Galaxies can die?! | Quenching 101
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- čas přidán 31. 05. 2024
- Galaxies are made up of billions of stars. And stars can die. So - does that mean a galaxy can die? Technically yes, if you stop it from making more stars after the old ones have died. Let's recap some of the processes we think can do that...
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Dr Becky Smethurst is an astrophysicist researching galaxies and supermassive black holes at Christ Church at the University of Oxford.
drbecky.uk.com - Věda a technologie
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The takeaway from this episode is that at the centre of every galaxy there should be a sign saying "Mess Quenching Alert! Do not feed the Black Hole by order of Dr. Becky". That should restart star formation and save the universe.
Harrison Ford? My first thoughts were, "Why is Dr. Becky wearing a backpack?"
I thought this exact thing but backpack first, then Han Solo
You've got your Becky Solo vest on. Haha.
Edit: Wrote that before your outtakes at the end.
My first thought was "why didn't she take off the backpack before turning on the camera?" And then I realized it was a vest and not the straps of a backpack.
Every week at some point during the video, I find myself thinking, “Dr. Becky must be the smartest person in the world.” Her intelligence just seems to be infinite.
There’s no break in the flow. And maybe because so many other science communicators seem to be weighed down so much by ego. But she just seems to be pure immersion in and enthusiasm for the subject.
What a gift.
A gift from Allah
@@fazlishah8996 A gift from her parents, actually :P
I agree 100%
I was just thinking that she might very well be the next Einstein. She's got the brains, she's got the passion, but more than anything she has a great sense of humor.
Einstein inspired generations of people to become scientists. Not just because of relatively, but because he was personable. He had a great sense of humor and was known to be silly and goofy too.
I could easily see, in 20 or 30 years, she will be inspiring similar amounts of scientists as Einstein did.
My money is on she gets a Nobel prize in the next 10 years, maybe 2 of them. There is a chance that her discoveries will rival Einstein's,maybe surpass them.
I wish her a long and healthy life filled with accomplishment. 😸
For a galaxy that has been quenched by having its gas heated up, wouldn't that gas eventually cool down again and restart star formation? How long would that take? Perhaps instead of calling such galaxies dead, a better word would be dormant, just like for volcanoes.
I suspect that the timescales involved here make that very unlikely. It would take that heated gas so long to cool down to a useful level again that it's inevitable that before that happens, the galaxy will be involved in a merger or fall into a cluster and be subject to stripping and harassment and all the other effects that further disrupt and heat the gas.
@juliasophical perhaps, although what is there to cool the gas - it's not loosing any heat to other atoms or friction if it's in so much space.
Equally, it's entirely possible that in moving so fast from the heat the gas will escape the galaxy's gravity and end up in inter-galaxtic space so far from other atoms that even if it cools down it is now so far from any other atoms as to be effectively separate.
@@quintuscrinis8032 Radiation will cool the gas back down (meaning that the gas will emit light of its own not that it will absorb radiation and become cooler), but that's an incredibly inefficient process.
The best quote ever “ you don’t need Galaxy Collision insurance yet”. LMAO 🤣
@@OlettaLiano : That's galactic-scale engineering, so NASA doing interstellar stuff, so _do_ push it.
Right - brace for impact!
Try telling that to the car hire mob!
That did actually calm me down though xD I am super interested in astronomy but also super scared of big space things going boom xD
You owe the universe an expansion of your puppy based cosmological theories.
Dr. Becky, I bet you could do the Kessel run in eleven parsecs, by sciencing the crap out of it! Take that Han Solo!
These videos make every Wednesday exciting
Ah, kudos on fixing the focus issues :) Might I suggest using bounce lighting off the ceiling to hide the shadow?
A side light would also help
0:49 Because the more massive the star is, the higher the FUSION RATE due to high pressure pushing the atoms together and fusing the atoms, burning the fuel much faster than smaller stars with less pressure at the core and burns a lot slower because of the fusion rate much lower.
