Redrawing the Map of the Middle East in 1920
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100 years ago at the conference of San Remo, one thing became clear: Great Britain and France wanted control over the Middle East. Justified by the fighting in the previous years and painted as "liberators" of the Middle Eastern minorities, the new map of the Middle East emerged - under the cover of the League of Nations Mandate system.
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» SOURCES
Karsh, Efraim & Karsh, Inari, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East 1789-1923, (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1999)
“Dans Le Levant” Le Temps, August 31, 1919 issue, gallica.bnf.fr...
Lloyd George, David, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1939) vol. 2
“Mounted Rifles Units” New Zealand History, nzhistory.govt...
Paris, Timothy J. Britain, The Hashemites and Arab Rule 1920-1925, (London : Frank Cass, 2003)
Provence, Michael, The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017)
O’Neill, Robert, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Volume VII - The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914-1918, (Australian War Memorial, 1941)
“King-Crane Commission Digital Collection” Oberlin College Library. dcollections.ob...
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»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: above-zero.com
Maps: Daniel Kogosov ( / zalezsky )
Research by: Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Alexander Clark
Original Logo: David van Stephold
Contains licensed material by getty images
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2020
*Slaps roof of Versailles treaty*
"This baby can fit so much future conflict in it"
What does it have to do with this tho'
@@ChillyBenpa haha yeah I know 🙃
😂
* Paper crumples.
Sykes: "What part do you want?"
Picot: "What part do you want?"
Locals:
We Kurds were doomed by this actions
@N Vannote Nope, them too. It was lose lose for everyone in the long run.
@@hawkarlatif9470 Unfortunately, Kurds are doomed whatever happens in the Middle East.
the stuff you guys are covering here is as important and consequential as any battle. bravo!
We think so too, thanks!
Well said 👏
One of the smartest things that Italy ever did was to avoid Sykes-Picot. Before Orlando headed to Versailles, he met with Vittorio Emanuele III and the King asked him if he intended to contest Sykes-Picot at all. He shook his head and replied, "There's a reason that the old Romans left, Majesty- too many problems over there". How right he was.
Arbitrary borders not thinking about ethnicities which lead to geopolitical problems and tensions today
True. We must strive for a world where every ethnicity has their own country!
Same in south America. And globalists love it.
Concise and accurate
Nah man, diversity is our strength for some reason. After all, it needs to be parroted over and over and over again by everybody with very little in the way of proof or support, that's how you know something's true, if you have to keep saying it and saying it and saying it because it isn't self evident at all.
@@ScotterationRetard Every time I hear "diversity is our strength" it always reminds me of "arbeit macht frei" for some reason.
Middle East in 1920: Hey US, please meddle in our affairs
The US 100 years later: sure thing
I thought that was pretty ironic as well
well "to be fair" they have meddled since at least 1950... but it seems to be addictive and the US isn't going to rehab anytime soon...
@@Ugly_German_Truths US only really intervened in Iran, though. Does that count as "meddling in the affairs of the ME" as a whole? If it were multiple countries, then sure, but that seems to me to be a bit of an exaggeration.
@@Ugly_German_Truths Well...they are leaving now but I dont see a bright future for Afghanistan.
Not Middle East, israel
This will forever change the world.
@Ex Animus And will echo for many more years to come...
My final message
Goodbye
@Ex Animus Like 9/11/2001
Agreed
I am agreeing with videomaker2341
Middle Easterners: peace is surely coming
Picot: Sykes!
along with Democracy with free Human rights
@gamer hashaam isn't that how Islam spread though?
Nial Pollitt funny because Islam kept the Middle East stable and unified for centuries without any bloodshed or wars until the Christian Europeans came and done what their best at doing...
@@azamkhan1526 not really, but to be fair, they developed the lands quite a bit. Some of the best schools and hospitals in Syria are the French ones
What?ahahah
Thanks for still putting out content. As some who’s still working 50 hour per week, I love getting the notification that “the Great War” just uploaded a new video. Keep up the great work!
