Godzilla Minus One - Japan's Apology and Cultural Shifts - SPOILERS
Vložit
- čas přidán 28. 05. 2024
- Join me as we explore the movie Godzilla Minus One framed as an apology.
The movie demonstrates the director's desire for a cultural shift, and he crafts a vision of what such a shift looks like moving forward.
Find me on socials:
Instagram: / manushak.jaan
Tiktok: / manushak.jaan
#godzilla #godzillaminusone #japan #japaneseculture #moviereview #godzillareview #moviesummary #movieanalysis #film #filmanalysis #filmcritique #critique #wwii #worldwar2 #historicalfiction #historicalfilm
Forgot to mention this in the video, but a Korean perspective and a Chinese perspective on this movie would also be very interesting to me! So please comment below if you have that perspective. 👇
What do you think of this movie framed as an apology to the US and to the Japanese people?
Does the US "deserve" an apology from Japan considering its role during WWII?
(I personally think the movie was framed that way to be appealing to a US audience, considering the great relationship the US and Japan have today)
Do you have any hope or expectation that Japanese fictional media will explore Japan's role as an aggressor?
All very sensitive and political topics so let's please be adults and respectful when discussing ❤
Don't be fooled by the lies of Korea and China.
If you think about the current government and national character, you can tell which one is lying.
The same goes for America.
Hello, I have seen that in the video, you asked if there were Japanese pieces of media that acknowledged Japan as an aggressor.
There is a Japanese documentary called “Shusenjo: The Main Battleground of the Comfort Women Issue”. It is a documentary made by a Japanese-American man named Miki Dezaki. I hope this is helpful to you, and apologies for other inconveniences I may have given.
@@Galaxies3000 thank you for your contributions ❤️ 🙏 no need for apology! I always appreciate respectful discussion
Minus one is a highpoint out of the 33 films Toho has made. Only the 1954 original film and 2016's Shin Godzilla come even close to the narrative seen in Minus one.
I have heard good things about Shin Godzilla from Noah Oskow's POV (not sure if he is a film critic or who, but he wrote a piece for unseen Japan), but he really doesn't like Minus One because of "historical inaccuracies" that i think Minus One addressed very well (not to mention it's a Godzilla movie, so it addressing actual history is already a beautiful cherry on the yummy cake)
Check out more of the Toho movies! The vast majority carry a message of some sort, with a major focus on characters. Tho when it comes to the most dark and philosophical, Shin, Minus One and the original take the cake. But don't let anybody tell you the others don't have anything to say themselves
At the very least, Shin and Godzilla 1954 are on my list now. I'm sure my boyfriend would be stoked to check out the other Toho movies with me as well 😁
@@AriNaNana Hope you enjoy! Godzilla is my favorite franchise because it's so diverse in tone, messages, etc. 😎
Why should this movie be viewed as an apology from Japan? It only shows the view of those who made the film. If an American film maker decided to make a movie about invading Canada we wouldn't say it should be viewed as a threat from America.
Hi I said the movie represents an apology to the Japanese people by the culture as presented in the movie. Not that all of Japan holds this belief. Hope that cleared things up 🙏
@@AriNaNana Yes, that makes sense. Thank you.
Hello, I have seen that in the video, you asked if there were Japanese pieces of media that acknowledged Japan as an aggressor.
There is a Japanese documentary called “Shusenjo: The Main Battleground of the Comfort Women Issue”. It is a documentary made by a Japanese-American man named Miki Dezaki. I hope this is helpful to you, and apologies for other inconveniences I may have given.
Thank you for the suggestion and no need to apologize, your comments were thoughtful and informative. Thank you for providing your perspective ❤️
If you are going to check out the original Godzilla movie, make sure you look for Gojira in the original Japanese NOT the Americanized one with Raymond Burr called Godzilla king of the monsters
Thanks for the heads up! I was going to look into Godzilla 1954 😁
Korea was part of Japan back then and many Korean men volunteered to join the Japanese army. Former Korean president Park Chung Hee was a Japanese army lieutenant in Manchuria fighting against Chinese. There were even Korean Kamikaze pilots.
