Gout - Mechanisms & Treatment

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  • čas přidán 26. 05. 2019
  • This video describes the physiological mechanisms that bring about gout and also the mechanisms of action for the medications used to treat and prevent a gout attack.

Komentáře • 193

  • @turanamo
    @turanamo Před rokem +9

    wow! This is a no-BS, cut-to-the-chase, to-the-point, video that I watched on Gout. And I watched a lot of them. It even educates with quizzes at the end. Simply brilliant!

  • @linhdo9141
    @linhdo9141 Před 3 lety +26

    I think this is the best and most informative explanation about gout so far and I have watched many gout related videos. Very valuable information for gout sufferers. Thank you.

    • @healthsignalllc3456
      @healthsignalllc3456 Před 2 lety

      Thank you for this educational and factual vid. It helps me wrap my head around my gout malady. What confuses me is that gout rears it’s ugly head when least expected and I end up identifying it later than is best for post care. Must become more aware. Thank you again.

  • @jrcahill2
    @jrcahill2 Před 2 lety +19

    Regarding synovial fluid & water:
    I used to have 3-4 gout attacks a year. Then when I started to hydrate much more and cut out sodas, my attacks dropped down to once a year and were much less serious.
    Just my personal experience with hydration and gout.
    For me hydration is my primary preventative measure.

    • @OneManStartup
      @OneManStartup Před 2 lety +1

      Your main preventative measure was to cut out sodas. Google how fructose affect uric acid.

  • @jannmikoingelrabagogamingc6012

    There almost no videos that gives off a question section at the end. I am both grateful and thankful, as well as, want to commend for adding this - helps in the retention of what I have learned throughout the video, really!

  • @user-bz5oh2go3z
    @user-bz5oh2go3z Před 4 měsíci +2

    Amazing method of teaching, thank you sir 😊

  • @sidraiqbal2833
    @sidraiqbal2833 Před rokem +2

    These 7 min are pretty enough to understand gout .. thanku so much

  • @FarStar483
    @FarStar483 Před rokem +2

    Thank you this helped much better than my professors. They always put words on the slides and expect us to understand. Only a few professors accommodate me walk me through things on a biochemical level

  • @rareseason
    @rareseason Před 2 lety +5

    Thank you! This is the best presentation on the gout issue I’ve ever seen! So well organized even a guy like me could understand. What medications to take for what purpose, and even when in the attack to take them was very clear. What organs come into play and are affected by each of the medications often prescribed. This will certainly help in my prevention of future attacks and what to do if I happen to catch one again. I would like you to expand on the relationship that increasing glucose readings has on gout. Thank you so much. 👍🏼😎

  • @joemcmillan2089
    @joemcmillan2089 Před 3 lety +9

    I'm a 30 year gout sufferer. MD's and pharma for over 2 years and daily meds did not stop or decrease the attacks. Quit them and started natural remedies. Some diet and exercise may have helped. Daily cocktail that began with tart cherry juice and expanded to include ACV, cinnamon powder, black pepper, turmeric powder, celery seed extract and 1/2 fresh lemon and pulp has helped with control of the attacks - not eliminated though.
    During a recent attack I sought something better. Decided to try low carb/keto. Within the first week pain was gone and swelling was decreasing. Weight is dropping, BP has dropped, sleep is better and I feel much younger than my 71 years. Achy joints not related to gout are much better as the inflammation from sugar is gone.
    Giving up the sugar (and carbs) has been difficult but eating bacon, pork, red meat, mushrooms and many other purine foods has been a pleasure. Even still drinking beer but not everyday.
    So, don't take my word, do some study and give it a try. There are many benefits other than gout.

    • @userasdf1546
      @userasdf1546 Před 3 lety

      my Gout attack happens when I start Keto and fasting. I goes away after I start eating carbs. I lost 24 lbs since the new years and now the Gout attack is stopping my weight loss progress. This is the second time this is happening. I'm 33 years old

    • @rareseason
      @rareseason Před 2 lety +1

      Great testimony. I agree with you as this has been my story as well. It seems it all start with ingesting too much sugar. Reducing or eliminating sugar through diet changes and increasing hydration with water, increasing exercise (to increase blood flow) will lead to less or no gout attacks and improve, as you’ve said a healthier body in other areas as well. Thanks again!

