated by the most powerful consciousness around them, and individually the greater the mass, the greater the consciousness, and that’s what dictates the flow of gravity,.This why drugs like ketamine can give you an out of body experience, because our consciousness is not tied to our body/brain, it is simply a frequency. Particles that are created by the dominant consciousness will have very similar frequencies depending on space and time, once they’re together their frequencies sync and bind a collective consciousness which allows them to interact instantly through their source frequencies. That is the fundamentals of intergalactic travel, by using math to find a frequency in space and time, and then changing your frequencies to match that to instantly transfer in space and time to that frequency. Humans have a collective consciousness, but are not born with a similar frequency like particles except sometimes twins, this why twins have been mysteriously known to sense the other twin subconsciously, and the same with loved ones that have grown their consciousness collectively. If you would like to test this without drugs, look up the gateway process to separate your consciousness from your body. The collective human consciousness is enslaved by a duopoly of thought into everything and indoctrinated into a false morality of good and evil, right or wrong. This is why cults have been portrayed as bad, but religion is a cult, and political parties have become cults, and now science is a cult, all intertwined for control. If everything this consciousness, our ultimate goal should be to grow our consciousness which is our soul. So take all knowledge as possibility, but don’t ground it as truth. The ultimate goal is to be like water, free from bias. So now you hit the end of the road, but you have two options, wake up in your bed believing whatever you want to believe, or see just how deep the rabbit hole goes.
If you want to understand the coded universe, watch Swaruu official on CZcams but start from the beginning because it will challenge your reality, but is put in bite sized pieces so it is easy to digest, but it all builds upon previous topics.
If you want to see how science for the greater good isn’t real, watch the why files episodes on killer patents and secrete science.
If you want to see how religious scripture is not just words, but encodes existence, watch the Why files episodes secrete codes in the Bible.
If you want more understanding of how frequencies are used against us, look up numerology, words, and rituals are used by the Illuminati/freemasonry to manifest reality. This is why logos like google chrome, Disney, and CERN all gave 666 in their logo. Also how words are used to form hypnosis. This is why News casters talk a certain way, and it is the most creepy thing I only recognized on psychedelics. Also rituals they perform like at bohemian grove, or the super bowl half time show.
I could go much deeper into these topics but I’ll keep it light lol.
Four thumbs up! A tremendous step forward in explaining the phenomena at the interface of the next generation of physics & cosmology. Thank you.
One of the best videos on the subject so far that I’ve seen
I feel like I've seen the slit experiment 5:01 a million times in videos. I hope I'm alive for when we figure out what happens next.
Check the quantum eraser if you haven't already seen that too
@@das_it_mane Ah, good one friend. Much appreciated.
I wish you a long life, but you can find out the answer of this puzzle in the book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
@@valentinmalinov8424 Oh, I wonder who wrote that book..? 🤔😉
@@RoganGunn Of course it is mine book, but it is make any difference where the correct information is coming from?
Are there any processes that produce entangled pairs naturally? I only hear about them being created. Just curious.
Ooh good question
Yes, when certain atoms like calcium release energy, they can release two photons at once. These are sometimes entangled.
Aren't two electron of an atom entangled?? Cause they stay in pair and both have opposite spin?
@@jaberafnan9675 yea both electrons of an orbital are described to have the same orbital with opposite spins.
@@jaberafnan9675 yes
The best explanation I have ever seen. Thank you.
I have been following entanglement for the last 6 years or so , but today in this video i got a feel for the entanglement .
Thanks so much Arvin, entanglement is so interesting. Also the beanie was good, it was gangsta science!
One the more brillant way to explain entanglement. Thank you Arvin🙏 But it is so demonstrate that we don't the real nature of space and time, something deeper has to be discovered. I hope i will see during my life time, but i'm not quite sure.
Stéphane, 49 from Paris in France
It's pure consciousness/ non- duality😂❤
I find this short video so mouth watering, Thanks Arvin Ash
You explained this really well thank you !! Super video ❤
Fascinating video and great explanation! Quantum non-locality through entanglement is really interesting. It seems as though it transcends space. If space can be transcended through non-locality, does it suggest there is an "absolute" nature, independent of spacetime in classical relativity? How can relativity relate to such non-locality? Always looking forward to your videos! Great stuff.
