No. 6207, A Study in Steel - Princess Royal Class - vintage LMS film - 1951
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- čas přidán 2. 06. 2020
- Shot and produced in 1935 and subsequently rebranded as a British Railways production, this film details the construction of Princess Royal Class no. 6207 'Princess Arthur of Connaught', from raw materials to complete locomotive.
Some further significant history on this locomotive; 6207 would later be involved in two serious train accidents, the 1948 Winsford railway accident and one near Weedon in 1951.
As an engineer, ahem.... road transport but also working on aviation both civil and military ( Ex RAF ) and ........... yes I know worked on Coradia's for Alstom that's class 175's... this absolutely brings tears to my eye's the skills and the machinery we had in this country the engineering. All gone. This is a tribute to all those who made these fantastic locomotives. May this live on. My hat is off or is it doffed. I salute all those who made it happen.
I love the human counterweights in the boiler shop!
Damn that big boy swinging that sledge hammer like a fly swatter.....these men could crush you with their mustache. Much respect.
As Design engineer, I could not believe that how these people calculate,drawn,analyse,produce and assembled thousands of parts without the aid of CAD,ERP and PLM softwares..also without internet and mobile phones.
....These men were real men. An era when there was a value to skill,expertise and workmanship.
Our generation is of digital oxymoron !
Now we can not imagine and work without the aid of internet,apps and software tools..
我认识的一个人过去曾在中国国有企业工作，家里的柜子中存放的旧图纸，有几十公斤重，体积很大，图纸上标注的年月可追溯到上世纪八十年代甚至更早，材质好像全是用硫酸纸。
A person I know used to work in China's state-owned enterprises. The old drawings stored in the cabinet at home are tens of kilograms in weight and large in volume. The date marked on the drawings can be traced back to the 1980s or even earlier. It seems that all the drawings are made of sulfuric acid paper.
On my Spain , youngsters are being taught machine tool work , Bet Reece Moggs hasn't got a lathe , The British steam catapult still used on aircraft carriers!
They went to college for drafting. I did too back in the 90's.
The days when "Made In Britain" meant something to people the world over and those who made the products were proud of their work, and proud to have built them !
Tragically, this very engine would later be involved in an accident due to poor assembly. According to the RailUK site;
"On Friday, 21 September 1951 the 08:20 Liverpool Lime Street to London Euston consisting of 15 coaches hauled by a Princess class Stanier Pacific began to de-rail south of Weedon on the West Coast Main Line south of Rugby at a speed of 65 mph and finally crashed, killing 15 people and injuring 35 more. The footplate crew survived and protected their train in spite of being severely shocked. The accident enquiry, conducted by Lt Col G R S Wilson, found the track to be in good condition and the speed of the train not to be excessive. However this was the first trip out for the locomotive, No 46207 Princess Arthur of Connaught after its bogie wheelsets had been swapped round. The enquiry concluded that the derailment was caused by an excessively tight bogie axlebox. The approximate location of the collision was 52°13'32"N 1°04'20"W, less than a mile south-east of the 1915 derailment and close to the signal-box at Heyford south of Stowe Hill tunnel where the occupants were able to see the accident. "
Do note, for anyone feeling bad at the thought that the fellows in the above film who seem to be doing such a meticulous and skilled and impressive job were making a train that would immediately crash on its first trip out because of a mistake, that this film of the creation of 6207 was filmed in 1935 and not 1951. It was a later crew 14 years later that made the mistake.
Movies such as this should be viewed by our younger generation!! This is how progress is made to unite our world.
Thank you for posting this!!
The people in this film had “a job for life “ their hand and eye coordination was a real skill. No computers then, or millimetres!
Thanks for uploading!
Very nice film. A lot of British pride went into building these locomotives.
And a lot of blood.