    • @Jordanfiend361
      @Jordanfiend361 Před 2 lety

      That’s only temporary not a long term fix

    • @joemcmillan2089
      @joemcmillan2089 Před 2 lety

      @@Jordanfiend361 Still no gout ONE and 1/2 years later. Seems to be LONG TERM temporary....

    • @Jordanfiend361
      @Jordanfiend361 Před 2 lety

      @@joemcmillan2089 a year or two isn’t long term. 5plus years would be considered long term without a a single twinge. Hope it continues to work out for you.

  • @zamzammrfixit3113
    @zamzammrfixit3113 Před 2 lety +2

    Best video and explanation, thanks for your help in posting this helpful information. I’m having a gout attack right now and the pain is unbearable. Thanks a lot .

  • @twitchster77
    @twitchster77 Před 4 lety +18

    Gout has been the most physically painful thing I've gone through in my life. My worst attack lasted for over 3 weeks. I was in constant chronic pain the whole time.
    Luckily Colchicine is pretty much a miracle med for me. As long as I take 1 the day I get signs of an oncoming attack (along with taking 1 for 2 or 3 days after) it prevents a major flare up. It just stopped an attack dead in it's track this weekend! Thank goodness for this med!

    • @John-zo8jr
      @John-zo8jr Před 4 lety +3

      That’s what I do. The second I feel a twinge I take one. It stops it now every time. The sooner you take it the better.

    • @mr.horseshoe2301
      @mr.horseshoe2301 Před 4 lety +1

      twitchster77 unfortunately, colchicine doesn’t work for me. Just recovered from a three week long attack and it was hell.

    • @twitchster77
      @twitchster77 Před 4 lety +2

      @@mr.horseshoe2301 Man I hear you. It's unbelievable how painful this is.
      The key to Colchicine is to take it at the first signs of an upcoming flare up...the sooner the better. It doesn't seem to work if you're already having a flare up :(.
      So glad your flare up is over now! Bloody hell...people don't even understand haha

    • @luisalbertodiaz8138
      @luisalbertodiaz8138 Před 4 lety

      Cheers for this, I been tryin to find out about "gout in heel treatment" for a while now, and I think this has helped. Have you heard people talk about - Eiyacob Preliminary Eradicator - (should be on google have a look )?
      It is a great exclusive guide for discovering how to get rid of gout minus the normal expense. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my mate got amazing success with it.

    • @astridrivero9286
      @astridrivero9286 Před 4 lety

      This is just superb, I been tryin to find out about "ankle brace for gout" for a while now, and I think this has helped. You ever tried - Eiyacob Preliminary Eradicator - (do a google search )?
      It is a good one off product for discovering how to get rid of gout without the hard work. Ive heard some unbelievable things about it and my brother in law got cool success with it.

  • @debigdogk9563
    @debigdogk9563 Před 7 měsíci +2

    Awesome teaching, simply the best. Thank you ❤❤❤❤❤

  • @saisatvika7411
    @saisatvika7411 Před 3 lety +5

    I rlly learnt the topic in the best way wid all d info compessed in d best way 7min tq so much.....

  • @ResidentGG
    @ResidentGG Před rokem +2

    Thanks, very clear!

  • @shaikhaj2397
    @shaikhaj2397 Před 2 lety +3

    THIS IS A MASTERPIECE THANK U

  • @MrUnix-cu9yy
    @MrUnix-cu9yy Před 3 lety +1

    This video is a life saver. Thank you. 😊

  • @user-fc7oi9mx7g
    @user-fc7oi9mx7g Před 7 měsíci +2

    This is perfect. Thank you!

  • @UM.JAWAD.1991
    @UM.JAWAD.1991 Před 2 lety +1

    What a great lecture!! Thanks for your efforts

  • @rohitkamani6793
    @rohitkamani6793 Před 2 lety +2

    Amazing concept base video

  • @joellopezgarcia9973
    @joellopezgarcia9973 Před 4 lety +2

    Thanks you, your work is awesome !!

  • @chayanikadeka7617
    @chayanikadeka7617 Před 3 lety +4

    Thank you so much. This was amazing. God bless ✨

  • @northwoodsmanbybobolink336

    Thanks for posting this helpful information!!👍👍

  • @pamelachow1957
    @pamelachow1957 Před 3 lety +1

    Excellent video! Thanks

  • @jonathanross149
    @jonathanross149 Před 4 lety +7

    The best non-drug treatment I have found. Cut out the bad Foods/Drinks and get ice water in a cup with a straw. Drink the ice water compulsively.