Transcends I would not use, but there is indeed some line of thought that information is more fundamental than space and time and gets entangled with other information constantly. From this entangled information space and time emerge, much like temperature emerges from molecules bumping into each other.
I recommend Erik Verlinde's elastic universe to blow your mind on this topic.
Ah, I'm close to understanding entanglement. I was stuck on the 'spooky action at a distance' I wanted it to be a
@@XEinstein Thank you for bringing Verlinde to my attention. (I once wanted to be a professional, but am just an amateur, so I do not follow this stuff as closely as a professional would.) From what I can tell, he is on track to confirming what my instinct told me had to be the solution, that we live in a sort of holographic universe. What we see as "reality" is just a projection of the underlying actual reality. Sort of like if you watch a movie where two particles seem far apart, but, in reality, they are joined as one object on the film reel which is in the projector. If something happens to the particles simultaneously on the screen, you might wonder how they interacted simultaneously as they seem to be two entirely separate particles separated by space. But once you see the film reel, you realize that they are actually just one object.
Couldn't you think of the universe as consisting of two parts. The ordinary part we know and an associated quantum waves part? I'm not sure how that could be described as transcending space.
@@robertbrandywine there is no 2 parts thr quantum theory is the theory of this reality,this part.
Again a brilliant Show, Arvin hope you bring more on Q.Physics. ❤️
3:17 you told me Bob was dead, stop playing with my emotions Arvin Ash
Best (simple) explanation ever!
After the explanation (thanks), this phenomena is still a spooky one.
";-)
It is spooky for our average minds like us and the genius minds at the same time
This makes me think that entangled particles are connected through dimensions we are unable to comprehend, similar to a 2D being unaware of events outside of its 2D plane of existence. 3D distance would have no relevance if that was the case. I just love pondering all the possibilities!
That's what I've been thinking too. So obviously my thinking is not unique... However, I can't find any formal scientific theories on it so maybe it's too far-fetched...
There will never be any TRUE formal solutions because our species only exists in a TIME dependent universe...@@yinpong
Really well explained, thank you!
Thanks arvin, great explanation. For me is more fuel to the fire that is the idea of a simulated universe!
By The Standard Model, this is by far the simplest, most intuitive explanation of entanglement on youtubes! And I've been watching psychics videos for years!
You sir are a brilliant orator and explain this better than anyone else I have listened to. Thank you Mr. Ash. Amazing explanation of an amazing concept. Especially the end where you discuss the information simply needing to be transmitted and therefore not faster than the speed of light..... which was Einstein’s entire premise regarding entanglement. Thanks again sir
Everything was once a singularity before the big bang...so may be the entire universe can be an entangled structure and we just don't realise it... 😝
Oooh interesting theory, but wouldn’t we be able to analyze and detect something like that?
@@bigManKelp perhaps in future...
The whole universe is indeed entangled - you can describe the whole universe with one (albeit very complex) wave-function. When we talk about the strongly correlated entanglement of two electrons or photons or whatever, we are merely taking one part of the larger wave-function and analysing it independently.
Remember, due to Fourier's Theorem, all complex waves can be seen as a superposition of simpler waves, and can ultimately be broken down to simple sine waves of varying phase and frequency. What holds true for sound waves is true for the wave-function of the whole universe.
(There's also a hypothesis postulated by John Bell that every electron in the universe is actually the same electron, bouncing forwards and backwards through time. So positrons are that electron on its way back through time - this also would explain Pauli's Exclusion principle. This is not really proven though, just an interesting yet plausible idea! Google: "One Electron Universe")
@@RoganGunn wow
I can't help but picture a ripple in a pond being described throughout this video. If you measured the ripple on either side of the center, at the same distance but opposite sides, the two signals would be opposite. Any attempt to read one of those waves would interfere with it and therefore it would no longer be a reflection of the other side. The fact that undisturbed, you should always measure the opposite signal on either side fits this idea neatly. I've personally been convinced that photons are neither a wave or a particle, but a burst of energy that creates a ripple and we can read the peak of that ripple anywhere as a photon's location, but the photon isn't a thing; just the ripple of energy.