This was made when Britain was Great, we made everything, Iron and Steel, Machines, Locomotives, Ships,Aeroplanes and cars you name it we built it. Now everything is made in other countries or by companies in Britain, but foreign owned. We started the Industrial Revolution and then kissed it goodbye.. we could argue who did what and why, but it doesn't matter it will never come back. Martin. (Thailand)
Same here in Australia mate
Because we,in Britain,decided that Germany was too powerful a state to leave unhindered in Europe pre WW2 so the idiots running this country gave a guarantee to Poland to intercede if Hitler tried to get his lands back stolen under the Treaty of Versailles. Chamberlain tried to avert war as he knew another war would finish us but on his deathbed he stated America and the war mongers here ,like Churchill pushed him into it.Roosevelt greedily looked at the UK and said to Morgenthau,his financial assistant, " There's plenty money there.We have got the English cow and we're going to milk it til it's dry," which they did.We finished WW2 bankrupt and America finished up 10 times stronger and richer than before it,mostly on our money.America began to pour money into Europe to build a bulwark against Communism and Stalin but in 1949 this "Marshall aid " was withdrawn from us as they, America, said we were trying to resurrect our industrial base and they they forbid that as they wanted to have a financial hegemony over the Western world .Hence we were the only country in Europe forced to institute rationing in the early 1950's ,for several years.The end product of us sticking our snout into some skirmish that did not concern us, was that we got it bitten off.We have very little heavy industry now like ship building as the Yanks took that over.When will we learn to keep out of these self destructive ,costly wars ,like Iraq,and Afghanistan. That is costing us money,for what?Although Chamberlain has been vilified ,post WW2 ,to my way of thinking he saw the future clearly,and has been proved right.
@@djangorheinhardt You are right. Britain and France declared war on NAZIonal Germany after NAZIonal Germany invaded Poland and Britain and France started WW2 in Europe. As result Europe was destroyed. Please note : Britain and France did not declare war on Red InterNAZIonal USSR after Red InterNAZIonal USSR invaded Poland. And again Europe was destroyed. NAZIonal Germany managed to save half of Europe from Reds. Reds acted according to Red World Communistic Revolution, main stages of this revolution are :
USSR
USSRW - USSR of World
UCRW - Union of Communistic Republics of World
CR - Communistic Republic
Main danger for Europe was Red InterNAZIonal USSR but not NAZIonal Germany but Britain and France decided that NAZIonal Germany is main danger is this is super stupidism And now all Europe is dead due to simple (not from Scientific Communism-InterNAZIonalism) InterNAZIsm.
@@djangorheinhardt Yes! Leave this f*cking Poland and Central Europe to be divided between Russia and Germany. And destroy'em totally! We don't want to die for Gdańsk Danzig or Crimea and send this message to Moscow! Bravo! You just finished genocide of Central Europe!
We? What did you 'make' in 1951 or any time else in Britain, Martin?
I'm so saddened by what's happened to our heavy industries but full of pride in how our nation and workers at every level changed the world for good. Thank you so much for posting this. Best wishes. G
Can make in China for 5pence nowadays
Knew a railway engineer some years ago and he had kept a set of special oversize rulers so they could compensate for the size of the wooden mould and the contraction the the steel or bronze to achieve the correct size...amazing...
Year 1951 I was 2y old.Fantastic and nostalgic! Love these ALL MECHANICAL engines.Thanks for video.Greetings from Srilanka
It's NOT 1951. The year is actually 1935: when 6207 was built. The LMS was nationalised and became British Railways in 1948,
Now we have electricity driving almost all of our rail engines, either as diesel-electric or OHE electric.
1935 = A job for life
2020 = Zero hour contracts
Well said spot on no longer jobs for life just cheap agencies
It’s what you me and our parents wanted and caused wanting a better life for our children seeing our work as deeming and yes I said me also I did not want my children to sweep up their best friends and put them in a body bag my father did not want me working in a coal mine due to it killing him slowly with it’s related diseases and yes it was a job for life but for some that life was short and before people become high and mighty how many want there children sweeping roads , collecting garbage or bus driver or a waiter all important jobs as opposed to the jobs you want them to have doctors and lawyers or CEO’s in big business
The Great British Railways, one of the classic video, thank you very much for the best video. Love from India,
Enjoyed that. Thanks for posting.
Early in the commentary something made me laugh. That comment regarding the design of the locomotive's "Several Parts"... several?
Old school commentators like this inspired folks like Harry Enfield, Paul Whitehouse and Mark Williams for some of their comedy sketches.
I am old enough to have seen these magnificent machines in fast action on the WCML. My all time favourite being the Princess CORONATIONS... Stanier learned his skills at Swindon I believe. ... and it shows in the "Super Kings" as they were called back in the day.
I wonder if the boilers were pressure tested full of water first , that's how compressor tanks are ?