  • @user-pq6wz3yp1v
    @user-pq6wz3yp1v Před 3 lety +2

    Very useful, thank you!

  • @sharkparty1027
    @sharkparty1027 Před 3 lety +3

    Loved the quiz at the end. SUBBED!

  • @musicalmeghagni1671
    @musicalmeghagni1671 Před 5 lety +3

    Thanks for another helpful video ...sir 😊😊

  • @dalimkumar552
    @dalimkumar552 Před 2 lety +1

    Thanks for useful video. We want more like this video.

  • @bhargavirapelli8033
    @bhargavirapelli8033 Před rokem +2

    Excellent! Thank you so much 💓

  • @casperakoma7273
    @casperakoma7273 Před 2 lety +2

    From Zimbabwe I say thank for a wonderful informative video. I subscribed.

  • @shreya6390
    @shreya6390 Před 2 lety +2

    Thank you so much.

  • @bclrnz
    @bclrnz Před 3 lety +1

    Just thank you so much

  • @edwardbliss8931
    @edwardbliss8931 Před 4 lety +83

    OK. Who's having gout flare-ups during this self-isolation?

    • @mr.horseshoe2301
      @mr.horseshoe2301 Před 4 lety +21

      It’s in my ankle. Tempted to just chop off my foot right now.

    • @jatiic6664
      @jatiic6664 Před 4 lety +11

      Pass out yesterday night due to pain after trying to go to the toilet, one moment I was trying to unbuckle my pants, another moment I was on the bathroom floor

    • @edrilnapallad3495
      @edrilnapallad3495 Před 4 lety +5

      Me, right about now

    • @marcvaldez9163
      @marcvaldez9163 Před 4 lety +6

      It's been 2 weeks since my attack started until now im suffering the WORSE pain you've ever imagine btw im only 17 years old😭

    • @marcvaldez9163
      @marcvaldez9163 Před 4 lety +3

      Can i get some tips on you guys on how to relief the pain?

  • @stephenbui490
    @stephenbui490 Před 2 lety +1

    It's valuable information. I'm on diet with gym and no alcohol consumption. But i am getting gout attack one a year with painful. It's the fact that 80% urine comes from my body

  • @shadeeduliqaab
    @shadeeduliqaab Před 3 lety +1

    Thank you so much❤😊

  • @DenskieTV26
    @DenskieTV26 Před 3 lety +2

    good information

  • @mariociencia12
    @mariociencia12 Před 4 lety +2

    Very good!

  • @DinaMAwad
    @DinaMAwad Před 4 lety +2

    Manyyyyy thanks Dr.

  • @xuhan3781
    @xuhan3781 Před 4 lety +1

    Thank you for the detailed info! Love your explanation!

  • @hafsamohamed3450
    @hafsamohamed3450 Před 4 lety

    thank you

  • @vaishnaviramakrishna265
    @vaishnaviramakrishna265 Před 4 lety +2

    Perfect 💯!

    • @alexvidu4517
      @alexvidu4517 Před 4 lety

      Many thanks, I've been looking for "holistic healing gout" for a while now, and I think this has helped. Have you ever come across - Eiyacob Preliminary Eradicator - (search on google )?
      It is a smashing one off product for discovering how to get rid of gout minus the hard work. Ive heard some extraordinary things about it and my cousin got amazing results with it.

  • @montazaraldujeili2475
    @montazaraldujeili2475 Před 3 lety +1

    Brilliant

  • @physiopathopharmaco4190
    @physiopathopharmaco4190  Před 5 lety +14

    For Question 1, the answer should also include febuxostat

    • @patchworkpig89
      @patchworkpig89 Před 2 lety

      Thanks for adding that - I was wondering about it

  • @reiylin1374
    @reiylin1374 Před rokem +1

    Thanks you so much

  • @gamaltaher9714
    @gamaltaher9714 Před 2 lety +1

    Thanks

  • @wijdandaoub9967
    @wijdandaoub9967 Před 2 lety

    Super duper excellent 👀

  • @s.kn.k7820
    @s.kn.k7820 Před 4 lety +9

    This problem related with kidney, liver , poor digestive system and gas trouble

  • @shadeeduliqaab
    @shadeeduliqaab Před 3 lety +1

    Brilliant😎👍

  • @nurainnabihahjaafar3203
    @nurainnabihahjaafar3203 Před 3 lety +1

    thank u so much

  • @marchutchinson1038
    @marchutchinson1038 Před 2 lety

    Very good explained gout brilliant..but i would love to know if you can gout arthritis and Osteoarthritis at the same time

