Opioid Drugs, Part 1: Mechanism of Action
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- čas přidán 27. 06. 2018
- Opioid drugs are a well-known class of drug due to both their ability to kill pain and kill people. Watch part 1 of this two-part series to learn how opioid drugs can manipulate our brain and body into no longer feeling pain and discomfort.
Special thanks to Geoffrey Brown for helping research background information for this video!
Watch Part 2 here: • Opioid Drugs, Part 2: ...
Additional information:
Diversity of Opioid Drugs
The variety of opioid drugs available differ in aspects such as duration, rate of onset, potency (strength), risk of side effects, and metabolism. The video already addressed lipid solubility as a determinant for rate of onset and duration. Potency is determined by how well an opioid can bind to and stimulate the opioid receptor. For example, fentanyl can bind to and activate the opioid receptor much better than morphine, which is why fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine. Essentially, this means that you would need to use 100 times more morphine than fentanyl to get the same painkilling effect (which is also why it is so easy to overdose on fentanyl!) This website has some nice tables describing classic opioids and a variety of their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties: basicmedicalkey.com/opioids/#...
Vesicle Release
Vesicle release from calcium influx is quite a complex process and crucial to neurotransmitter release and neuron function. Calcium ions bind to a protein called synaptotagmin on the visicle, which cause a variety of structural changes in SNARE proteins on both the vesicle and the membrane. The SNARE proteins intertwine and pull the vesicle closer to the membrane, eventually fusing the two. I may make a video about this sometime in the future, but for now, here is a decent animation on the process: • Synaptic Vesicle Traff...
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
GPCRs are a crucial target for many drugs. In fact, 34% of drugs work on GPCRs, and even more drugs are being developed to target this large diverse family of receptors. When an agonist binds to a GPCR, a structural change occurs that causes the Gα subunit to kick out GDP and bind GTP. This activates the G protein and the subunits separate to perform their respective roles. When GTP is eventually hydrolyzed back to GDP, the subunits reassemble and the receptor is no longer activated. The video hinted at multiple functions of G proteins - what makes the story more interesting and complex is that two or more GPCRs can combine (dimerize or oligomerize), meaning that they now have access to each others’ different G protein. This likely allows for different signalling pathways to cross-communicate and achieve an even more powerful mechanism of regulation. Here is a good paper from Nature discussing this important class of receptors: www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
Ascending and Descending Pain Pathways
Within the brainstem, there are multiple neurons and synapses (unlike the single synapse displayed in the video). Two important brainstem areas to know about are the periaqueductal gray area and the raphe nucleus, which are activated as part of the descending pathway. These areas receive innervation from the cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala, which allows pain to be modulated according to conscious thought, stress, and fear, respectively. Here is a good website with animations discussing the pain pathways in more detail: nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/...
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Not too simple that I learn too little.
And not too hard that it just becomes academical and too technical.
I really like your videos , keep up the great work.
This video blows my mind. Just seeing how complex one neuron is blows my mind when I realize how many of those little dudes do all that stuff when I stub my toe
I’m high af and this is tripping me out lol 😆
@TheGlamourNazi if you read your comment again, theres only one conclusion i.e. Intelligent Design
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It's way more believable that all these systematic organic structures made themselves over billions of years and in direct conflict with the most basic concepts of classic physics.
But really I'll believe anything so long as I don't have to be held accountable for my decisions.
@@complicational or millions of years of trial and error
No.
Omg this is so good. Allows us to visualize what’s going on rather than just memorizing text
You did really well describing those complex mechanism. I'm excited to see part 2
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This made my brain hurt. I need some pain relief. Time to get some opioids!
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Pharmacy student here, learning about opioids and this video is much better than what my professor taught in class, hits all the points he also taught but it a much more condensed but informative way. Great video.
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I just started my own medical youtube channel, and I also made a video on Morphine.
However I still find it hard to find the balance between informational content and a fun way to explain it.
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The most effective explanation I have ever seen about Opioid. Thank you so much for your videos. Everything is actually clear and easy to understand. It helps me too much in my study. Love and appreciate your work ❤❤❤
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SUBSCRIBED!
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Second: Can you do a series about all parts of the immune system?
I hope to address more aspects of the immune system by discussing diseases that arise from dysfunctions of the immune system. You can check out my celiac disease video for mhc presentation/CTLs and multiple sclerosis for autoimmunity (and hopefully future videos)
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