Arabs: will you give us our own land after the War?
U.K. and France: Yes, well actually no...
U.K. and France: No, I dont think I will.
FTFY
Arabs were nomads. They don´t need to own lands.
If give them their land, things today would totally different.
Actionbastard. I know war is taking over land and asserting your control. In fact I agree with the British (as I am one). I was just merely making a joke.
Yesn’t
"what could go wrong?"
They're upset now. But give it a couple years, I'm sure they'll all get along.
To yourself three years ago: Oh you have no idea...
This is crash course
The Sykes-Picot Agreement was already revealed by the Russians in 1917 when they left the war. This is a really interesting topic, thanks! I'm defending my Master's Thesis on this topic in a month, so this fitted me perfectly :D
Well they aren't going to give parts of Arabia to Soviets
@@AshGamer007 they weren't the Soviets when the agreement was made.. It was the Soviets who went out of the war and exposed the agreement to the world.
The Russians were involved in all the secret goings on and it was Leon Trotsky who leaked it all to the world. His Marxist principals went against the whole thing. Once the Bolshevics finally won control in (now soviet) Russia they gave up all claims to influence in the middle east and pulled out of WW1.
1:40 Allied Interests/ Great War Compromises
6:00 Sykes-Picot Agreement
8:31 French and British Rivalries Riel Up
9:24 Wilson’s Fourteen Points/ Mandates/ League of Nation
12:18 Arabs’ Thoughts/ Petitions
16:20 Lebanon/ France, Faisal & Syria/ British Leave Syria
20:04 San Remo/ Colonial “Mandates”
_"So.. how are we gonna redraw the Middle East, any ideas?"_
"Perhaps we should send out a committe that will investigate the complex interracial relationsships, the cultural and ethnic backgrounds and local identities of the region in question to better determine who gets what land?"
_"That sounds much to complicated.. How long do you think this will take?"_
"Oh several years for sure!"
_"Nonsense! Making up a new country on the spot can't be THAT hard!_
_Let's see, a line here, a curve there, couple of scribbles.. and.. _*_boom!_*_ There, new country!"_
""Perhaps we should send out a committe that will investigate the complex interracial relationsships, the cultural and ethnic backgrounds and local identities of the region in question to better determine who gets what land?"" -- Yeah, right, because that will make any difference. No matter what you do in the Middle East, they will still cut each other's throats until a superpower arises and enslaves everyone, and then they will be happy again.
@Michael Moretti Ah, ad hominem... how sophisticated.
@Michael Moretti I didn't really expect you would understand the difference.
I was part of the Civil Affairs Command that went to Desert Storm. I wish this program had been available in 1990.
Woah, that is really interesting. Do hope that future missions will take note of these events that TGW discussed when going out to the middle east.
Both the Americans and the British had plenty of Middle East experts who knew Dessert Storm was a terrible idea, but the governments never listened to them.
I think today we are inclined to believe that history is just the 24 hour news cycle. But when presented with explanation such as the one here the light goes on and it is clear that current events have their roots in the long distant past.
Hey I'm also a Civil Affairs Specialist, I'm really interested in what you guys did during desert storm. What were your mission objectives. Got any stories that illustrates how CA can be effective and influential in obtaining the mission objective.
It's very interetsing how you included those surveys of what the Arabs themselves thought about
It's more than interesting. I've been reading about this region for half a century, and I never knew these surveys existed. These should have been widely published decades ago.
@@rogerhwerner6997 exactly
I'm a Syrian and I do confirm these surveys ... People wanted Independence and disagreements were only about the shape of the independent state, a democratic kingdom or a republic.
"55% of Lebanese respondents opposed the French influence in the area." So how many of the 55% were Christians?
Seems like the survey might have been asking 100 wolves what was going to be served for lunch and 55 of them chose to have a Christian for their repast.
@@markhbeardsley5102 yeah maybe
Sykes: a Line from here to here...
Picot: and another from here to here...
Sykes: wait...I want this village for Britain
Picot: oh c'mon...ok but I take this mountain for france
Sykes: excellent!