My grandfather was part of the crew in the boilershop during this period. Now there is almost nothing left of the works. The local council has ensured nothing remains of the once mighty workskop. Not a brick left resting on a brick. Crewe has developed supermarkets instead. It's very much a ghost town nuwadays.
Craig's Classics what a shame. This is brilliant to watch
Well sad to say... building don't mean much without skill workers. Those skill workers have long departed.
Hugely important to keep these films live, for in 50 years time, the kids will believe everything is made in the Far East.
it is ....
看评论区，似乎西方发达国家的“丢失工业化”情况真的很严重，大量的中低端制造业外移中国。目前我们的祖国，中国是世界上最大的工业制造国。
Looking at the comment area, it seems that the situation of "lost industrialization" in western developed countries is really serious, and a large number of middle and low-end manufacturing industries have been transferred to China. At present, our motherland, China is the largest industrial manufacturing country in the world.
actually incredible
Most amazing footage, loved watching!! Thanks for sharing it!
I have real respect for those men back then who worked in the foundries and assembly shops, true craftsmen indeed.
Stanier and gresley famous for a couple of engines but my god engineers are damn intelligent men to design something out your head like a locomotive is amazing
Amazing to see the metal-cutting for frames etc does not require the workers to wear protective eye and other safety equipment. Similarly with pouring molten metal too. But what a thing of mechanical beauty they have created!
bloody marvelous work
In the US,there were similar works,and thankfully,some of their products are still running! Remember Alco(Schenectady),Lima(Ohio),and Baldwin(Philadelphia),for they also exported engines to Britain,and if you look closely,in some museums,you can find builders plates,on any number of engines! Also some railroads over here,built their own,notably the PRR(Altoona),N&W,(Roanoke),and they also were building steam engines right into the 50's,and thankfully again,now some are still in operation! As an aside,one railroad,was never totally dieselized,and that was/is the Union Pacific,because they were still running 844(8444), an FEF Class 4-8-4,since joined by a Challenger(4-6-6-4), and a Big Boy(4-8-8-4), so steam also is not dead on the UP! Add a comment,the building of a brand new Ivatt 4-6-2(Tornado),is a feather in the British cap,👏 bravo! You cannot keep a group of railfans down,no matter where!! Thank you for your attention! 🚂🚂🚂🚂🚂🚂🚂🚂🚂
Fantastic real men doing real work no computershere only the human brain no h/safety pc nonsense here a real generation of expertise lost thank you for showing how it used to be in the real world of my youth pity the kids of today will never experience this the world would be a safer and better place than it is today methinks regards David a retired engineer
看评论区，似乎西方发达国家的“丢失工业化”情况真的很严重，大量的中低端制造业外移中国。
Looking at the comment area, it seems that the situation of "lost industrialization" in western developed countries is really serious, and a large number of middle and low-end manufacturing industries have been transferred to China.
@@user-yy3dg2ze8r True, it's because the Chinese will do things so much cheaper but, I'm led to believe, with little regards to working conditions.
@@Neontrifle 是，现在是国际产业链全球化的时代，资本总是寻找着在满足规定标准下，成本最低的地方。中国一直被誉为世界工厂。近些年中国工厂的工作条件与工人工资也在明显提高。近些年中国有许多人担心，越南与孟加拉国等工人成本更低的国家，与中国竞争低端产业，但中国也有着许多竞争优势，例如中国工业门类齐全，中国工人纪律性高等等，目前东南亚还难以取代中国制造。许多中国人判断，产业升级对中国工业发展很重要。
Yes, now is the era of globalization of international industrial chain. Capital always looks for the place with the lowest cost under meeting the specified standards. China has always been known as the factory of the world. In recent years, the working conditions and wages of Chinese factories have also increased significantly. In recent years, many people in China worry that countries with lower labor costs such as Vietnam and Bangladesh compete with China for low-end industries, but China also has many competitive advantages, such as complete categories of Chinese industries and high discipline of Chinese workers. At present, Southeast Asia is still difficult to replace made in China. Many Chinese judge that industrial upgrading is very important to China's industrial development.
You ever think what the lifespan of a foundryman was in those days? How many died, or lost limbs or eyesight all in the service of capitalists? You think it was that glamorous?
During my apprenticeship in the 60's I've watched blacksmiths strikers like the dude with the handlebar moustache. Tough work done by tough geezers...