And Nanking:
NY Times, Jan. 3, 1938
The Chinese officers, who had doffed their uniforms during the Chinese retreat from Nanking,.....The deserters confessed looting in Nanking and also that one night they dragged girls from the refugee camp into the darkness and the next day blamed Japanese soldiers for the attacks. The ex-officers were arrested under martial law and probably will be executed.
Yes Korea was part of Japan but my understanding is that means it was colonized by Japan, as was China at one point. I don't know many countries where the indigenous population is glad to have been colonized...
After the proper investigation of Nanking, the atrocities there were carried out by Japanese soldiers. My understanding is many of the Japanese leaders who were involved in Nanking were executed except for the Prince who was granted immunity. because of royal blood.
It's interesting to cite the new York times from 1938 to make...what point? The Nanking Massacre didn't fully end until 1938... Investigations had to happen after the fact.
Having annexed Hawaii, US invaded and colonized the Philippines.
The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 / US Dept of State:
_As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease._
BTY, Hawaiian king visited Japan to prevent US annexation:
King Kalakaua in Japan; Princess Kaiulani and Emperor Meiji / CZcams
After WWII, Tokyo Trial was held. Japan was punished for the crime of invading Asian colonies of the Allies, not Korea. After the Allies punished Japan, they returned to their colonies and continued colonial rule. Indonesia, Vietnam, India had to fight for independence. Many were massacred by the European soldiers.
Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang army fled to Taiwan and took power there, and massacred people there:
TAIWAN: CEREMONY TO COMMEMORATE 1947 MASSACRE / AP CZcams
_This park commemorates the victims of the 1947 massacre - when Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist troops killed between 3,000 and 30,000 people._
@@marimarihosp3035 yes, as I have been saying in many comments, the US has colonized counties as well... I'm not sure why people seem to think I'm condoning the US when I'm saying Japan has colonized countries and committed atrocities. This is a video about a Japanese film, not an American film, or Chinese or Korean film
This is a Japanese movie framing Japan primarily as a victim, which when in the context of the US, and in the context of what Godzilla represents, makes sense. But in a global context, makes less sense... Hence my curiosity about whether there is Japanese media exploring Japan's role as an aggressor, similar to the film (which tbf I haven't seen yet) Killers of the Flower Moon that explores the United States role as an aggressor.
@@AriNaNana
Japan was just as aggressive as the Allies, as far as colonialism is concerned. And Japan claims that Japan is the victim of US nuclear weapons, Japanese media see this movie as an anti-war movie, or anti-nuclear weapon movie, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and a third time, Daigo Fukuryu Maru incident in 1954, the year original Godzilla movie was released.
"I don't want to see Tokyo in flames again." Godzilla -1.0
US B29 burned out Tokyo killing 100,000 civilians, as bad as Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japanese Navy developed Shinden, the fighter plane Shishima rode, to intercept B29, too late, in vain.
Arhtur MacArthur Jr, father of Douglas MacArthur, was the military governor of the Philippines during Philippine-American War. Was he punished for the deaths of 200,000 Filipinos? No.
WWII in the Pacific stage is not a war of justice, but a war among imperialist nations. Winners take all.
@@marimarihosp3035 I agree with you on everything you said here. The allied powers were not trying to defeat the Nazis out of the goodness of their hearts (though many of the actual on the ground soldiers believed in that cause)
But no one has been able to answer whether there is Japanese media/art exploring Japan as an aggressor, similar to the new American movie Killers of the Flower moon exploring the US as the aggressor.
Edit: or like the Russian movie Prisoner (I think in English they translated to Captive) (2008), exploring Russia as being the aggressor in the Russo-Chechen war
I find that kind of art immensely interesting.
🤔👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽!!! I feel Ya! And the Black and White 1954 version to me! Will always be number one! And even if G-1 is good as they say 1954 version with all its affects that’s not CG if you have any imagination you will look past the early affects and see it for the masterpiece of its time and our time long after all the Godzillas from this point on and if you check into the problems they had filming this movie it’s one reason you’ll know why long after we’re gone just like the Fay Ray King Kong it will always be a masterpiece.
Checking out the 1954 Godzilla is on my list! 😁 I very much enjoyed Minus One, but it wasn't created in a vacuum, it stands on the legacy of 1954 🙏
@@AriNaNana 😉👍🏽👍🏽👈🏽👌🏽!!!