Arabs:...wait...you promised us to...
Sykes: do you hear something?
Picot:hmmm I think it's Italy who want some lands
Sykes: oh..we can give them southern turkey
Arabs: hellooooo?
Sykes: uhum excellent! Finally peace in the middle east!
*100 years later*
Time for revenge.
British Government: And have you actually ever been to the Middle East?
British Foreign Office worker: Nope.
British Government: Well you're more than qualified to redraw it then.
This makes me so angry, the amount of conflict this causes in the future for nothing but pure greed
Caused only by western Gangsters acting as a giant mafia in a pack
only the german wanted this right?
Shooting in just a living room really made no significant difference to the content of the channel. Keep going!
"What does the word mandate mean?" It's another word for *colony*.
@martin corderoy Or a satrapy!
Your channel has opened the skylight! So many conflicts, decisions and issues after the Great War that go largely unnoticed, yet are having impacts to this day. Absolutely superb; please keep up your excellent work!
During this current conflict in Ukraine, a friend and I argued back and forth. It was his position that borders are sacred. This was the position of the US corporate media,
According to your lecture, the borders of the Middle-East were drawn by the French and the British. If you look back to 1880, so were the borders of Africa.
The borders and disposition of the oil states were based of influence, money and military on the part of Britain and France, Democracy was not a factor...
Borders have regularly been redrawn all throughout history. The US borders were continually redrawn.
I am always impressed with the scholarship, videography, scripts and narration by Jesse Alexander. Thank you.
This was a really interesting video
Hvala lepa.
@@jessealexander2695 I'm a male 😂
@@sgp7931 I know - but my limited Serbian language skills don't :)
@@jessealexander2695 It's ok hahah
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Nice comercials. Keep up the hard work.
It's because of technocrats. "I'm smarter than you, I think I know better, therefore you have no power/influence over your own self." It's the same as what happens today.
I recently learned that the Composer Carl Orff was a infantry man in the german army in ww1. I didn't find much about his participation in the war but I believe it's worthy of a "who did what" episode.
I'm betting the next video is going to be in this guy's living room too.
Japanese empire malaya 1941 1945 history world video
You guys covered all the aspects of war very beautifully. The skyes-picot agreement, belfour agreement , and the Hussein-McMohan agreement together are the root cause of the present conflict between Israel and Palestine.
This video looks different than the others. Can't quite put my finger on it...
Duh, of course!
New glasses!
I was about to say new shoes. :D
Excellent episode!
Jesse, I prefer this setting. You were more animated in this episode than when you sit at the desk.
The most productive thing I've done in my living room during COVID-19 lockdown is make a (still incomplete) list of my 20 favorite songs by Van Morrison. The Great War meanwhile is making invaluably educational videos on our history. Great job overcoming the obstacles, guys! Keep up the great work!
Stay safe Jesse
Doing my best, you too!
Most histories, this excellent! one also, totally skip the struggle for Arabia itself - how the pro-British Al Saud in Najd in SE Arabia fought the Ottoman allies of Hail in Al Shamar in Central & NE Arabia, while Hussein Sharif of Mecca in the Hejaz revolted against the Ottomans in W Arabia (with Lawrence). So here is a summary:
After the Ottoman WWI collapse, the Al Saud won their side, but then in 1924 the two old allies of the British went to war, Hussein in the West and Al Saud from the East for who would control Arabia. The British abandoned Hussein but supported Al Saud. Guess who won Saudi Arabia?
In Yemen it was complicated also; pre-WWI Imam Yahya al-Mutawakkil semi-Independently controlled the inland mountain of the North Yemen while the Ottoman controlled the coast and lowlands. The Idrisid rebelled in the south with British help. After the war, there was intermittent wars between the British and their Idrisid allies of the south vs Imam Yahya in the North from 1922 to 1934. This resulted in the British Adan mandate and Kingdom of North Yemen.
Imam Yahya also in 1932-34 invaded Saudi Arabia, was beat with British help, lost some provinces and had to settle for their present border.