Yes that huge guy could swing a sledgehammer like a toothpick 💪🔨
What a wonderful time document and I love that old British Railways "Cycling Lion" logo shown right at the beginning of the film.
I could watch this over and over. I have been enjoying your films and wishing there could be more. Thanks for the video.
Classic, beautiful old machines. Britain showed the world how to build, maintain and run sophisticated machinery.
It's these skills and industries that led to the technology and lifestyle we have now. You need a culture of invention and building things. Politicians never seem to get that.
Same year i was born, and i have a triang princess royal from that period ( 1954) its still going strong. how things have changed in the UK and i fear not for the best !
My Princess Elizabeth (1957) still pulls five Mark I carriages with the Royal Mail
Bought a tear to my eyes.
20:35 the production of the four cylinder wheels with double crankshaft inside was a real high end technique these days. 26:15 the windows design in the wheels shop are like windows in a cathedral.
"Winner Winner Chicken Dinner!" watched this while eating my chicken dinner - great show, really enjoyed it! 6000+ engines - all scrapped & long gone long ago, very sad really. Thanks 💖 🇨🇦
One of my favourite films. Thanks for sharing this!
Another great steam locomotive from Crewe Railway Works.
No matter how advanced the steam engine could be developed it could never effectively compete with diesel and electric locomotives. And that is still true and likely will always be so.
Being new to studying steam locomotives, this is a wonderful introduction. Notice how many people were employed (1000 workers to produce the end product). Pride in workmanship. Amazing engineering and assembly line. When applying insulation to the cab, it appeared that a child was handing the aluminum sheets up to a worker. Gone are the days. Thank you for posting.
Fantástico. Como pudo el hombre tener la fuerza para construir estos verdaderos monstruos de metal con la fuerza humana bruta. Lo mas sorprendente es que la maquinas herramientas estaban ya tan desarrolladas que las que en el día de hoy existen nos son mas que la copia de aquellas. La fundición de una manera tan primitiva y sin embargo pura y bien hecha. realmente bien por los hombres de esa época gloriosa de Inglaterra.
When you think of the of the various skills involved! May be we've gone backwards in personal skills?
Thanks for sharing Excellent Film
Thank you too
God I love these old films. When men were men. People who built this world with their hands. My have we fallen.
The workers in the heavy forge were the health & safety zealots of the company with their white hanky caps! - On a more serious note, it's so sad that we have, and continue to lose heavy engineering in this country - once those skills are gone, it's very difficult to get them back.
Thanks for sharing these. Found your channel recently and I’m enjoying the videos.
Magnificent!
Such a nice film. Much better than some of the newer "guy with a cellphone" videos I see today.
Craftsmanship at its finest
A film made by the LMS in 1935 when 6207 was built at Crewe. Obviously it was reissued by British Railways if the cited date is 1951.
Ah - French curves (1:16). Still got mine a a drawer somewhere. Along with my Blundells slide rule.
Bring back these skills!
Why?
Ah yes, that's how you speak English proper like! Brilliant film of one of my favourite classes. I liked ( BR)46205 best, I had a Tri-ang one in black, Princess Victoria. I loved that engine, even though it didn't have valve gear, "s" bend outer steam pipe or the oval buffers.
So much skill, gone forever!
soo great!! And what could be better than this? 2 videos like this! ehhe
The boiler fittings such as firebox stays, water gauge are not made of brass! They are made of bronze. Brass decomposes with prolonged exposure to high temperature water and steam.
When I was young in Essex steam was king ,even when 7 used the steam line from Tollesbury to Kelvedon sitting with mum & dad on the balcony carriage, Apparently just after I was born King George visited still there the hexagonal tower A .A guns & homing radio forr bombers & fighters , don't know if still there , rotating steel gun shelters . the pier was a point to sail or steam from , cut down in case Germany invaded .no attempt to rebuild aged 8 eent on the CornishRivieraExpress wonderful King class .very comfortable & food & drink cheap . We were visiting uncle David a flight artificer at Culdrose , he later flew as flight engineer on the first Jumbo. Oh those lovely locos. The days when Sheffield was full of forges on a visit we saw the huge steam rolling mill on compressed air red-hot steel rolled to rail tracks , in Spain the palm tree scrapers still prefer a Spear & Jackson spade , Special Sheffield steel for ploughshares !.