Big fan aspiring astrophysicist myself !! Absolutely love love love your channel ! Thank you for your videos your explanations are great 👍🏼
Haha, the Indiana Jones of physics... "It belongs in a laboratory!" ;)
Love your outtakes makes me feel more normal
Great video!!! Could the hot gas created in these events ever get cold again in any sort of realistic time frame?
I find your lectures absolutely fascinating and you are utterly charming in your delivery. Thank you
Thanks Dr Becky, I enjoy the logic and simplicity of your presentation. Keep the videos coming please.
Becky. You are an absolute joy to watch and to listen to. Thank you
So good to see you again Becky. Hope you had a great Christmas and New Years.
So happy to have found your channel. I have felt like a black hole accreting everything that you’ve made available. Love your videos, the way you explain things, your voice and yes, even the Harrison Ford outfit. ⭐️
Dr. Becky you will have 1M subscribers at some point! This was one of my favorite shows so far!! AGN, a tempest in a teapot. This is very exciting, seeing how modeling drives observation, and observation drives modeling. It would be fascinating to see a more of these walkthroughs of the multi scale (very small to very large structures) modeling that you and your colleagues are doing! As I watched this I suddenly realized that my view of the universe felt more integrated and I almost felt aware of the dynamism happening at greater scales than I normally conceive of when I gaze at the night sky and ponder. Truly one of my favorite videos you’ve done so far.
Such a great video! Once again, thank you for all of these! My guess for your undisclosed trip destination: The Royal Observatory?
12:00 This portrays one of the reasons why I love your videos so much.
Am I the only one who wants to see a paper titled the "Over-excited Puppy Distribution of ..." at some point? I am? Okay, I'll see myself out...
"Analysis of the Over-excited Puppy temperature regime of the Interstellar Medium".
The Mathematical Properties of Organising Energised Puppies and Factors of Canine Entropy.
“The Fluid Dynamics and Strange Attractor States of Over-Excitable Puppies in The Bayesian Probability of Star Formation”
Oooh, good titles all! Hmm, maybe instead of Brownian motion, we'll have Brindlian motion. Or Dalmatian ... Dalmatianian? motion? Oh, throw me a bone. I can't have any caffeine today.
I really want to see the video on this now!
your talking about agn reminds me of the time i was standing under a very low fast moving & ascending funnel cloud that had just been a tornado carved a trail through a cornfield. it felt like a blow torch of hot air on my face & my ears popped
A Bunsen flame burns blue because of emission from the chemical species present, surely. Not because it's hot enough to emit black body radiation in the blue region.
Yes. They aren't anywhere near hot enough to be blue hot. There just isn't any soot to glow yellow because you have complete combustion.
That is my understanding.
The Internet is not giving a solid answer for the maximum temperature in a methane Bunsen burner flame, but it looks like the various answers top out around 1800K. 1800 K would produce orange black body radiation.
I take it this is a deliberate mistake to make sure we're paying attention? Blue flame is due to emission lines in flame species, yellow/white candle flame is soot particles incandescing, oxy-acetylene torch flame is hotter and basically white, to incandesce blue you need to be much hotter, in an electric arc perhaps.
@@markholm7050 It is just barely possible to melt a copper wire in a small methane flame, if that helps you.
I love how clever Dr Becky is making me, I love your videos they have so much information☺️
Dr. Indiana Smethurst, adventure astrophysicist. Has a nice ring to it. :)
Terrific video Dr. Becky! Now I can't wait for "Quenching 102". That Dog analogy was right on point! BTW, my guess is that you are heading for one of the Telescope Observatories either in Hawaii or the one located in So. America? Anyway, wherever you are headed, have fun, be safe & learn a lot.......... 👍👍🐕🐕
Another awesome video! ❤️
How much does the temperature of the gas raise before it becomes unusable for star formation?
You were mentioned on the Philip Defranco show the other day and I smiled. ;) Always fun to see youtubers you follow mention the other one. It was in regards to your tweets about the standing brooms or something.