As one of many mere ordinary Japanese who have been exposed to thus pretty prone to backlash, personality bashing and blatant denial if he/she say one word against the long one-way list of “Unique to Japanese and unarguably 100% proven” evil deeds, let me take a courage to say to your generally excellent film review on this entertainment masterpiece.
I felt the last 1 minute (and before the final great summarising seconds) of your video containing your “question” was slightly off the mark, if not negatively over digging, or on the contrary, over simplifying the Japanese people and its media.
Luckily to me, the other guy has already addressed several points I wanted to mention in an impressively calm way.
It was pretty fortunate you could converse with him (or her) rationally before the arrival of righteous online Japan bashing warriors (or simply blind trolls, and they’ll come soon or later) as well. They will start bombardment on the comment section here with mocking laughter and hatred once spotted and I’m already tired and scared of looking at their intolerant attitude towards us.
Please, if you are in anyway willing to, look up sources and opinions on various standpoints, hopefully, even ones from some “labelled” sides, to try build your version of non-biased takes on Japanese deeds and un-deeds around 100 years ago. Thanks.
PS, I saw Godzilla Minus One 3 times in each different cinema, DolbyCinema, IMAX and 4DX. As all were brilliant experiences, 4DX was most astonishing and further moving!
Thank you so much for your thoughtful comment ❤️ I am glad to have had respectful and educational conversations in the comments section as well!
I don't think any act of atrocity is unique to any one nation. When a nation seeks to gain power and influence, unfortunately that was historically done through violent means.
My question was pure curiosity, and there was a commenter that actually suggested an old Japanese movie trilogy that explores a darker side of Japanese history which I am excited to check out (called the Human Condition from 1959)
I really like media made by the country that explores its own role as an aggressor; like the Russian movie Captive from 2008 about the Russo Chechen war, or like Killers of the Flower Moon, an American movie that explores the United States as an aggressor to the Indigenous people.
I really hope people continue to be respectful in the comments as I have been really enjoying hearing everyone's feedback :)
文明人であれば、罪刑法定主義、法の不遡及、一事不再理、
くらいは知っておくべきです。
東京裁判はリンチ裁判とも言われますが、
仲直りのための手打ちという意味合いもありました。
裁判が行われて、判決がくだり、刑も執行された以上。
さらなる刑罰を要求する権利は何者にもありません。
もちろん日本には謝罪する自由があります。
しかし日本に謝罪を要求する権利は、何者にも存在しません。
まして犯罪者の、それが本当の犯罪者だったとしても、
その子供に謝罪を要求するなど許されるはずがありません。
Hi, yes, I agree and did not advocate for further punishment for crimes that have been addressed, only asked a question regarding Japanese art that addresses the darker side of Japanese history. (Which someone has recommended me the trilogy called the Human Condition from 1959 which I will check out) 🙏
The video was excellent, especially considering it was created by someone unfamiliar with Godzilla. I am an avid enthusiast of Godzilla. I am a new subscriber not just because of your video, but also because I noticed you on Brittany Simon's channel. She is fantastic and I found your content to be wonderful as well.
Thank you so much ❤️🤗 your comment made my day 🙏
Distinguished excellence of GODZILLA minus one is the film nothing about any political correctness, critical race theory,LGBTQ,and the WW2 Allied Nations' historical perception.
I'm not sure what critical race theory or lgbtq has anything to do with the video.
The movie is indeed excellent I'm glad we agree.
though maybe not directly toward china or korea, Godzilla: mothra, king ghidorah, giant monsters all out attack (2001) or godzilla gmk for short does portray a godzilla possessed by the rage of the victims of japan in world war 2, punishing japan for trying to forget or feign ignorance to their crimes.
Oo that's very interesting! The Godzilla franchise has lots of symbolism I love it
I didn't understand this as an apology to anyone, but instead as an explanation of how the Japanese people today understand the role played by the Imperial government during the war, how they provoked or caused problems, and how they did not have the people's best interests in mind. And also how they understood the American reaction to being attacked as being an over-reaction. So in that sense I think they were talking about the nuclear attacks without explicitly saying it.
But as a lifelong fan of Godzilla and giant monster movies I thought this was an excellent movie.
Thank you for your thoughtful analysis!