I wouldn't say the British "supported" Al Saud. In fact what happened was that there was a British double agent who fed information to Al Saud that the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hejaz didn't have the capability to withstand an attack from Al Saud.
@@TheDirtysouthfan POtato vs poTAto.
@@tommy-er6hh The guy in question was a traitor who would convert to Islam and become a member of the Saudi government. His son was also a British Double Agent selling out his country this time to the USSR.
I have a special interest in this particular part of History and this is a great video (and there is a beautiful collection of books behind you). I have a profound fascination for the Middle East, and the video is very didactc and informative, as well as all the videos of this channel.
Learnt more history watching your channel than the 12 years I spent in school.
100 hundred years later, NOTHING has changed
Loved the episode, but I do have two quibbles. First, you correctly show Kuwait as a separate British area, but the shades of red for the borders and the “British mandates” make it easy to mistake it as part of Mesopotamia. This modern border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia would not be set as shown until after British arbitration after fighting between them in the 1930s, but that’s a relatively minor thing.
Second, Russia was also party to the Sykes-Picot Agreement which is why they were to gain territory in the partition. One might think the British and French were just going to give Russia land out of kindness without knowing that.
Keen eyes! As for Russia - yes, you are right, but since they became less relevant after 1917 we didn't emphasize their role too much, but it does get a mention.
We need more on Arabia
Whatever you do don't anger Middle Eastern carpenters. You'll never know what they'll do next. About 2000 years ago one started his own religion....
Genius!!
I see that Jesse is rocking the quarantine hairstyle.
There's really nice movie about that, 'A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia' from 1992 with Ralph Fiennes and (Alexander) Siddig El-Fadil
Maciek K. Cichoń Agree with you. I have that on DVD.
@@robertkopp873 I've watch it on VHS :D
i like the stuff in your bookshelf
The thumbmail is me and the boys dividing the middle east like cake
Loyd George and the Boys
Well Documented And Narrated
I love the little artillery pieces on your shelf behind you. I have some on the shelf behind my desktop monitor... but my cat keeps climbing up there to knock them off the shelf.
so it started
Arabs did not suffer under Turkish rule as they were considered a Holly race as Muhammad was an Arab , therefore they were left alone. One might argue they were not ruled properly.
Idk why but I absolutely love the fact that the Arabs were okay with Lawrence of Arabia wearing the traditional head garb, and they saw it as a sign of peace and respect
"cultural appropriation" has been invented by posh whites. people have always been happy to share their culture throughout history
Lawrence was capable of relating with the Arabs on their terms.
That decision to revolt opened up a century of infighting, division and pseudo-colonial rule that endures to this day.
the French hypocrisy is just baffling. Protector of the Christians that is somehow concerned with only a very specific tiny community, while ignoring the much larger Christian population all over Syria.
In all honesty, I don't know whether an independent Hashimite kingdom would have been better, especially since the Arabs of the Hijaz have just as much to do with Syria and Mesopotamia as France and Britain. I hate to imagine a Saudi Arabia that extends from the Mediterranean to the Indian ocean.
Why?
but the house of Saud might not have been in charge
The Hashemite Dynasty is different from the House of Saud i.e. Saudi Arabia
They are hypocrites. They were protecting Catholics
I think an independent Hashemites Kingdom controlling all of Arabia (The middle eastern part) will be better than what's going on today. If Saudi Arabia didn't existed Wahabism won't have the influence it has in the today's world. So Islamic Terrorism won't exist. Also after the abolition of Caliphate in Turkey. Hussein Bin Ali declared himself Caliph of all Muslims (But then he was ousted by the Sauds from Hejaz). The Hashemites are the descendants of Prophet Muhammed (SA.) through Ali and Fatema. So the Shia's won't have any problem having him as Caliph. Also the Wahabist calls the Shia's "Kafir" which fuels the Sunni Shia conflict today.