I saw! So cool 😂
Standing brooms???
This is a really interesting subject that you don't hear much about, ever. Thanks for teaching us about it!
Yeah, it's not the topic that draws headlines... Those time scales are so long, and the processes so gradual that we haven't had the technology to look for long enough to see a difference happen anywhere, outside of single events like supernovae.
Dr. Becky I love your outtakes at the end of your videos.
u make every outfit look good Becky... i hope u know that is meant as a simple compliment and nothing bad... as a nice person i enjoy complimenting people on the way they look because SOME work hard on it
Thank u Dr Beck for educating me and many others (nearly 100k, play button soon :)) Love ur videos, just wish I was smart enough too actually study astronomy...any tips for a curious mind??? Thanks again Rhys
The Universe isn’t old enough...
for galaxies to have lived long enough, to die.
Wow, loved it
Yay space stuff! Work just got better. Thanks dr B
I love your Hon Solo outfit and I love that you talked about it.
That's fascinating to know about the colours of galaxy can be representative of their age and what stars are in there. I'll bare that in mind when I take photos of them! Good to know.
Btw the puppy analogy? On point 👌
AstroFarsography
Kittens could also work, especially since we already have the metaphor “it’s like herding cats” in the English language.
I love all this awesome space vids! 🤩
Thanks doc -- you are intellectually stimulating -- humorous -- and quite lovely -- take care -- stay safe and -- don't stop!!!!!
Wednesday evening is the new Nature journal issue and also new Dr. Becky video. A double pleasure.
By the way, today's Nature has the Galaxy-scale gas wave paper we heard first about on this channel.
Mind blowing stuff. Had to watch it twice!
Very good. Even a little easier to understand than Anton, whom I love. The outtakes are a riot.
All right!! Video from Dr. Becky!
this probably wont get the most views, but imo this is the best video you've ever made, I really learned a lot and it's such a fascinating topic
Looking forward to the live q and a 100k subscribers celebration!
Nice to have some major video come out just in time for you hitting 100K subscribers
Always awesome and interesting Dr. Becky!!!... But now I have quench quench baby stuck in my head!!!!!
Your videos are very much appreciated, this one covers a subject that I have always wondered about but has not been covered elsewhere, you didn't say what will happen to these red dead galaxies in the distant future, would they eventually loose all their energy and be attractive gravitationally again?
I was wondering why you were wearing a shoulder holster and the you said smoking gun and I thought that's why! But of course it it is more Harrson Ford now you mention it :). Grea video btw!
Just want to say you are awesome!!!! love your CZcams content 👍👍
Interesting stuff. Good luck on your search.
Hi Dr. Becky. Thank you for an awesome channel explaining the most complex things in a perfectly understandable way for a dummy like myself!
I wanted to ask if I understand right that, according to the contemporary science, as there was a big bang and the universe spreads out with accelaration ever since, the current shape of the universe shall be a massive annulus where both radiuses constantly increasing and with big radius growth outpacing small radius growth? And there is nothing in the center, or maybe something that actually exploded into a big bang. Ty!
I have SEEN groups of puppies being wrangled, and you are spot on! I really learned a lot of interesting stuff in this video. It's a new favorite of mine! :-)
Hi Becky, love your plain English explanations of what happened, so I apologise in advance for the technical question. What temperature would the gas be when it becomes too energised to not become new stars?
Puppy analogy was on point 👌
Question: on a long enough time scale, won't galaxies who's gas has been overly heated eventually cool down via radiation to the point that the gas begins to gravitationally collapse again and set off a second life of star formation?
Love how you plugged the blue flame Bunsen into the blue tap
Antarctica! (Your work sounds fascinating. Thanks so much for these glimpses inside.)
Saw you mentioned on Philip defranco! haha nice ;)
Explaining the ?. This is why I like your channel.
This is so great.
