Basic Civil || Survey Instrument|| Chain, Tape, Compass, Dumpy Level, Theodolite, Total Station

1. Chain-
Measuring distance with chain or rope is the most accurate and common method, called as chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is used. Where great accuracy is required, a steel tape is used.
2. Tapes--- Surveying tapes are made of various materials and therefore can be divided into different types as follows.
3. Arrows
When measuring the length, a chain is given 10 arrows along a chain when measuring the distance to mark the end of the chain properly and to calculate the entire chain-lengths.
4. Pegs-
Wooden plots are used to indicate the position of the survey points or the final points of the survey line on the ground. They are made of solid wood. Its head is square and is sharpened, leaving the lower end in torture. Their headings are 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm or 3 cm x 3 cm, and their length is 15 cm. They are stacked on the ground with a wooden hammer in such a way that their head is 4 cm above the ground surface. Stay high Nails are mounted to indicate the precise location of the survey station.
5. Ranging Rod--
The ranging rod is 2 or 3 meters long, as shown below. Its diameter is usually 3 cm. It is made of wood or bamboo or GI. It has to be 15 cm in one end to allow it to be placed in the ground. A long iron cone-shaped shoe is worn.
6. Offset Rods-
An offset fine is used to rotate or construct a survey line. It’s similar to the drawing penalty. It is 3 meters in length. It has a groove or hooks on one end.
7. Hammer
8. Plum-bob
9. Cross staff---
The cross staff is used to set out the perpendicular directions for offsets
10. Prismatic compass---
Prismatic Compass consists of cylindrical metal box of about 8-12 cm diameter in the center of which is a pivot carrying a magnetic needle which is already attached to the graduated aluminum ring. The ring is graduated and is read by reflecting prism.
11. Dumpy level is the most commonly used instrument in leveling. In this level the telescope is restricted against movement in its horizontal plane and telescope is fixed to its support. A bubble tube is provided on the top of the telescope. But however, the leveling head can be rotated in horizontal plane with the telescope. The telescope is internal focusing telescope is a metal tube contains four main parts as given below.
Objective lens
Diaphragm
Eye-piece
12. Levelling Staff--- A levelling staff is a straight rectangular rod having graduations, the foot of the staff representing zero reading. The purpose of a level in to establish a horizontal line of sight. The purpose of the levelling staff is to determine the amount by which the station is above or below the line of sight. Types of Levelling staves may be divided into two classes
1. Self-reading staff
2. Target staff
13. Plane table surveying is the graphical method of surveying that is carried out to prepare maps, and plans and also to collect details (like topographic details) through field observations. In this type of surveying plotting of the plan and field observations can be done simultaneously. This surveying is carried out utilizing a plane table hence it is named as plane table surveying. The size of plane-table is 750 mm x 600mm.
14. Theodolite -In survey, a theodolite is an instrument mounted with a moveable telescope, used for precise measurements of horizontal and vertical angles. It can completely rotate along the horizontal plane and its telescope can be rotated up to 180°. It is considered to be more precise and speedy than the regular chain survey, compass or plane-table surveying and is commonly used in engineering fields for land surveying, route surveying and constructional surveys.
15. Total Station-
Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument.
16. Modern surveying instruments which are used for surveying:
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Instruments
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Automatic Level

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