Here's a thought experiment and if anyone already knows the answer, please do share with me. We are quantum physicists who have the ability to create these so-called, single photons. When we create one of these photons, can it only be seen from One direction; as if it were a bullet flying through the air, but was only visible from the front? Or rather, from the point where the photon was created, should we expect to be able to detect that photon from any direction which the point of origin is not masked? If the former, there's an argument for photons being more particle like. If the ladder, I believe it strengthens my idea by suggesting that photons are not points but peaks of a moving ripple through space.
The idea that the photon is in a "superposition" until it's measured is as likely a byproduct of the physical distance it is measured from its point of origin. If any given, oscillating signal begins at zero, the phase or level of that signal will vary according to the remainder of your distance from its creation, divided by the number of oscillations which can be determined by the frequency of that photon since we know the speed of light. If I'm right, given precise enough timing and distance measurements; we ought to be able to determine the phase/spin and by doing so, lend credit to my theory or presuming we aren't talking about impossible measurements (any thermal changes or movement could spoil things); it might suggest my theory is incorrect. Considering the very nature of how laser light is generated, I believe the former will be quite impossible. 😆
The closest knowledge I have that I believe follows a similar paradigm, would be holograms and interference patterns. When you cut a hologram in half, you have two smaller versions of the original and not two halves. That is because every single point in that hologram was generated from the exact same wave function; the state of that very well controlled light that was only possible by splitting a laser to begin with (isn't that the generation of a substantial number of entangled photons to begin with?)
I wouldn't even call myself an armchair physicist so much as a philosopher who has put a lot of thought into classic physics and is trying to find my bearing in current quantum physics. That said, I appreciate a gentle approach but I wholy welcome improvements or corrections to my ideas. I'm now in my 40s, with a few kids and a big old mortgage so I'm not in a position to go explore this space the way I would like to. I hope to learn what I can hear though. 🙂
This was a most informative video. Well done.
Arvin Ash is such an amazing teacher that he makes me feel like a genius being able to understand these complex concepts. Thank you sir. 🙏🏽
I know this sounds like a dumb question, but no one has been able to explain it to me for years. I am skeptical about the whole thing - what I can't understand is, why isn't the glove example applicable here? How do we know that the other electron wasn't always the opposite (or always whatever it was going to be)? Supposedly, the electrons are normally in a state of "spinning" both up and down until they are observed. How do we know that a specific one isn't ALWAYS going to appear spinning one way when observed, and naturally the other one, it's opposite partner, is always going to appear the other way.
I know I'm not explaining this well, but how do we know electron A isn't always going to be up, and obviously its entangled partner B going to be down, since we can't observe them until we observe them. Once we observe one, we know the other will be opposite.
Because they're able to prove thru experiments similar to the double slit experiment that the "particles" don't resolve into specific states until measured. They stay as indeterminate waves where multiple states are still possible. Research the double slit experiment and it's variations. Then research Bell's theorem, which led to proof they are not somehow misinterpreting the double-slit type experiments.
Arvin briefly mentioned it, it comes from Bell's Inequality: czcams.com/video/f72whGQ31Wg/video.html
If you assume the hidden variables are time invariant, you have the case of the two gloves. But if you admit that the hidden variables include a time-varying term, then you also have to admit that (from General Relativity) the time-varying terms decohere because of the presence of gravitational gradients along their paths. That's why modern theories include a gravitational path integral, so as to account for the fact that the two particles age independently of each other, and thus get out of phase as a result of any gravitational gradients. The violation of Bell's Inequality doesn't rule out hidden variables, it only rules out time-invariant hidden variables. The decoherence is then explained by GR, which reminds us that time-keeping is local.
I was also wondering why it would HAVE to be the right handed glove?
@@BarryKort No, there are no hidden variables that affect Bell''s proofs' conclusion that our universe is non-local (and hence answer the OP's question), even if you propose time-invariant variables. You're not really understanding Bell's theorem... it's all about showing how we can use quanta, *before* they decohere, to show there are NO hidden variables. It is true that decoherence from gravity does happen, and that time-keeping is local, but Bell is about showing how we can use a huge sampling before decoherence to statistically prove there are no hidden variables, even from time & gravity. The theorem is literally all about factually disproving your idea could be correct. For instance, here is a modern Bell experiment that includes even the esoteric time-related loopholes: czcams.com/video/tgoWM4Jcl-s/video.html
Yes! You're starting to see it. Entangled photons are a single object, a single wave function. Now consider the possibility that such an entanglement can store gravitational potential energy in its quantum states. Once you can store energy in an entanglement, then you're on your way to graviton beams and gravity drives.
