Rare Plants from the Shale Barrens of Virginia

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  • čas přidán 3. 10. 2023
  • The plant identified as Antennaria plantaginfolia is actually a very rare plant known as Packera antennarioides.
    Eriogonum allenii is the highlight here, along with numerous other dry-adapted plants growing on the shale barrens of Appalachian Virginia.
    These "shale barrens" are areas characterized by little non-existent soil cover and lots of exposed bedrock. They comprise a much different, more drought-adapted plant cover than the surrounding forest, acting as a dry microsite in an habitat comprised by much more mesic vegetation and substrate.
    Your contributions support this content. It sounds clichéd, but it's true. Whether it's travel expenses, vehicle repair, or medical costs for urushiol poisoning (or rockfalls, beestings, hand slices, toxic sap, etc), your financial support allows this content to continue so the beauty of Earth's flora can be made accessible to the rest of us in the degenerate public. At a time when so much is disappearing beneath the human footprint, CPBBD is willing to do whatever it takes to document these plant species and the ecological communities they are a part of before they're gone for good.
    Plants make people feel good. Plants quell homicidal (and suicidal!) thoughts. To support Crime Pays But Botany Doesn't, consider donating a few bucks to the venmo account "societyishell" or the PayPal account email crimepaysbutbotanydoesnt@gmail.com...
    Or consider becoming a patreon supporter @ :
    / crimepaysbutbotanydoesnt
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    Plants ID questions or reading list suggestions can be sent to crimepaysbutbotanydoesnt@gmail.com
    Thanks, GFY.
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Komentáře • 191

  • @carolinekaufman2210
    @carolinekaufman2210 Před 9 měsíci +185

    As a zoomer with a 2 second attention span, these are the only botany lectures I've ever been able to focus on. Thanks, prof.

    • @Toddis
      @Toddis Před 9 měsíci +24

      Your attention span is only short when you're forced to do boring shit, right?
      I can never get myself to focus on things I don't care about, so now that I'm older and have more freedom, I just fill my days with things I enjoy, almost exclusively 💪
      Don't get stuck doing something you don't like

    • @ieatpez
      @ieatpez Před 9 měsíci +2

      I’ve never really given two shits and a fuck about biology in general, but this guy makes it so mf interesting.

    • @d.w.stratton4078
      @d.w.stratton4078 Před 9 měsíci

      ​@@ToddisI have ADHD. Sounds like probably you do too. Not a big deal if it's not holding you back from getting what you need and want out of life, just normalizing it in adults.

    • @fridgegremlin5496
      @fridgegremlin5496 Před 9 měsíci +1

      @@ieatpezHey, same- on-site stuff with living specimens is so much cooler than slideshows.

    • @collllroossk
      @collllroossk Před 4 měsíci

      Yeah same, loved botany all my life but damn this guy is great!

  • @VitaKet
    @VitaKet Před 9 měsíci +59

    Finally! Virginia! Please do more around the state!

  • @jonahs4819
    @jonahs4819 Před 9 měsíci +52

    I grew up visiting my grandparents farm in Highland County Virginia, right on the border of WV. It wasn’t a typical “farm” in the normal sense of the word. They owned 138 acres, essentially the entire side of a steep mountain with rolling hills, from the bottom of the mountain straight up to the top. I remember spending entire afternoons pulling sheets of shale rock out of the side of the mountain and finding countless fossils of ancient marine animals within the sheets of rock.
    I also remember hiking out to the 2 bubbling springs we have on the property, bringing Dixie cups to drink the water and using the mint which naturally grew next to the springs to flavor the water and provide an intense aroma.
    We avoided the tick-filled tall grass while hiking on the property by sticking exclusively to the countless decades old sheep/cattle paths that criss-crossed the landscape.
    We also have a large orchard packed with over a dozen different types of fruiting trees/bushes/whatever. Funnily enough, I didn’t know red currants were rare growing up because we had so many on my grandparents farm. Years later I learned that the US government banned currants. I grew up my whole life thinking they were common (and delicious).
    Appalachia has always been my favorite region in the US, everything from the people down to the plants and geology are so unique.
    The land is now owned by my uncle, and I still try to go out there at least once a year, preferably in the summer. It’s a lot less wild than it used to be, though. He added a vineyard to the property and makes wine now.