I think the part where the movie addresses the Japanese government (and perhaps culture) as not having the peoples best interest in mind, rather than victimizing the "culture" throughout the movie is what makes it have apologetic tones for me, particularly how the character of Sumiko and Tachibana are presented as at first resenting Koichi, and then appreciating him and valuing his life
While I do agree that this movie was a masterpiece, I have some trouble understanding your points.
I do not see how this movie is in any way an apology. An apology to who? And for what? You mention that this movie can be seen as an apology to the Japanese people, but I don't see how.
If you are referring to the act of forcing Japanese citizens to give their lives for war, I would have to disagree. That's literally what war is, making innocents fight for a "bigger cause" they're most likely not affiliated with.
If that's not the case, would this movie be apologizing for the Kamikaze attacks, or making the citizens initiate these attacks? If that's the case, I would have to say that they should probably apologize to Korea and China before apologizing to themselves. Most Kamikaze pilots were Korean and/or Chinese prisoners/immigrants/citizens being literally forced into the cockpit, fighting for the very country that was killing theirs. I must make myself clear, I'm not saying that Japanese citizens weren't ever Kamikaze pilots, however the amount of Korean/Chinese pilots should be noticed.
So I ask once more, in what sense are you saying that this movie was an apology?
I think the movie is an apology by the culture as presented to the Japanese people. An apology for the cultural expectation to keep the mask, for Kamikaze, and to give their lives for war.
This is a Japanese movie about Japan, so I'm not sure how the fact that people die for other countries is relevant.
And I exactly make the point that while the movie has apologetic tones towards the Japanese, this particular piece of media does not acknowledge Japan's role as an aggressor during wwII towards China and Korea.
Hence, in the video, I asked if there were Japanese pieces of media that acknowledged Japan as an aggressor
Not sure if you skipped the last two minutes, but that's where I expanded my thoughts regarding WWII Japan
>Most Kamikaze pilots were Korean and/or Chinese prisoners/immigrants/citizens being literally forced into the cockpit, fighting for the very country that was killing theirs.
This is not true. Korean male citizens were not allowed to join the Japanese Imperial troops. Only those who volunteered for military service were accepted. All kamikaze pilots were 100% Japanese nationals.
@@AriNaNana I have surprisingly not skipped the last two minutes of the video. Just didn't quite understand what the apology meant.
Sorry for the rambling in the middle. The Kamikaze's meaning have some more dire significance in Asia, especially Korea. That was just my opinion, that if Japan was making an apologetic movie about WWII, there are a few countries who should be prioritized first. I do admit it has not much significance to your video. You mentioned that you were open to Korean and Chinese opinions so... I might have been a little passionate about it. My apologies.
@@dokkoishountoko5203 that can not be any further from the truth.
Japan was in control(colonized) of Korea during and a while before WWII, so all Korean people were "technically Japanese". As the tides of war did not fair well for Japan, they made it mandatory for Korean men to join the war. Schools were turned into military training schools and they literally focused the curriculum towards physical education.
@@dokkoishountoko5203There are Korean families today who still plead to the Japanese government to take down the names of their fathers and brothers from the yasukuni shrine, a shrine made by Japan dedicated to honoring those who were deceased during WWII, including 1,068 convicted war criminals, 14 of whom are A-Class.
Do you know why Japan and the U.S. had a war?
My understanding is, while the US was mostly neutral during WWII, it had sanctions against Japan, which then led to Pearl Harbor, which then led to the US being involved in the war. Do you have a different understanding or more resources to check out?
@@AriNaNana You got it spot on. Initially Japan fought on the side of the USA and England in WWI but they were betrayed when the USA and England decided that they would not recognize them as equal and they ultimately received no compensation for their participation in WWI. So in WWII they sided with Hitler and Italy.
@@AriNaNana You have more knowledge than I thought you would. 👍 Why did the US sanction Japan? Why did the US get involved in a war it had nothing to do with until Pearl Harbor? Do you know about the ABCD line and the Hull Note? Do you know why Japan went to war with Russia and the Qing Dynasty? How was Korea acting in the lead up to the Russo-Japanese War? I do not want to give you resources because I do not want to direct your opinion in my favor. I want you to reserch for youself.
Great questions to ponder. The history of any one country is so vast, and even moreso when studying its involvement with other countries.