What do you mean? Is there a video or article explaining this
Anything relating to GRAVITY is TIME dependent, to get a REAL solution one must find a way to think and act OUTSIDE the concept and existence of TIME
Best video ive seen on the topic. Thank you
I have tried to understand this for so long now. This video takes the cake in terms of clarity
Bravo! Loved it. Question though; if two particles become phase-correlated (language we used in my youth as a p-chem student), does that make them entangled, or is there more to it than that?
Phase correlation as I understand it is not the same as entanglement. But it's been a long time since I studied phase correlation so I don't know enough to tell you the difference.
Is phase correlation the same as beat frequency in vibration. This merger of frequency creates amplification. Would it be a constant until acted apon? Could these waves interact such that you could explain expansion and cohesion? No physics background!!
@@ArvinAsh Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.)
Phase correlation is about 2 separate things being very similar or even identical. However, entanglement is about what seems to be 2 separate things to us (because they are non-local) actually being the same thing; not even really 2 parts of the same thing, but THE same thing, showing that our universe, at it's fundamental level, is not "local" as we perceive it.
@@Grrrnthumb thank you.
The electron spin example probably does not happen in the real world since the two electrons will become decoherent the instant they are separated by a tiny distance (the wavefunction overlap decreases exponentially over distance and they will re-establish coherence with their microenvironments, respectively).
That is important information, sadly left out too often.
That’s definitely true of the electric field alone, one must remember that a photon utilizes the magnetic field as well
And the magnetic field has infinite range and can definitely handle the process of keeping photon entanglement coherent over distance
Just gotta remember that the two fields are unified but still have their own limits and parameters
This is absolutely mind blowing and AMAZING. I am so grateful for this information thank you R for this 🙏🏾✨💖💖
So well explained .
Great video !
Why wouldn’t it be possible to use multiple entangled particle pairs and collapse them in a certain, timed pattern ? This way as long as the moment of collapse of the Wavefunctions could be determined on the other side of the earth, a morse code could be transmitted through the timing of the collapses of the wavefunctions.
There is no way to know that any given particle's entangled pair has been collapsed because a measurement has to be taken. In order to know that its entangled pair is collapsed, some communication at the speed of light would have to take place.
The timing of the collapse /would not/ and /can not/ be known.
It isn't like the 'receiver' can look at an electron and say 'is it collapsed yet ?' and, if it is, measure what it has collapsed to. The 'testing whether collapsed and to what has it collapsed' are inseparable: you can't detect the 'neutral' condition: You can only measure it as 1 or 0. The important thing is that you will NEVER KNOW whether YOU caused the collapse, or whether you simply responded to a collapse instigated by the transmitter.
Well, yes, you could tell the difference by comparing records with your counterpart, but that sort of defeats the object.
There is no REAL explain to entanglement, since proof only exists by introducing the element if TIME@@ArvinAsh
Is wave function entangled at higher dimension (5th dimension or higher) and hence the space /distance or time doesn't matter?
I know next to nothing about Quantum Mechanics (tell me if I am wrong), but I don't think higher dimension is required to picture entanglement. If two entangled particles are actually one wave function, then the act of measurement is also a wave function (of the same size, if this makes any sense). The measurement wave function would interact with every part of the wave function of the entangled particles, producing an illusion that information was seemingly transmitted faster than light.
You're right
It doesn't matter how many dimensions of spacetime you add, since quantum interactions are trans-spatiotemporal. In other words, the QM of matter isn't spacetime, and vice versa. Attempts to force it to be, as in "graviton", results in the equations blowing up to infinity in everyone's face.
It doesn't matter because you have to know the value of both particles, it sounds like "entanglement" is just a fancy way of saying "let's look at two different things and if we know A isn't B then we know B isn't A".
Like, if you take two different skittles and put each one in a different box, then shuffle the boxes, you know what is in the other box once you open your box, because you already know what's in the other box, it's literally just object permanence.