I have watched about a million videos on stellar formation but no one ever addressed what was going on with the filament structure. It still just boggles my mind that we even know what it (the universe) looks like at that scale.
And that we know about the various voids and superstructures.....
You rock Dr. Becky!
(..but don't get a big head about it)
JK.
Thanks a lot BECKY, now i'm listening to all of the spice girl songs.... realy, thanks :*
Just had an idea about FRBs. Could it be as simple as gravitational lensing of radio waves?
When a radio wave source lines up with a massive object from our perspective. Would love to hear your thoughts.
More puppy analogies! This was great.
So interesting to me as a cosmology geek but find it hard to fully grasp some of the concepts, I appreciate how you can explain things in an understandable way!
So how hot is hot as far as the interstellar gasses? We were always told that space is an incredibly cold place.
Hot, about 1,000,000K or greater to emit x-rays. Space is incredible cold, roughly 2 - 3K. Heat is an expression of energy. If a gas molecule is highly energised it is "hot". There may only be 1 molecule in a volume of say a cubic meter so even though it is incredibly hot the empty space is frigid. Incredibly hot and also incredibly diffuse gas. If you were in the corona of our sun which is roughly 10,000,000K but were shaded from the direct effect of the sun you would freeze to death and not burn up.
who does your hair?? looks amazing!
Can you make a video about radiative and convective cooling in stars. (Bonus points if you talk about the CNO cycle)
Whirlpool galaxies are particularly worrying though...and they can't be recalled either...
this is amazing, thank you
The Excited Puppy star formation model and Galaxy Benders. I sense a paper coming.
All things must die. Just like my dream of having a pint with you in a wee pub.Thank you for all the great lessons. Cheers from 🇨🇦
Interesting video!
However, there's one thing I'd like to know: You say that after the gas is heated it's not possible to be used for star formation anymore. Obviously at short timescales I will agree. But what about the long run? Couldn't the gas just cool down (e.g. by losing entropy due to photon emmission, or the like) and then when it has cooled down, form new stars, just much much later? In this picture it wouldn't seem too unlikely that even after a galaxy has fallen into a hot slumber, it could be woken up again after some cool-down period and continue producing new stars.
I was thinking along the same lines. I expect things were pretty hot at the big bang yet galaxies did eventually form.
> losing entropy
More like gaining entropy, and _losing energy._
Does the hydrogen thrown off from dead stars eventually cool down so that it can form stars again? Maybe from the energy lost from emitting radiation?
Many times, but not always.
It's official Dr. Becky. You are the most adorable CZcamsr on the net! And with all those smarts?!? Simply Irresistible !
Can we clone a few million of her?
Two observations: (1) the puppy pile force is the strongest observed force known to man (2) 100,000 year lifetimes for really large stars is interesting when it's said that it takes about that long for photons to get out of the core of our Sun due to the density, etc etc.
I honestly thought only increased metallicity of stars would determine galactic quenching. Thanks Dr. Becky! Although I do want to add if supernovae can also prohibit star formation in nearby gas cloud besides just simply heating it like what happened to pillars of creation.
I was wondering about this too. I assume stars can only form out of hydrogen & helium, and these materials are constantly being fused into higher atomic number elements, so a galaxy eventually runs out of ingredients no matter what?
I guess a lot of stars will go supernova long before they've used up all their hydrogen so maybe it actually doesn't deplete very fast compared to some of these other mechanisms?
You had a shout out on Philllip defranco's show yesterday....just FYI!
Knowledge for the sake of knowledge with zero practical purpose? Doesn't matter. You are so charming I would watch your videos just for the pleasure of watching someone talk about subjects they obviously love. Everyone should have a career that excites them. What a wonderful world that would be 😁👍👍
If a Galaxy is quenched because the interstellar gas was heated too much, in the very long term could the gas cool off enough for star formation to be restarted?
I would guess that either the universe isn't old enough for a galaxy to be revived in such a manner or that such a process would form stars infrequently enough that it couldn't meaningfully be called a revival, or both.