Oo I actually did not know much about Japan's involvement in WWI! Very interesting stuff. I am Armenian and Russian, so a lot of my knowledge regarding these events is from that perspective :)
Why did you limit yourself to Korea and China?
Did you have a special intention?
Not sure what you mean.
I had no special intentions other than to mention that it'd be interesting to see Japanese media address Japan as an aggressor towards China and and Korea, as media like that interests me in general. (Like the American movie, Killers of the flower Moon that addresses the US as an aggressor towards the indigenous population)
Others have provided me with suggestions ☺️
@@AriNaNana thank you for your reply.
In Japan, we learn the facts of World War II as part of history education.
Next, ask students to think about war.
Of course, the conclusion is that wars make people unhappy, so they should never be waged.
Japanese media also features programs every year on the anniversary of the end of the war to prevent war from happening again.
If you are really interested you should go to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. It is a place that many tourists from overseas visit.
This text uses translation software.
I apologize for the difficult to read text.
@@greenfig-tube88 I understand your text well, it's not difficult to read at all!
Thank you for your suggestion, and your insight. if I ever get to visit Japan I will go to that museum ❤️🙏
It wasn’t Tachibana that said that to Koichi
Was it not? 😱 I remember it being Tachibana aka the big boss mechanic, who told him he wished more were like him AND asked him to shoot at Godzilla; hence their reunion and the addition of the ejector seat being so meaningful.
Reading the Wikipedia entry, it says Tachibana spoken with him regarding fleeing his duty as a Kamikaze pilot. Not sure if the entry is also mistaken 🤔 it's tough not having the full movie available to check as my analysis was purely from seeing it in theaters 😁
@@AriNaNana I could be wrong, but I thought it was after he stormed off and was sitting by the water, and that other guy came up to him. I thought it was him that said that but I could be wrong.
Oh yeah it definitely wasn't Tachibana. It was another mechanic walking up to Shikishima after he stormed off being accused by Tachibana of not following his order to kamikaze.
@@Hrui3859 ahhh thank you! 🙏😭 I must have remembered wrong
Japan and South Korea have had good relations since the change of the South Korean president.Cultural exchanges were also active, and Japanese animated films became big hits in South Korea, attracting more than 10 million viewers.The number of Koreans visiting Japan is expected to exceed six million this year.
That's great!
ライジングサンブラッグ有難うね！
アメリカもランボーやプラトーンで散々金儲けしてるだろ
何言ってんだ？
What are YOU talking about?
What does Arthur Rimbaud and Plato have to do with anything
What apology?
US should apologize killing more than 200000 citizens just to test 2 different kinds of atomic bombs, AND 84000 citizens in Tokyo to test Napaam bomb. During 6 years of US occupation, about 10000 Japanese women were raped by US soldiers. They never apologize.
I think You should apologize for what US did in the past. I was horrified by your ignorance, or historical amnesia.
This is a Japanese movie about Japan in WWII. I believe it is framed as an apology by Japan to the Japanese people.
And I was surprised by the movie NOT mentioning the atrocities the USA committed against Japan (I say in the video that Hiroshima and Nagasaki are not mentioned in the movie, surprisingly)...which I mention in the video as the movie framing itself as sympathetic to the USA (and later in the comments I had more of a discussion)
When I review an American military or WWII era movie about the USA I can speak on what apologies the USA needs to make.
Japan doesn't need to apologize to the USA. I never said that.
But I do want to see if there is Japanese media or art that explores the darker side of Japan in relation to China or Korea.
I don't think you understood my POV. Have a nice day.
If anything Japanese government should properly apologize to Koreans, Chinese and entire ASEAN people ( no half hearted apology followed by a visit to Yasukuni shrine like they have done in the past ). And should teach all of the atrocities it committed in its colonies in schools like what Germany is doing and unlike what the Brits, yanks, turks, serbs, ccp basically everyone are doing ( that is not teaching their own country's past atrocities in their schools )
Couldn't agree with you more! I'd eat my hat before we see a proper apology on Turkey and Azerbaijan's end for actions against Armenians, Greeks, Kurds, and Assyrians, past and present. Perhaps in a few hundred more years we may see this acknowledgement.