    • @katiekane5247
      @katiekane5247 Před 9 měsíci +6

      What a wonderful place to be as a kid! They couldn't keep me out of the woods & creeks, we found every chunk of woods we could bike to in the far Cleveland, Ohio suburbs.
      Lot's of love in Appalachia from people who learned to live simply. I've been in north Georgia for 40+ years, I love the South & our beautiful natives.

    • @krissteel4074
      @krissteel4074 Před 9 měsíci +1

      At least the property is still in the family and being used, when I was a kid on school holidays they'd pick one of three uncle and aunt's farms for child labour, or off to my cousins to go work on a trawler
      Was a good way to spend time though and definitely more constructive than sitting around the house or getting up to some kind of no-good in the hood

  • @jhonn731
    @jhonn731 Před 9 měsíci +44

    I have been waiting years for you to explore Virginia. It's the place where I fell in love with nature. I wouldn't have pursued biology without those forests

    • @nannybannany
      @nannybannany Před 9 měsíci +2

      Red currants were mostly fine. Black currants were (and purebreed black still are in VA I think) but federally (and many states) the ban was lifted back in the 60s. Currants are some of my favorite flavors in wines and hard ciders!

  • @randallteets5406
    @randallteets5406 Před 9 měsíci +21

    and much,much more in Appalachia , very diverse flora and fauna and geological features.

  • @p0tmuffin69
    @p0tmuffin69 Před 9 měsíci +16

    this man is putting out videos faster than my nonnie puts out meatballs gahdamn that's good stuff

  • @katiekane5247
    @katiekane5247 Před 10 měsíci +23

    Don't you dare die out on some sketchy hill & leave Louie like dat, ya prick 😊

  • @vikigossen1578
    @vikigossen1578 Před 9 měsíci +6

    What a great surprise to see you in the area. NE of there come visit Spy Rock for critically imperiled plants growing in crevices of exposed bedrock, 360 view. It's a hike but worth it.

  • @gracebauer5120
    @gracebauer5120 Před 9 měsíci +7

    Yayyyy Virginia!!! Love the variety of the world but nothing like the variety of home!

  • @junkettarp8942
    @junkettarp8942 Před 9 měsíci +10

    Thanks heaps Mr Santore for another great botany session.

  • @crazywileycoyote
    @crazywileycoyote Před 9 měsíci +2

    I knew nothing about native and invasive plants until I started using inat based on your suggestion. Now I know close to 1000 and have done close to 6000 posted observations!

  • @anthonyterlizzi2405
    @anthonyterlizzi2405 Před 9 měsíci +5

    Yesss been waiting for you to come to VA. We got the good good

  • @jonathangehman4005
    @jonathangehman4005 Před 9 měsíci +17

    I'm so glad you made it to Virginia! All that content from Texas is special to me because that's where I'm from, and I learned a ton about plants that were familiar to me but that I didn't know anything about. Nice.
    Now you're cluing me in to some plants I live around and see every day, also nice.
    You're doin' noble work, Tony. We appreciate it

  • @cece_marie
    @cece_marie Před 9 měsíci +2

    So happy to see you in my stomping grounds..well, no stomping, mindfully trekking. Yep - keep it fun, keep it for everyone. 💚

  • @lizastufflococucs6200
    @lizastufflococucs6200 Před 9 měsíci +9

    I live on the East Coast and Lobelia cardinalis, grows in the creek on my property. It's so beautiful. Also, I had seen chicory for years around here in places where they let wildflowers take over; along side walks and whatnot but I never knew what it was until about two weeks ago and here you are talking about it to close out your video. Well done as always.

  • @12time12
    @12time12 Před 9 měsíci +5

    Great video as always. Hope the scrotum chiggers have made a ferocious comeback. 👍🏻🙂

  • @MattiasFen
    @MattiasFen Před 9 měsíci +2

    Pennsylvania and Virginia are so beautiful

  • @scotttaylor7444
    @scotttaylor7444 Před 9 měsíci +5

    Your taxonomic and ecological skills are classic. As another botanist I always enjoy your attitude humor and zeal for the natural world

  • @energization
    @energization Před 9 měsíci

    As a high school dropout from the 70s, I still love to learnby golly, and now I have to take up botany. It’s definitely contagious when delivered by yourself. Thanks!