The wavefunction exists in 4 dimensional spacetime. What isn't understood well is the mechanism of decoherence, or how the wavefunction collapses during measurement (interaction with another quantum object that reduces the superposition of states in the wavefunction to one (or more) state). People have invoked many-world-theories or other mechanisms such as higher dimensions or wormholes to explain how the wavefunction collapses or changes at distant locations (non-locality and from a naive standpoint seemingly faster than light or 'spooky action at a distance') but when you do the math you 'only' need 4D spacetime and relativity to model the collapse.
You really have to visualize the wavefunction extending out at the speed of light from the moment of entanglement, although it is difficult to imagine the wavefunction being practically flat (zero valued) between two tiny particles separated by large distances, and existing through solid objects, even stars and planets, without being affected by them. Maybe it is this continuation of the wavefunction across distance and down to such low amplitudes (although I'm not totally sure about this, maybe the superpositions of the wavefunction are at a high amplitude across space and they combine to produce low amplitudes between the particles) that confuses everybody.
Sorry if this is a bit rambling!
Elegantly explained Dr. Arvin Ash.
This was a very well articulated explanation that puts into perspective how much we've learned and how much we still don't fully understand. Regarding the communication scenario, if a stream of entangled particles show an interference pattern in two locations, then a measurement at one location should cause a simultaneous disruption at both locations. Remotely turning the interference pattern on and off would essentially be digital signal that could be used for communication.
So if it is one particle. What happens when annihilating one of the entangled pair with an antimatter particle?
I was also wondering exactly that. Does the other particle also suddenly annihilate for no apparent reason? If so then this could be like an one-time communication, like an alarm that something happened to the other person?
Or if there are plenty of entangled particles, encode a message from the timing between many annihilations?
Think about a sin wave. The peak is like the particle and the trough is like the anti particle. No physical objects explode, everything is vibrations. The two are mirror opposites, they cancel out. What is left behind is the energy they might have had...potential to kinetic energy.
Imagine, if you will, those two curves, as cars playing chicken. Just because they will obviously annihilate doesn't mean the forward velocity instantly dissipates, which they both have. That has to be transferred to the particles around it, unless there aren't many, in that case the fabric of space. Which does this funny thing and creates particles out of energy. So, not only is it really not that mysterious, it just ends up generating decay particles anyway...
The other particle will not annihilate. Annihilation is not destruction of the particle, it is a conversion from one form to another. So, e.g. one entangled electron just converts to a photon and the other doesn’t.
Perhaps the other particle becomes entangled with another similar particle after the first one is annihilated...
Like items in a queue ....perhaps...
There is still one question unanswered. What happens if you alter one of the entangled particles? If you change it from up to down. Does the other particle flip as a result?
I too havd tgis doubt
Wow! This was a great way to explain all this. Thank you!
You did it Arvin. After years of almost understanding it... years of grasping entanglement, and then losing the insite entirely...I finally think I understand....thanks to you and the blueness of your tee shirt and coffee mug. What an epiphany Arvin. Thank you so much
..Rick Elliott
Glad it was helpful!
@@ArvinAsh u did a good job explaining to lay person. But as lay person, i still find it strange that two particles would have relationships once they separate. It is against common sense. But may be that is the crux of the unknown universe. It may actually change our understanding of the universe
Hi, I just watched this. Key part I guess is the wave function, which describes all aspects of the object. Question I have: is it correct that manipulation of one electron make its entangled partner electron respond in the opposite direction? So how we learn more about the wave funtion, because that’s what contains the spooky bit. Thanks great video
It isn't manipulation but measurement of one fixes the property of the other.
@@ArvinAsh Thank you for answering. Please can you tell a bit more how measurement takes place ? By getting a bit more insight in this measurement process might reveal something about the ‘spooky’ part of the wave function. Again thanks!!
@@JoepNiens they shoot an electron between two magnets and see which direction it is deflected.
It seems like entanglement can be achieved by making use of conservation laws (like angular momentum conservation mentioned before). I have some lingering questions about this also:
1. Is it possible to entangle properties other than spin? properties that can have more than two values?
2. If two particles have been entangled, are they entangled forever until detected or can we *disentangle* them along the way?
3. how close and how strongly interacting two atoms are for them to entangle with each other? can we place two atoms close to each other while still having their wavefunctions separate?
thanks!