  • @musicalmeghagni1671
    @musicalmeghagni1671 Před 5 lety

    Please upload the video on , how diabetes causes atherosclerosis ?🙏

  • @pywifishingandoutdoors
    @pywifishingandoutdoors Před 2 lety +1

    Is there any scientific evidence for raising my leg and foot in the air to reduce the throbbing pain? Seems to work and make sleep a bit more managable.

  • @drwaleed6845
    @drwaleed6845 Před 4 lety +1

    Us full the best ❤️

  • @Iamkayc
    @Iamkayc Před 3 měsíci +1

    You’re the best

  • @user-zz5jq5rh1c
    @user-zz5jq5rh1c Před 4 lety +1

    Perfect ..
    Thanks sir

  • @jcruzrocks
    @jcruzrocks Před 2 lety +3

    I have suffered from gout since I was 22 years old. My gout is genetic. I try to only eat chicken and sometimes pork and fish. Those pains are terrible but there’s not much I can do.

    • @911jayishsupremacy
      @911jayishsupremacy Před rokem

      Try Indomethacin 50 mg 2/3 x a day. When flares. Take for a few days with colchicine for light symptoms as it goes away and maintaining uric acid levels. then few days with Allopurinol post flare days controlling uric acid when your diet is messy or traveling. Exercise and intermittent fasting and green tea lemon with ginger for daily maintenance without drugs.

    • @pram9832
      @pram9832 Před rokem

      @ Baby Coe what is your diet? What about medicine?? Do you eat meat, chicken, eggs etc.. Please advice.

  • @rgrams1
    @rgrams1 Před 6 měsíci +1

    Had not realized that at lower temperatures urate crystals will precipitate more easily, particularly around joints at body extremes like fingers and toes?

  • @4rfv4rfv
    @4rfv4rfv Před 11 měsíci

    Can you elaborate on taking apple cider vinegar since it’s also acidic in nature. Does that cause an onset of increased deposits?

  • @lazymedic5988
    @lazymedic5988 Před 4 lety

    Febuxostat is also a xanthine oxidase inhibitor but its a non purine analogue

  • @enseignante6444
    @enseignante6444 Před rokem

    please can you tel me what is the relation between uric anid and uracil ?

  • @shadeeduliqaab
    @shadeeduliqaab Před 3 lety +1

    God bless you:)

  • @dipakgrg1
    @dipakgrg1 Před 3 lety +1

    Do yoga for gout . It really helps

  • @brianboswell4659
    @brianboswell4659 Před 2 lety +2

    I've had two gout attacks since 2019. It usually renders me unable to walk for about a week. I always fear losing my employment because of it.

    • @marchutchinson1038
      @marchutchinson1038 Před 2 lety

      They can't sack you they have to help you first I'm in the same situation, as long as my the attacks are not every week but 3 or 4 a year at a week or so they can't!.. ive got it in both knees,feet,ankles and left had and wrist I'm also left hand my work is very active I work in a garage

  • @cynthia7569
    @cynthia7569 Před 3 lety

    by eating tumeric or any anti inflamation food, can it dissolve the formed crystal? m

  • @anandraulsahu1
    @anandraulsahu1 Před 2 lety +1

    Try taking baking soda one tea spoon mixed with 3 lemon. And add water to it and stir well. Do this 3 times a day u will have releif very soon, follow this for about 2 days and your pain will subside quickly. It worked for me. But also u have to stay away from sodas, alcohol, fructose , red meats and high corn food. U will see great results

  • @CuriousDaeron
    @CuriousDaeron Před 4 lety

    I have a long unresolved question in Quora that goes like this: If I am willing to sit through the gout pain instead of taking NSAIDs, would i be better off in the long term? From the video it seems like its a NO since the the phagocytes will actually for contribute to forming more UA crystals. Did i understand it correctly?