But Japan was the only nation to have been victim of a nuclear attack, and so this type of content, framing themselves as victimized makes sense from their perspective. I think the shift in culture we are seeing will hopefully eventually lead Japan to contend with their role as colonizing/aggressor powers.
(Other interesting content that has a similar framing of Japan as the victim and "Brittania" aka the US as aggressor is Code Geass. It makes sense of course for Japanese media to frame the US this way, considering Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But they cannot ignore Nanking and the Comfort women forever)
日本の学校ではちゃんと教えているので安心してください。
ASEAN各国の首脳からは日本への感謝の言葉が届いています。
それまで欧米に植民地支配されてたところ、日本人が解放してくれたと。
なぜか韓国人と中国人だけは永遠とお金をたかり続けるとも教えられています。
残虐行為という言葉は韓国人と中国人からしか聞きません。
なぜASEAN諸国は日本に感謝し、韓国人と中国人だけがいつまでもお金をたかるのでしょうか？
とても国民性が出ていて興味深いです。
@@Mr_Frost.I appreciate your perspective.
Describing Japan as liberating ASEAN countries is interesting, however. It reads to me like "the United States liberated Texas from the Spaniards"
It's not liberation if the "liberating" power then holds economic and political influence over the area, aka is imperialistic (of course, no country would go to war if it had nothing to gain from it)
My understanding, at least regarding Vietnam is, they were colonized by the French, the Japanese, and then liberated themselves under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.
I don't know much about the history of the Philippines.
What happened in China and Korea at the hands of the Japanese were war crimes according to the Geneva convention.
I can understand having pride in ones' own country, however growth in a culture happens when we can truly grapple with our past.
As an Armenian, I can understand the people of China and Korea's feelings in having a neighbor that does not wish to acknowledge the past. Clearly they did not get a recompense enough to be "grateful" to Japan's actions.
And China at least is very much free from Western influence at the moment...
@@AriNaNana フィリピンの歴史は簡単に調べることができます。
3分調べただけでいくつか出てきました。
czcams.com/video/QcjJcy-0nBM/video.html
czcams.com/video/but0m2UxCMk/video.html
欧米の植民地時代、アジア人は奴隷として扱われました。
しかし日本はインフラ整備をして学校を建築し、日本人と同じ人間として対応しました。
これをあなたが「解放ではない」と言うから私達は理解し合えないのです。
あなたの「解放」と私の「解放」は違う意味です。
国際会議で人種差別の撤廃を提案したのは日本が最初の国です。（第一次世界大戦後のパリ講和会議）
この案に賛成した国は日本、フランス、イタリア、ギリシャ、セルビア、クロアチア、チェコスロバキア、ポルトガル、中国。
反対した国はアメリカ、イギリス、ブラジル、ポーランド、ルーマニア。
賛成が多数だったのに議長のアメリカは全会一致ではないから否決しました。
アメリカが人種差別撤廃を拒否したため、欧米の植民地支配から日本がアジアを解放する必要がありました。
日本の「解放」を「侵略」として考えているから、あなたは日本の謝罪が必要だと勘違いしています。
日本の目的は侵略ではなく、人種差別の撤廃です。
あなたの国では人種差別の撤廃を提案したら謝罪する必要がありますか？
アメリカが否決したため、日本は武力で解放する方法しかありませんでした。
これをアメリカ各国は日本の侵略と呼びます。
あと戦争犯罪を語るなら広島や長崎で"一般人"を大量虐殺したアメリカこそ裁かれるべきです。
戦争犯罪とは勝者が敗者に与えた罰というだけで、実際の善悪とは全く違います。
しかも日本は中国や韓国に何度も謝罪しています。
しかし中国や韓国はそれを政治利用するため、永遠に利用し続けています。
これでは過去に囚われたまま良好な関係を築くことはできません。
実際に中国や韓国では国内で政治批判が起きると、政府が日本批判をして国民の怒りを日本に向けさせてきました。
それが今の中国と韓国と日本との関係です。
表面や結果しか見ていないから「日本は植民地解放してない」や「過去を認めようとしない」と言えるんだと思います。
@@AriNaNana And one more important thing...
2:10 This is not a trailer video.
It is a crime to upload a video you stole from a movie theater to You Tube.
If you get reported, you will get in trouble.