Yes, I think any discrete conserved quantity can be entangled. Charge is another one. Also probably color charge, weak hypercharge, and idk maybe more...?
2. forever, but they actually don't last that long usually because they hit stuff
3. not sure, great question!
Thanks now I understand it more clearly than I ever did before
What a great explanation! Thank you .
OK, how about this experiment: we measure one of them, and after we send the other one through a double slit to see if it acts like a particle of a wave....of course with multiple electrons so we can get the wave pattern...
if you measure one the other would "act like a particle", since its wave was "collapsed"
It will show wave behavior. Basically it always shows wave behavior: the screen pattern is the square of the Fourier transform of the slit shape. If you know which slit it when through, it's the |FT|^2 of that slit. If you don't, it's the square of the sum of the FT's of both slits, and that sum contains an interference term.
Now if you correlate the momenta, so that knowledge of one electron's slit determined the other (which you do not measure)...you're looking at a very interesting version of the delayed quantum eraser. Now we need a talented experimenter to set it up.
It was already done. Look up quantum eraser experiment.
Yes, it is very similar to the q eraser exp... And thinking about it, it does make sense in a way... Light doesn't experience time, and I'm sure there's a link between this fact and the fact that the wave collapse is instant and it doesn't care about time... Maybe time is just something we experience because of gravity... But it's not fundamental to the universe?
@@laci272 You can't rely on "light doesn't experience time", because light doesn't move at c in the lab. In air, n=1+eta, and eta = 273e-6, so its gamma is only 42....very finite.
Thank you for all your wonderful videos! Sabine suggests that the wave function collapse is what Einstein meant by Spooky Action. Almost all of the Bell experiments don't talk about the experimental limitations - many particles are never counted, leaving open the possibility of bias in what gets included in the data.
RBH, it is just 100% false what you say about "almost all the Bell experiments". Here is an example of a typical modern Bell experiment. There's also a few other specific, similar experiments mentioned in the discussion at the end of this one: czcams.com/video/tgoWM4Jcl-s/video.html
I've been searching much too long for some clear explanation about how to make entagled quanta. Most search entries lead to very nice explanations about what entanglement is, but non of the Videos and articles I've seen yet tried to explain how it's done. ...or at least not in a way that I was able to understand. I didn't await it to be that simple though. Well, i'm sure it's much more complex when it comes to the details, the math and actually doing it, but I didn't expect the ground princible to be this simple. Thank you so much for enlighten me.
The best explanation so far
Bohr is so underrated. He got the structure of the atom wrong at first, but he took on einstein and other giants in the physics community and won...every. time.
he is both right and wrong as per Schrodinger.
Great video as always! I always thought that interaction causes the collapse of the wave function. If that's true, how come two particles can become entangled when close to one another? Wouldn't their wavefunction collapse? Maybe I'm wrong on that assumption?
Great question! It's the continued propagation of entanglement that causes what we think of as "wave function collapse." -- See this video I made for a better explanation: czcams.com/video/wXJ9eQ7qTQk/video.html
A bit better explanation of this phenomenon you can find in my book - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
@@valentinmalinov8424 "This is the most revolutionary theory in Physics and Astronomy ever written.".........Really? Writing this about your own body of work is just self-aggrandising and arrogant. It isn't even a theory, it's a hypothesis that is yet to be reviewed and tested to the degree that a scientific theory requires to move from hypothesis to theory. Smh.
@@IanD-ut4dy OK I am wrong, but which is your favorite tested Theory? - TR? - Just use your intelligence and logic in its consideration! - It is "proven" by "Massless" photons. Science has found that photons have measurable pressure on the illuminated surface. This means that photons have momentum, which is mass + speed. Remember that photon-propelled rocket engines are a reality! Second, TR postulate that gravity force does not exist, but... what is this force, which is bending space near a massive object? Where is it coming from, what is its source and how you are calling it? Is this is not a pure violation of the law of conservation of energy? If such a way of "proving" a "Scientific Theory" is satisfying you, then good luck!
@@valentinmalinov8424 You may well be correct, but that isn't my issue. Re-read what I wrote. I didn't say you were wrong, but that doesn't mean I think you're correct either.
Comprehension skills go a long way.
Finally, an explanation of how a particle(s) gets entangled,thanks Arvin
Fantastic video, beautifully explained... shared.