  • @jaberwoky_
    @jaberwoky_ Před 9 měsíci +7

    You killed me when you correctly identified BUGS. Cheers, Joey - just found you again.

  • @DrShittington
    @DrShittington Před 9 měsíci +4

    Very interesting video. If you haven't been, you should also check out the Soldier's Delight serpentine barrens in MD! Unusual botany as well as geology...

  • @TheHolyMongolEmpire
    @TheHolyMongolEmpire Před 5 měsíci +1

    I live in Pittsburgh and will be visiting some shale barrens here this summer after learning about them about a year ago. I cant wait.

  • @eugenehudders5231
    @eugenehudders5231 Před 9 měsíci +2

    You were around my kneck of the woods! I'm in Franklin County Virginia. About an hour north of me

  • @coltlineberry2444
    @coltlineberry2444 Před 9 měsíci +1

    It was so nice to see you exploring Virginia! I'm glad you enjoyed the mountains c: fuck around and find out! Thanks, Tone

  • @leucocephala
    @leucocephala Před 9 měsíci

    "Graceful but diligent bastard" lol. Thank you Joey.

  • @debg7710
    @debg7710 Před 9 měsíci +3

    Nice one! "Shale barrens"--beautiful and inviting as it sounds.

  • @jaegster1312
    @jaegster1312 Před 9 měsíci +2

    Shoutout from another zoomer that loves your content, you're the best Joey. Love these videos highlighting the beauty and natural diversity of America

  • @rickehbees
    @rickehbees Před 9 měsíci

    I love this page because it's all like classes. I've learned a ton from you my guy. Thank you

  • @chiseldrock
    @chiseldrock Před 9 měsíci +1

    Had to go to the pub for a social w the wife just got home and Joey has something new...things are looking up! Thanks Joey wash all that from my mind lol

  • @danielirvin4420
    @danielirvin4420 Před 9 měsíci +3

    Hello from the Cambrian shales and mudstones (and quartzites) of Nova Scotia.

  • @louiscle1622
    @louiscle1622 Před 9 měsíci +2

    I learn alot from you. My attention span is about 38 seconds out and about 40 min in. Which makes me an ironwort class generation.

  • @Grantachu0812
    @Grantachu0812 Před 9 měsíci +4

    My home state! So glad you're showcasing some plants out here on the east coast! Have you ever tried a pawpaw before? Great native fruit that grows here!

  • @chuxmix65
    @chuxmix65 Před 9 měsíci +12

    I love you begrudgingly admitting that East coast-ish habitat is OK!
    If you hit that same zone in spring just before the trees leaf out you'll see an entirely different spectrum of plants... ephemerals.
    Timing can be tricky, so plan carefully.
    Just sayin', brother!

  • @katthefantastic
    @katthefantastic Před 9 měsíci +1

    "Keep it fun. Let the egos rest."~Prof Joey
    My day is gonna be amazing after hearing this! Yes!!!❤

  • @threeiem
    @threeiem Před 9 měsíci +3

    Thank you for doing a video from near my area. I've been inspired to get out more from watching your videos and now notice a lot more on my hikes. I wish I could bring you here to Black Mountain, NC. We've got a lot of ancient plants and interesting rocks too.

  • @Heavilymoderated
    @Heavilymoderated Před 9 měsíci +4

    The woolly adelgid is my sworn enemy. I just don’t know how to exact vengeance on them.

  • @matthewselle2438
    @matthewselle2438 Před 9 měsíci +2

    These bring me a great deal of joy. You have no idea. Thank you!

  • @pot_calls-the_kettle_bong
    @pot_calls-the_kettle_bong Před 9 měsíci +4

    Virginia is beautiful❤

  • @PungentMango
    @PungentMango Před 9 měsíci +2

    love to see you back west in northern nevada doing some videos around the truckee/lake tahoe region. Pristine alpine lake becoming a dirty developed tourist trap more and more every year

  • @essixthedutchie8617
    @essixthedutchie8617 Před 9 měsíci

    Fucked around and found out last week up at Stone Mountain and found some real nice plantains all over the place. I mostly do herping stuff but every now and then you gotta appreciate something outside your field.

  • @polycology
    @polycology Před 9 měsíci +1

    Digging the northern east content!

  • @amandadonegan2137
    @amandadonegan2137 Před 9 měsíci +3

    A dose of Sanity in my life!