Astronomy timescales are difficult.
For exmaple you have galaxies rotating. But how long does that take because galaxies are giant. How many orbits do they get in a lifetime before some merger event disturbs it again? One or two maybe?
Star life cycles are different as well and some longer than our universe is old so far. The whole star formation simulation you showed only takes a few thousand years.
Could you please talk about the recent news re: galaxy XMM-2599? It seems that it formed and quenched very quickly early in the life of the universe? You're very good at explaining recent research, and I'd love to hear your take on this one.
Well, there is a French movie called, "Blue is the warmest color."
1:30 I have to call you out on this one. The color of a flame has little to do with its temperature and more with complex photochemical and thermodynamical processes occurring during the oxidation of the fuel. Bunsen burners use propane and butane, which in ideal conditions burn at around 2000K, (although Bunsen flames rarely exceed 1500K) and acetylene torches around 2500K, all well below the black body radiation temperature corresponding to blue, around 9000K-12000K.
Otherwise great video as always.
Dr. Becky: a very good explanation as always, but...
... you mention several times the word "gas". That let me in doubt because if the gas is hydrogen, it will be usable to form a star. If it is helium resulting from hydrogen fusion on a dead star then it will not be easily usable on a new star.
So, besides the four quadrant explanation I missed some clarification about what gas you were thinking of.
A new addition to the spice girls...
Brainy spice! 😍
I’m glad Joe suggested your channel! Good stuff!
You''re in focus!!
@Dr. Becky, here's a cool question. Veiwing the brightness of galactic centers could there be habital zones around such centers. For instance rogue worlds or thousands of entire solar systems of planets & moons that are technically in or orbiting that said habital zone? Food for thought.
The other analogy, rather than puppies, is trying to collect pre-school age kids after they have eaten too much chocolate cake at a birthday party! Great video. A fascinating and complex subject that you made understandable.
I'll take a guess you are going to La Palma for something to do with Cherenkov Telescope Array?
And why have I only just found your channel this week?!
If the gas is heated, can it eventually radiate enough light that it will cool enough that it will form stars again?
Can't the gas eventually cool down again? Even if it's a very long "eventually"
Yes, the heated gas will cool down over the course of hundred of 1000's years to billions. But, once cooled it's density will be almost uniform with variations probably a few orders of magnitude less than it was before the heating. Then, it may take several billions of years before any cloud become dense enough for star formation can resume.
Sounds like Dr Who time scales. Easy for a TARDIS.
@@Kualinar It is also worth noting that as the gas cools it begins falling under gravity again which funnels much of that gas into the galaxies core where it can trigger AGN activity there are some massive galaxies which show evidence for episodic activity switching between feeding and quenching through outflows
@@Kualinar I think I understand. My thinking though is that we know the sun is at least a 4th generation star due to it's high metallicity. This means at one time it was part of a star that blew up, that gas became another star rinse and repeat until we got the gas forming what would come to be called "Sol" by the mostly harmless, not so hairy apes from a rather boring planet in a very uninteresting arm of the galaxy.
@@kingblondie7075 Did you know Ford is currently working on a city car version of the Torus. Much smaller that the original Torus it will be called the Ford Tardis. The catch line will be, "You'll sear it bigger on the inside."
emoji galaxies were a great visual aid!
HAHAHA The Puppy Metaphor is everything!
If overheating is a quenching event, wouldn't it only be temporary, as things would cool over time? Or would the timescale for such cooling be past the ...end of the universe?
Really interesting description of things, but I'm left wondering how this combines with the conservation of energy... the energy cannot be destroyed, however it can be radiated away, which would mean that the "central" (yes, I know) galaxies would keep going for longer, but also where the energy heading "out" (this gets conceptually worse) actually goes - as in what is there?
I have probably given myself an instant headache thinking about this.
I love the puppy reference. 🐕🐕🐩
I thoroughly envy your job. You are an impressive woman. Cheers, Russ