    • @abrahamd2605
      @abrahamd2605 Před 4 lety

      Try grounding,Daniel.It's a natural treatment good for health and gout.DIY an earthing mat is so easy and cheap.

    • @hopefilledsinner3911
      @hopefilledsinner3911 Před 4 lety

      That's what I understood from it. What's your concern using NSAIDS ?

  • @erosmumung8806
    @erosmumung8806 Před 3 lety +3

    Mine is
    Uric acid 540
    Creatinine 524
    egfr 11
    Non-dialysis
    Which will be the best treatment for my gout attact ?

    • @sandeepd2667
      @sandeepd2667 Před 2 lety

      Mine. Alomost same situation but my egfr was 22.its because I was taking nsaid for almost 4 years the last year I was always rely on these pills . I didnt any uric acid tablets .one fine morning got blood test reports almost same like you . Rushed to a&e they immediately put saline and said me to stop pain killer .that same night I was bedridden . I stayed in bed for 10days can even move my legs all swallen up .
      They prescribed allopurinol,colchine ,but nothing helped . After 6 days the pain was unbearable so doctor prescribed corticosteroid for 1 week . Slowly thing get to change .
      After 15 days blood report gone bit positive . Creatine level gone bit down So egfr improved from 22-35 .
      Now I am on allopurinol I still have gout attack all the time . I started keto and drinking lot of water . It starting to help . Let see how it goes
      Medication I take
      Allopurinol -100mg
      Colchicine for first 10days
      Vitamin c 1000mg twice
      Celery seeds tablet 1 a days
      Drink lemon juice every morning .
      Vitamin d3 40000ui daily .
      Reduce meat almost .no alcohol,no sugary drinks , no fried food , no Dairy items

  • @Jahalang82
    @Jahalang82 Před 4 lety +2

    I was just prescribed probenecid, does that mean I should increase my water intake?

  • @stonecoldsteveaustin4590
    @stonecoldsteveaustin4590 Před 3 lety +11

    I AM WATCHING THIS WHILE I HAVE THE GOUT

  • @thefootmodel3482
    @thefootmodel3482 Před 2 lety

    I had my first gout relapse in over 5 yrs. Last time the only thing that worked for me was colchicine. However the doctor prescribed me indomethacin. It's done nothing really for the pain. It's been over 2 weeks. Is it really too late for colchicine? Does it only help if you take it within 48 hours?

    • @therealjulez7886
      @therealjulez7886 Před rokem

      I'm 4 days into my first Gout attack.. very painful. the Dr gave me Colchicine last night, so Im sure the drug still does help even if it seems too late. How are you feeling now?

  • @Tanoforfucksake
    @Tanoforfucksake Před 2 lety

    Can I take naproxen with colchicine?

  • @NKG416
    @NKG416 Před 4 lety +2

    my take is gout can be formed because increased blood acidity, if that's correct can it be easing up with alkaline water because i think it lower the blood pH. Can someone correct my statement?

    • @sandeepd2667
      @sandeepd2667 Před 2 lety

      Yes I used to take 1 tablespoon of baking soda in glass of water early in the morning fasting stayed like that for 2 hours and the eat . It helps me .

  • @jaypeezyfasheezy6907
    @jaypeezyfasheezy6907 Před 2 lety +2

    Allopurinol works WONDERS.

    • @pram9832
      @pram9832 Před rokem +1

      @ Jay Peezy fasheezy For howany years are you using allopurinol?? Do you take chicken, eggs, meat along with medicine? Please reply

    • @jaypeezyfasheezy6907
      @jaypeezyfasheezy6907 Před rokem +1

      @@pram9832 going on about 4 years now. I eat a lot of chicken and tuna. Few red meats. It's been great for me I had 3-4 outbreaks a year in some of the weirdest places like my hip and sternum but with the medicine, I've gone a year and a half without a problem

    • @pram9832
      @pram9832 Před rokem +1

      @@jaypeezyfasheezy6907 so daily medicine works well with Non veg right. What is your daily dosage of allopurinol?? Please reply.

    • @jaypeezyfasheezy6907
      @jaypeezyfasheezy6907 Před rokem +2

      @@pram9832 i take a 100 milligram tab in the morning before breakfast and drink a lot of water. I'm telling you, it works WONDERS man. I was basically disabled with how often, how bad, and how long my attacks lasted. It reduced my attacks to ZERO. Allopurinol for the win. I drink booze still (I know I shouldn't) and I still eat meat and it STILL works.