  • @MizzCatlady
    @MizzCatlady Před 9 měsíci +1

    Very excited you came to my neck of the woods..... but my dude, coming off of 2 months of antibiotics and 2 months of physical therapy to be able yo even get back out...... ticks are no joke. Not saying dont go out, I was out as soon as I could, but fueled with knowledge on how not get Lymes disease again and created an integreted pest management plan 😉

  • @fareebug8439
    @fareebug8439 Před 9 měsíci

    I learn so much from you.
    Thank you very much.
    ❤❤❤

  • @dionemarcos1876
    @dionemarcos1876 Před 9 měsíci +1

    I dig the longer contents.

  • @espressosoup
    @espressosoup Před 9 měsíci

    I live in Roanoke and I've never been where you are in this video. I'm pretty sure I've subscribed to this channel twice already and I've just clicked the button again. Hope it sticks! I love your stuff 😂

  • @natewhelden4463
    @natewhelden4463 Před 9 měsíci

    love the visit to VA! thanks for this awesome video

  • @pharmgirl54
    @pharmgirl54 Před 9 měsíci

    So happy to have found your channel. What an education I'm getting!

  • @02markcal
    @02markcal Před 9 měsíci

    HEY JOEY, BEST video yet, KEEP it up!!!

  • @sarahjohnson6432
    @sarahjohnson6432 Před 9 měsíci +2

    heck yeah, Plant Appreciation 101!

  • @frankmacleod2565
    @frankmacleod2565 Před 9 měsíci +2

    well ain't you busy these days. Keep it up

  • @jd3497
    @jd3497 Před 9 měsíci +2

    Don't get shot by some local thinkin' you're poaching his Ginseng.

  • @bill8985
    @bill8985 Před 9 měsíci +1

    Love this stuff. Thanks!

  • @trashcat3000
    @trashcat3000 Před 9 měsíci +1

    just been catching up on the latest videos and this one popped up nice

  • @jamesy3851
    @jamesy3851 Před 9 měsíci

    Aw man PLEASE come to northern Virginia. You'd make my year if I got to see you in person.

  • @emmahilburn1732
    @emmahilburn1732 Před 3 měsíci

    As a Virginian, I must say that if you want to see some real treats while hiking, there's plenty of asters, jewelweed, wild raspberries and blackberries, phloxes, ghost pipe, and pawpaw throughout the summer. They all come out in full force from July to September.

  • @mattlloyd9054
    @mattlloyd9054 Před 9 měsíci +4

    Thank you Tony for doing my region there's so much diversity here it's ridiculous. Thanks to you sir my inbred hillbilly ass now has a few names for some of our weeds. The solidago assortment we have is crazy as well.

  • @junkettarp8942
    @junkettarp8942 Před 9 měsíci +3

    I think Joey likes plants more than he likes people..

  • @swagginfarmer
    @swagginfarmer Před 9 měsíci +2

    Come over to Eastern Ky. Near Slade there's plenty to do and very interesting part of state.

  • @MiskT
    @MiskT Před 4 měsíci

    I think you'd really appreciate the various heath balds of the Appalachians, little islands of unique life above the forests

  • @scumbaggo
    @scumbaggo Před 9 měsíci

    Always a treat my man. Would love to see you do a prawl around PA. Westchester area along the Brandywine river (and much of PA) is a goddamn jungle.

  • @thetaperoomstudio
    @thetaperoomstudio Před 9 měsíci

    Hi Tony, please come back and help us understand our local world better

  • @Forest_ash
    @Forest_ash Před 9 měsíci +2

    Just walkin through this area sayin, "I'm lichen what I'm seein."

  • @LukeMcGuireoides
    @LukeMcGuireoides Před 9 měsíci

    We loooove the long ass videos!

  • @tobykoosman3866
    @tobykoosman3866 Před 8 měsíci

    Nice to see you in the east, you should come to Tennessee and check out our cedar barrens. I know where there's Eriogonum harperi in Dekalb County. Sorry about the ticks though

  • @grapesbytheocean1691
    @grapesbytheocean1691 Před 9 měsíci

    my entire understanding of US geography has come from these videos (am aus)

  • @joepoems3196
    @joepoems3196 Před 9 měsíci

    Yes, please more "College Lectures" The longer the better.