In summary, middle east was invaded, not liberated, by the uk and to a little extent by france, and the majority of the population ended up being sorrow because their voices were not heard in the new political systems and the new country borders, as well as colonial mandate forced upon them.
So the British and French are still there in the land they didn't liberate?
first part of the video is the most accurate (yet concise) explanation for the root of many of the problems in today's middle east.
the latter part lost the historic narrative a little bit in favor of trying to define what self determination "should" mean - but self determination is an ideal that was never practiced, not even by pre world wars America, and any attempt to explain or define what people of the middle east want is doomed to failure. the region is too diverse, fractured and complex to allow this to be defined and for the narrative of the video to try to pursue this line of thinking is implicitly forgoing historical narrative and adopting a moral one. which is ironic because that's just what Wilson tried to do and failed.
You're one of the only channels where I like that you make long videos
It is the opion of the council that this segment was commendably highly informative and hereby petition high offices of TGW to coninue this narrative in a part 2 and subsequent segment(s) as necessary. Thanks. from nYc.
Very well done.
Seeing the behavior of France and Great Britain I'm not so sure the better side won the war.
The problem is that the British promised the land to everyone, making everyone unhappy
@Anonymous Guy exactly
Fact: Hashemites calls themselves descendant of Prophet Muhammed (SA.) through Ali and Fatema. Hussain Bin Ali claimed himself as Caliph after the caliphate in Turkey was abolished.
How many people do you want to promise the same land to?
Uk: yes
How many comments did you posted?
YES
@@AshGamer007 TRUE lmao
You can blame the current mess in the Middle East on the British and the French for doing what they did back in 1920s after the war
I'm up for the mandatory viewing! There's not a single video in which I don't learn much more, thanks a bunch!
Amazing work and really rare to see this level of professionalism and historical accuracy of our region from a Western channel. Salam to you from Syria, and I'm looking forward to your coverage of the Great Syrian Revolution for Independence by Sultan Basha al-Attrash (Druze minority who was leading all Syrians from all sects to freedom and independence)
My parent: "no,you can't be a the great war channel patreon",also my parent "yes you can bought a book or some model"
Great video, well done on narrating events pretty accurately
I really liked this episode, I feel like you are presenting in a more natural format? Its not the background or camera work. Maybe the script? I'm not sure, but I like the way this was presented.
I didn't know that the Sykes-Picot agreement was changed but it makes sense since France didn't do much
Right! I used to blame it, ignoring the events were more complex than that.
I mean, France didn't do much in the Middle East, but was the main belligerant on the Western Front.
@@alioshax7797 yes
I'd propose a compromise between the "single Arab state" and "Sykes-Picot" plans:
1) Excluding the Gulf States already under the British, split Arabia into two countries, Saudi Arabia and "Hashemite Arabia" aka "Greater Jordan", which would include Jordan, Syria and half of Iraq.
2) The rest of Iraq can be Kurdistan; perhaps the whole area between the Euphrates and the Zagros Mountains (which separate Iran and modern Iraq), and between the modern Turkish border and Baghdad.
3) Exclude from Hashemite Arabia modern-day Lebanon (for the Maronite Christians) and the British Mandate (which will become Israel)
Lebanon would be under the French or at least French influence until some later date when full independence is granted. Likewise the Syrian and Iraqi portions of this greater Hashemite Kingdom would have French and British spheres of influence respectively until some later date. Maybe Kurdistan too would have British protection.
Would this bring peace? Not necessarily, not unless you stamp out all jihadi movements. But it'll at least get rid of the issue of arbitrary nations carved out of nothing.
The Wahabism ideology funded by The Sauds is cause of Terrorism. So existence of the Sauds can never bring peace in Middle East
Jihad means struggle
Husayn nd of Jordan [1952-1999] was the Great-grandson of Husayn 1st , King of Hijaz[1916-1924]
was he king of syria in 1918 ?
“Things would not be as simple as the French and the British had expected.”
I wonder what the Middle East would look like if France and Britain would've just packed up and left after the war.
There would still have been conflict between religious or ethnic groups.
