Chain survey || Principles of chain surveying || Ranging & Chaining || Field Measurements

Chains and scales are commonly used to directly measure the linear distance between two points above the earth’s surface.
We will study the types of these chains and measurements and how the distances are measured by the primary purpose of the survey is to create maps.
Instruments Used in Chain Surveying (Survey Instruments)
What Instruments are Used in Chain Surveying? As follows.
Chain or Tape.
Arrows (Arrows in Surveying).
Pegs.
Offset Rods.
Range Rod (Ranging Rod).
Offset Rods.
1. Chain or Tape-
Before the metric system was implemented in India, a 100-foot engineering chain, a 66-foot gutter chain, and a 33-foot revenue chain were used.
Now metric chains of 5, 10, 20 and 30-meter lengths are used. The survey uses more of the 20 and 30-meter chains. The chains are 4 mm wide. They are made of a small link of galvanized wire of diameter.
2. Arrows (Arrows in Surveying)-
When measuring the length, a chain is given 10 arrows along a chain when measuring the distance to mark the end of the chain properly and to calculate the entire chain-lengths.
The arrow is 4 mm. A good quality of diameter is made of soft steel wire. The lower end is curved, while the upper end is rounded with a 5 c.m. loop.
Range Rod (Ranging Rod)
One has to draw in a straight line to measure. Drawing penalties are used for drawing.
The fine is 2 or 3 meters long, as shown below. Its diameter is usually 3 cm as much as Sometimes it is also octagonal in the intersection. It is made of wood or bamboo.
It has to be 15 cm in one end to allow it to be placed in the ground. A long iron cone-shaped shoe is worn.
It should be white and black or white and red or white, red and black, 20 cm in order to make the fine appear from a distance. It is painted in strips of length. When the distance between the survey locations is greater, red, white, or yellow color is placed on the upper end of the drawing bar. (Ranging rod)
5. Offset Rods-
An offset fine is used to rotate or construct a survey line. It’s similar to the drawing penalty. It is 3 meters in length. It has a groove or hooks on one end.
The fine offset consists of two narrow rectangular holes that are angled to each other as they pass through the center of the eye at the height of the eye, which is used to take the vertical.
7. Plumb Bob- Normal using.
Types of Chains Used in Surveying
Metric Chains.
Steel Band or Band Chain.
Gunter’s Chain or surveyor’s Chain.
Engineer’s Chain.
Revenue Chain.
#1. Metric Chains-
Metric chains are generally available in length of 5, 10, 20, and 30 meters.IS: 1492-1970 covers the requirements of metric chains.
For the reading of fractions and accurate reading, tallies are fixed at every meter for chains of length 5 and 10 meters and at 5 meters for chains of length 20 and 30 meters.
In the case of chains of length 20 and 30 meters, a small brass ring is provided at every one meter except the place where tallies are provided, for accurate and fractional reading.
#2. Steel Band or Band Chain-
Steel band or Band chain consists of a long narrow strip of blue steel of uniform width of 12 to 16 mm and thickness of 0.3 to 0.6mm. Metric steel bands are available in length of 20 or 30 m. During continuous use the length of a chain gets altered. Its length is shortened chiefly due to the bending of the links.
#3. Gunter’s Chain or Surveyor’s Chain-
Surveyor’s chain, also called Gunter’s chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in English-speaking countries. Invented by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the early 17th century, Gunter’s chain is exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long and divided into 100 links.
#4. Engineer’s Chain-
A surveyor’s measuring instrument consisting of 1-foot (30.48-centimeter) steel links joined together by rings, 100 feet (30.5 meters) or 50 feet (15.25 meters) long. Also known as a chain.
#5. Revenue Chain-
The standard size of this type of chain is 33ft. The number of links is 16, each link being 2 ft. This chain is commonly used in the cadastral surveys.
What is Chain Surveying?
Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly flat.
It derives its name from the fact that the principle equipment commonly used is the chain. Chain surveying is that type of surveying in which only linear measurements made in the field.
Surveying is suitable for surveys of the small extent on open ground to secure data for an exact description of the boundaries of a piece of land or to take simple details.
The principle of chain survey or Chain Triangulation, as is sometimes called, is to provide a skeleton or framework consists of a number of connected triangles, as the triangle is the only simple draw that can be plotted from the lengths of its sides measured in the field book.

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