  • @zowiefenderblast4602
    @zowiefenderblast4602 Před 9 měsíci +1

    We always make lemonade out of those autumn olives ( scale invasive fruit )

  • @S4B3R117
    @S4B3R117 Před 9 měsíci

    I'd love to see you scrub around in Eastern Kentucky some, there are interesting microclimates out there. A couple areas that get enough rain to be considered rainforests, areas with frequent dense fog, plenty of dry rocky outcroppings and knobs.
    I probably need to get on that inaturalist site and start learning for myself, but I would love a lesson from you

  • @emmadevries811
    @emmadevries811 Před 9 měsíci

    I like how spooky you get out there on the Appalachian hillsides.

  • @sagetmaster4
    @sagetmaster4 Před 9 měsíci

    Wow! All the eriogium ive seen out west has been too small to see that flower structure. Guess I need to bring the hand lense more often

  • @mecynogea
    @mecynogea Před 9 měsíci

    I can't wait for you to check out the Great Dismal Swamp

  • @Toddis
    @Toddis Před 9 měsíci +2

    When Joey says that's what We call it, I know he's including all of us, he's not pretending to be in an exclusive club like some academics 😉

  • @johnpogel8993
    @johnpogel8993 Před 9 měsíci

    I remember going out and looking for slime molds. I learned so much about territorial BEEhaviour.

  • @irishswtpea
    @irishswtpea Před 9 měsíci +2

    ….I keep forgetting I can’t drink anything while watching your videos or I’ll choke on something 😂

  • @jimmy-jamesolivier-mccutch2126
    @jimmy-jamesolivier-mccutch2126 Před 9 měsíci +1

    Pissed as fuck, amazing timing to get my heart rate smooth nice

  • @SoNoFTheMoSt
    @SoNoFTheMoSt Před 9 měsíci +1

    DId you and a friend to and save those buckwheat's? if so nice work dude :)

  • @8mileFreno
    @8mileFreno Před 9 měsíci

    Im harvesting weed listening to you in the background. Love you 😂

  • @dizzious
    @dizzious Před 9 měsíci

    22:25 the liatris is awesome!

  • @hellokittysays6333
    @hellokittysays6333 Před 9 měsíci +1

    @10:38 Oh yeah, I'm likin' that lichen.

  • @Tazzyfluf
    @Tazzyfluf Před 9 měsíci

    Hope you went to Lewis Ginter Botanical garden in Richmond! It's absolutely beautiful and they do such a good job with everything! Recently finished an internship there putting together 2 plant tours based on the FFA plant ID competition list. Y'all check it out!

  • @laquerhead024
    @laquerhead024 Před 9 měsíci

    Dude.. you need to come up to southern Ontario.. I can put you onto some amazing locations on the Bruce Peninsula..

  • @njnature
    @njnature Před 6 měsíci

    Cool channel. Thanks. An old timer just told me they swear by buckwheat honey. A spoonful a day.

  • @hectorfr
    @hectorfr Před 9 měsíci

    gracias

  • @koholohan3478
    @koholohan3478 Před 9 měsíci

    You should go up the the Monongahela forest and New River Gorge (Beauty Mountain) WV. My homeland ♡

  • @ScofflawRVA
    @ScofflawRVA Před 9 měsíci

    yes, come to Richmond sometime, you will find some amazing shit in the James River Park system. I'll show you my favorite datura stramonium spot

  • @Rilocybin
    @Rilocybin Před 9 měsíci

    Are the mudstones and whatnot similar to some of what I was finding in the Smokies? Would love to see you check out the Smokies. There are a lot of trails that aren’t busy. The umbrella magnolia gotta be one of my favorite finds

  • @nickbono8
    @nickbono8 Před 9 měsíci

    Those dry sights look a lot like the mountains of the coastal range in Northern California

  • @Halon1234
    @Halon1234 Před 9 měsíci +2

    I’m a geologist and I’m so torn between wanting to learn about plants from halfway across the country and wishing there was more attention given to the rocks themselves

    • @dominoot2652
      @dominoot2652 Před 9 měsíci +2

      I'd actually love to see someone walk around a forest and have a guy point out all the interesting rocks. You should do it!

  • @leebegaming4130
    @leebegaming4130 Před 9 měsíci

    I would love to be good enough at Botany to get an ego, truth be told even professionals don’t get cocky. It’s such a huge diverse complex topic, I just want to be useful and grow to benefit the natural ecosystem and myself

  • @hellokittysays6333
    @hellokittysays6333 Před 9 měsíci

    Come on down to the River City! I've been staring at all this green stuff for 20 years and still don't know what it is.