Days when men wre men, unlike weird wimps walking about now bothered about their looks on social media.
6207, Good Luck and Good Running - except for those crashes your going to have in the future!
This was a nice one
Great man
Siento admiración por estos muchachos trabajadores del acero y ver como fabrican esta maravillosa locomotora.
Good to see huge donations to build more steam locos . The inventions of Britain , the first computer Bletchley Park the first TV, steam catapults on air craft carriers . During WW1 the captain of a steam aircraft carrier just headed into the wind , stall speed of tigemoths very low , reload with bricks or bombs same again headed into the wind , Ve haf just seen a funny boat with a smokey funnel , oh he's given us a fog signal !
Hard work & skill . Now available all design drawings , my nearby line Gandia to alcoy all gone had powerful cranes to deliver Beyer Peacock. Locos & rail , by blasting & chisel well paid Spanish workers made a 3 km tunnel , with permission at Llorxa can drive a çar through . One loco static display on the free car park in Alcoy , another at Gandia , all named after passed through villages must have been my Gaianes , early film , check "El tren de Las Inglesas " some of the viaduct towers still seen at Muro de Alcoy , 3 ft 8 gauge.
This is awesome
Safety glasses? Gloves?
I grew up in an industrial city in the US at the time this film was made. Foundries, heavy and light manufacturing, machine shops, huge chimneys, massive works covering hundreds of acres. Now just empty fields, dangerous streets and new low-income migrant housing. The city has fewer inhabitants than 70 years ago and no industry.
The documentary was made in 1935 you must be in our 90s to remember those days
You're probably far more likely to suffer serious injury from being mugged today in those streets than a worker was from being injured due to lack of safety equipment back then.
Deafning work. Thank you.
Superb
Amazing
Impressive!
7:40 thats a really cool machining process. I'd guess its a type of shaper but i haven't seen them before. Do they have a specific name?
Muito bom eu gosto de locomotivas.
My dad worked at the Bellefontaine Ohio roundhouse for years cleaning those giant locomotives. Perhaps the first video on cleaning those engines is what he did.
i really like the song in the introduction.
No components imported, every nut 🔩 and bolt made on site.
LMS 6207 had a tough life being involved in a couple fatal crashes.
Surely can't be LMS if it's 1951? People haven't forgotten that the LMS ceased to exist in 1947/8.
As is clear on the opening credits, it was the London Midland Region (of the Railways Executive (BR) of the British Transport Commission) at the time (1951)
@@zorrodp The documentary was shot 1932- 1935 and rereleased
How much easier would it be to build this locomotive today, with plasma jet cutters, NC tools, 3D printing.and welding for boilers, and no asbestos.
hows the 3d printing work, like you put a piece of steel into it and make connecting rods. i don't understand
Well, no 3D printing but have you heard of new built A1 class "Tornado"? Lots of videos here.
0:31 aren’t those the levers that are now on display near the entrance to the train station (near the horseshoe bridge and underground car parks?)
They look similar, but this movie was filmed and produced in the UK. The levers cemented into the eastern concourse at Perth station are from the old 'Box C' signalbox that used to stand near what is now 4 platform and the Barrack Street overbridge in Perth.
www.sigwa.info/perth-box-c--2-.html
Thanks for the reply, I will check it out :)
My Grandfather worked in the Brass Foundry at Crewe Works from the 1930's to 1978. What skilled workers and shame on Crewe Council for destroying 150+ years of history. At least Bentley Motor Cars - formally Rolls Royce, is still in Crewe.
Over 90 years of experience have gone into this engine,,,,,whatever happened to us
The Politicians made a DEAL !
@9:10 The big guy swinging the hammer in the smithy has a great mustache!!😂
amazing ! I just hope they all got their safety boots on !!
They are wearing safety hankies on their heads.
Very good
And today, we don’t have the capacity for heavy engineering like this and Crewe and Wolverton engine works lie abandoned.
看评论区，似乎西方发达国家的“丢失工业化”情况真的很严重，大量的中低端制造业外移中国。目前我们的祖国，中国是世界上最大的工业制造国。
Looking at the comment area, it seems that the situation of "lost industrialization" in western developed countries is really serious, and a large number of middle and low-end manufacturing industries have been transferred to China. At present, our motherland, China is the largest industrial manufacturing country in the world.