@@Shinji_1943 And how can you be so sure?
@@seethrough_treeshrew Where ever there is differences there is conflict. Not saying it would be everlasting but there still would have undoubtedly been conflict between say Shia or Sunni blocs for influence in the region, between Persians, Turks, Arabs or Kurds or even plainly over ideology like we have seen elsewhere across the globe, Monarchy versus Republic, Socialism versus Capitalism, Religious versus Secular.
How did I miss this episode??
Great job...🤦♀️
House tour when?
When I tidy up the rest of it...
18:28, what a lovely house.
British and French occupation of the Middle East resulted in the rise of the house of Saud in Arabia. Thanks to them, thousands of Americans have died avenging September 11th, 2001.
America becomed one of the biggest allies of the Saud family , if somebody is to blame it is your own goverment not the french or the british
@@George-cr6jq Nope, it was the British and French's fault. The Sauds would exist even without US alliance, and would instead turn to other patrons. The question was just which one.
This conference could be considered the most important post WW1 conference of all. We feel the impact in the new millennium.
a lot of slim customers in bowler hats…and it has all worked out so well
Cool Father model in the background.
Jordan is a Palestinian state which took 70% of the British Mandate.
Jesse got such sharp eyes that when he's this close it's like.. he can see.. through my soul O.O
Also, with that white shine in his pupils im beginning to suspect he's infact a synth from bladerunner.. Wich would make him a.. time travelling ww1 historian synth!
New country:what am i?
Great Britain:Palestine/Israel. You figure it out.
Great job.
I want to check out the books in your 'COVID-19 lockdown studio'!!
Thank you for the great and informative video.
This will help me alot in my A levels :)
nice book collection jesse
also jealous of the tank and gun models back there
00:22 "... had been an active theatre of fighting..." ?
And thus giving way to many of are modern conflicts
What are the chances of you ever releasing a dvd format of previous episodes. I would love to be able to watch the whole.series withoit always starting new videos
Long time no see this real kind of documentaries
The San Remo Conference .... the Arabs weren't invited. In fact Emir Feisal was prevented from attending ... he was summarily sent on his way. We see the results of these murky dealings today.
Thank you for continuing to produce content during the lockdown, it is appreciated. I'm now going to be incredibly geeky. I think the markings on the Mk.1 tank are anachronistic. IIRC the white-red-white markings were used for identification after the German army had captured a number of Mk.IVs long after the Mk.1s were withdrawn from service.
You might be right - please send all complaints to the Cobi company ;)
I always love it when you upload
Look up the king Crane report of 1919.
Yes. The King-Crane Commission studied what the indigenous people wanted. Its report said a lot of things the colonizers didn't want to hear, but predicted much of what has happened since then. King-Crane should be much better known.
Hi would be great if you could do a special on Australian sacrifice in ww1 from 1914-1918 from Europe to Middle East for a small nation the ANZACS had a appalling death injury rate from our boys as a Australian we often get overlooked .thank you keep up the great work
love the MkV tank model on the shelf Jesse
"Natural borders" - how clear and un-vague :-)
very interesting info thx for your work
Oof... Locals: Hey its our territory! Britain and France: Nah don't think so bro...
"Western Thrace was under temporary management of the Entente led by French General Charles Antoine Charpy. In the second half of April 1920 in San Remo conference of the prime ministers of the main allies of the Entente powers (except the US) Western Thrace was given to Greece"
I cannot find the San Remo conference anywhere regarding West Thrace. Can anyone point me to the right direction?
The treaty of Neuilly required Bulgaria:
to cede Western Thrace to the Entente (which awarded it to Greece at the San Remo conference) thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea.
Hi from peter in Woodstock ONT Canada--Keep safe and you doing Great with all going on, Hussein is some times known as Hussein 1st, while the father of today's king of the Kingdom of Jordan is sometimes called Hussein 2nd[this is in regards to the Dynasty-not what was ruled I would like to point out]
I can't wait to hear the remaining of the turmoil.
fascinating, thank you so much