  • @HarryCandles123
    @HarryCandles123 Před 9 měsíci

    Nice

  • @RobinMarks1313
    @RobinMarks1313 Před 9 měsíci +1

    I'm not weird or nothing.. wait. yes I am. I know this is a sin, but sometimes I get distracted with something, and I am not watching Tony as he walks in the weeds. I still have the video playing in the background regardless. I confess I was only listening just now when a thought occurred to me. I'm not into ASMR, but Tony does it for me strictly on an auditory level. I said I was weird, and my tourettes will testify to this fact. However, I rarely write when my brain is firing off odd words or statements. I think this is the reason Tony works for a background for me. (I need background sound because I'm schizo-affective) Since there's a foul mouth sailor in my head, constantly doing his best Yosemite Sam impression whenever I'm irritated, I can substitute it with Tony's tirades. I love the mix of Latin and Blue Latin. The cadence, the obvious love of what he's doing, and the facts that seep into my head are why I watch. And, why the videos bring joy to my day. I just wanted to swear to end this just now. But I'd be stealing Tony's famous goodbye. Now I'm stuck. What rhymes with stuck. Ah. eff. Oh, plant related... I have two big Black Walnut trees in the backyard. It's like a battlezone as the walnuts fall all over the place. I love these trees. And I love Tony. There, I ended it without swearing.

  • @BruceEdmonds821
    @BruceEdmonds821 Před 9 měsíci

    See any Asimina triloba out there? Near the creeks would be a great habitat

  • @mrwhobodiggz
    @mrwhobodiggz Před 9 měsíci

    I've been waiting for you to stop by here. Let me know if ya need anything while your around

  • @tylernaturalist6437
    @tylernaturalist6437 Před 9 měsíci

    I didn’t know resurrection ferns ranged into the interior of Virginia! I’ve only seen Pleopeltis on the coast in VA/Maryland

  • @jimnop2000
    @jimnop2000 Před 9 měsíci +1

    I wanna know what phone or camera is zooming in so sharply on those trichomes.

  • @dan_taninecz_geopol
    @dan_taninecz_geopol Před měsícem

    Bot a tot nice

  • @detritic
    @detritic Před 6 měsíci

    This video must have the most discussion of outdoor BDSM that's ever taken place in Virginia, outside of Congressional potlucks

  • @eagledove9
    @eagledove9 Před 9 měsíci

    Ooh, I haven't watched this yet, but.... berberis canadensis - American barberry - it may possibly be in Virginia somewhere. Maybe it could be in the shale barrens, I don't know. I happened to think of it this morning. I've been wondering about American barberry for years, ever since I found out that there was a native species of barberry, and that it used to exist in Pennsylvania. I've wanted it for my collection, but I haven't been willing to try to actually buy it online, or get it somehow, whenever I don't yet have a safe place to grow plants without anybody disturbing them or people telling me I'm not allowed to have a garden. From what I read, some people deliberately tried to eradicate American barberry, because it was a host to some kind of wheat rust fungus. However, that annoys me, because I wonder if Japanese barberry doesn't have that same fungus? It seems like it would, but I don't know, and nobody seems to be upset about Japanese barberry being all over the place. It's even still legal to sell Japanese barberry in some stores. It's extremely invasive here in PA, and I've gone to some wilderness areas where you can just see a neverending line of barberries growing along the edge of the road for miles and miles. - Yeah, I googled it, and it says yes, even the Japanese barberry is susceptible to rust. I just find it interesting to find 'the native version' if I see some particular plant growing absolutely everywhere, which turns out to be something foreign. I was thrilled to find some American bittersweet a few years ago, and, once again this year, I will be collecting seeds and trying to grow it. But I don't have barberry yet. It's medicinal, if you ever want to lower your blood sugar. I ate the Japanese barberries, just about two of them, not much, and I can tell that it made my sugar go much lower (which is undesirable for me - I don't WANT low blood sugar). Anyway, if I am ever a medical advisor for somebody who has diabetes, I'll probably advise them to eat a pancreas from an animal, more than I would tell them to use medicinal herbs that lower blood sugar. But still, I like to know.