    • @pram9832
      @pram9832 Před rokem

      @@jaypeezyfasheezy6907 That's great of you. Taking medicine and having meat and protein is great thing. Thanks for info. Do you feel any side effects with med in check up?? Please reply. So we can protein😄

  • @davidnl1579
    @davidnl1579 Před 3 lety +1

    This isn’t English, this is alien language. Stay in school folks

  • @aditarifians
    @aditarifians Před 3 lety +2

    Is that possible to attack in ankle?

    • @stevenricchezza2965
      @stevenricchezza2965 Před 3 lety

      Yes

    • @Eli_Dubs
      @Eli_Dubs Před rokem

      Yes I haven't waked in a month, just finally got fit medicine last night... praying for relief . It's almost always in my ankles.. both

  • @ahmedal-sharabi5322
    @ahmedal-sharabi5322 Před 2 lety

    The process of losing weight is also increasing uric acid because of cell death and metabolism.

  • @craigforster3092
    @craigforster3092 Před 3 lety

    Sitting there at 3am with the worst attack lasting 6 hours.

  • @PulauErk
    @PulauErk Před 4 lety +1

    Sir, how about drinking plenty of water, can it reduce uric acid in blood in scientifical explanation?

    • @daisymonsalve1485
      @daisymonsalve1485 Před 4 lety

      Appreciate Video! Excuse me for the intrusion, I am interested in your thoughts. Have you heard about - Dinanlinson Muscle Rebuilt Approach (erm, check it on google should be there)? It is an awesome exclusive product for saying goodbye to your gout minus the headache. Ive heard some decent things about it and my old buddy Taylor after a lifetime of fighting got excellent results with it.

    • @PulauErk
      @PulauErk Před 4 lety

      @@daisymonsalve1485 Have you tried it?

    • @shwetadhavale3047
      @shwetadhavale3047 Před 3 lety

      Drinking plenty of water is advised for patients on allopurinol / probenecid drug to avoid urate crystallization in urinary tract

  • @drmohdfahadarshad7643
    @drmohdfahadarshad7643 Před 3 lety +1

    Chloroquine does use in gout plz tell me

    • @archie_bunker
      @archie_bunker Před 3 lety +1

      Use indomethacin 50mg twice a day, works for me. Gout free for the last 2 years

  • @stephenmarquardt2390
    @stephenmarquardt2390 Před 4 lety +6

    what about steroids for acute attacks?

  • @bernknezevic7736
    @bernknezevic7736 Před 3 lety +5

    Colchicine is great medication for great

  • @republicanrule
    @republicanrule Před 3 lety +1

    The only thing that works for me is Naproxen. Colchicine does nothing for me & I just suffered a gout attack while using both colchicine and allopurinal. And I can forget cherry juice, apple cider vinegar, juicing celery, etc. None of those work for me.

    • @jayhapa9978
      @jayhapa9978 Před 3 lety +1

      I've tried every "remedy" put there and nothing works!

    • @sandeepd2667
      @sandeepd2667 Před 2 lety

      Don't rely on naproxen . It's instant but in long term it damage kidney alot . It happened to me

  • @sidmichael1158
    @sidmichael1158 Před 3 lety

    So the problem is the liver?

  • @mrmeach1967
    @mrmeach1967 Před dnem +1

    1:54 2:35

  • @markhernandez7109
    @markhernandez7109 Před 3 lety +2

    Am 37 and had gout when I was 20 it sucks drink lots of water no sodas stick to the diet if not you will pay

  • @spadehaze0873
    @spadehaze0873 Před 2 lety

    Me everytime i stop taking colchicine the gout attacks.

  • @jimmymurphy3884
    @jimmymurphy3884 Před 10 měsíci

    Gout is no joke.anyone that hasn’t had a gout attack is lucky.i take a hit to the nuts anyday then have another gout attack

  • @mrs.aliabegum5144
    @mrs.aliabegum5144 Před 2 lety

    The four frail ring particularly box because macaroni noteworthily rock excluding a anxious plain. plucky, many scale

  • @mbbsinrussia7585
    @mbbsinrussia7585 Před 3 lety +1

    thank you