Went on to Google after watching this...turn out it was involved in a serious accident. Involving the death of 24 people.when in was hit from behind by another train...a very interesting film to watch
Not a minimum of noise protection ruined the ears of the blacksmith workers in the boiler shop in a short time 14:00 ff. The asbestos in the isolation of the boiler 18:25 caused cancer in the breath system of the men later on, nobody knows the danger. The same problem accures in the brake shoes factories.
Look at the size of that inside cylinder block, and think what a nightmare it would be to make one of those nowadays.
Not impossible, but VERY difficult and expensive.
Then it has to work properly, AND be tested for certification and insurance.
(Not complaining, safety is paramount on the railways).
Simply superb! British workmanship was really excellent and rightly Britain produced from pin to locomotives till WWII. Your products had a class. That apart, Britain was unfortunately compelled to yield its position to U.S. America joined the war at a very fag end after Britain had exhausted all resources. This was a ploy. But here you made Indians as cannon fodder in the war. Your selfishness to rule over the world was your greatest blunder. You lorded over India and reaped immense wealth from here and that is how you could wage a war and lead a luxurious life. You prompted Poland to fight against Germans and when India became a hot potato in early 1946, you hurriedly abandoned her and cut my country into two. Your Churchill, never wanted India to gain freedom as that so-called statesman knew that Yankees will run over you. He also knew that if India becomes independent, you will not be able to run your country as there was no resource as war ruined you. So, he wanted to retain hold on India. He lamented at Attlee when independence was declared.The political scenario changed all because of your arrogance when you sang, "Rule Britannia, ........" ! The clock has gone 360 degrees. Today your Prime Munister has an Indjan origin. All said and done, 18th and 19th centuries belonged to Britain and the great rapid strides Britain made is indeed praiseworthy. India produced food and other raw materials and you exported to your country and gave us the fruits of Industrial Revolution.
Working in the foundry ? Don't forget your tie!
No eye protection, hearing protection, head protection. Just a cloth cap, a big help.
5:34 The Brits famous for pomp and ceremony even have the foreman dressed in dark business suit with bowler hat ...no money left for safety glasses. ...
And no gloves to be seen either!
But not any more. Envious eyes regarded Crewe works, and Wolverton, and the associated coal and iron mining, and realised there was profit to be made by selling them off. The true reward for hard work and skill in this country was the dole queue.
Hmmm......perhaps this is Crewe where Henry went to be repaired.
Cool, Shame we don’t make anything anymore
Made In Britain" engines at least many of them lasted till 1995 in India. And the one of the Darjeeling and Nilgiri railways the 100 year old steam engines still remain in service.
The brilliance of britain , now hard pushed to find a british made clothes iron .!
Good luck indeed. Its rather ironic that this locomotive was involved in 2 fatal accidents (one as a result of mechanical failure and one due to human error), that resulted in around 40 deaths total.
No PPE anywhere. I wonder how many of those foundrymen had silicosis or lung problems later in life? My dad worked in a machine shop - never wore safety glasses and was always being taken to the local eye hospital to have splinters pulled out. Good old days? No thanks
And the companies would have let that go on; they didn't care much for their workers. Not enough to spend a few quid to keep them safe. Oh, those were the days.
But a lot of those workers wouldn't wear their PPE even when it was given to them.
@@ericwalton4610 Probably true. I used to work in the chemical industry and part of my job was issuing PPE. many of the older workers refused to wear safety specs, gloves or helmets. Not sure why. I evn saw one man in welding without using a visor, and this was the 1980s
For an isolated Safety Officer, a Railway Engineering Works truly was "hell on earth". Hazards? They had them all, and even the line foremen were, some at least, contemptuous of health and safety. I'd like to believe things are better today.
Maybe we are watching Henry’s overhaul…. It is a Stanier black 5 isn’t is?!?!
The one time I need captions, they don’t even work.
It was a very beautiful time, railway drivers, engineers, laborers and other staff worked with hard work and dedication, but now it is not like this, the entire railway inventions were said to be in corruption.
And in thirty one years time she was cut up and probably made into a Ford Anglia.
I wonder how many the UK exported. So much steel, energy and skill now turned to scrap , save a few held as museum pieces.
There are around 180 locos in steam in the UK of which 120 are fully running. In total over 600 have been preserved