For more info on electrons, photons, and other subatomic fun, check out SLAC’s CZcams channel czcams.com/channels/KzqyRUej9BI5dhdjwF09vQ.html and CERN’s CZcams channel czcams.com/channels/rHXK2A9JtiexqwHuWGeSMg.html
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: : "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damned good." Ernest Rutherford When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Also, the reason you cant have two spin up particles is because the wave functions deconstructively interfere, leaving those areas with a probability of 0. So, wave mechanics in QFT explains the Pauli exclusion principle
Maybe I'm wrong and I don't understand something, but isn't it really an electron with a "positive" charge and a positron with a "negative" charge (or vice versa) and we made up a story about a sad electron for easier math 🤔
Loved the video! I wanted to say though, as a matter of fact we do know why two electrons with same quantum state cannot occupy the same space. Granted as we keep asking "why", there's something that we wouldn't know - but we do have a very satisfactory understanding of the first few why's. The quick summary is that joint quantum wave distribution of two indistinguishable spin half particles is antisymmetric, they change sign when the particles are swapped. This property forces the probability amplitude to be zero along the portion where they are exactly at the same place.
Thank you. Suddenly the Pauli exclusion principle made a little more sense to me than before. And I just realized that this is also why quantum tunneling is occasionally possible. Right? When their probability waves overlap they cancel out each other. But there's still some tiny probability that one particle will if sufficiently close to the other to suddenly end up existing on the other side of it. As if it had tunneled through it.
Tunneling is actually slightly even simpler, as it is wholely explained with only one particle. A summary is that before observing an electron, it's wave function is never bounded in space. It extends everywhere just with vanishingly small amplitude. That means an electron you're working with here, may even turn up in the Andromeda galaxy in the next moment. (Things are a lot complicated since there's only one electron field of which all the electrons between here and there are purturbations, but let's for the moment imagine an universe with a single electron.) So when we place a barrier of some sort, the wave function never vanishes on the other side. The barrier just causes it to decay very quickly (exponentially wrt width of the barrier). This results in every once in a while when we make an observation to localize the electron, it appearing on the other side of the barrier - since the wave function can collapse anywhere it exists (albeit with different probabilities). A crucial thing to note when comparing with Paul's exclusion principle, is that the joint wave function is actually zero for us to find the two electrons there on top of each other - i.e. that will never happen. Whereas, for tunneling, it's never zero, it's just small in magnitude.
Wow guys, your channel is getting better and better at each video, never trivial topics, but also treated in a light and, at the same time, meaningful way. Thank you for the insights, keep on doing things as you are doing them!
Good to see George writing and hosting an episode instead of just being a taste tester 😄 I'd say this was a pretty good "Electrons 101" though I think the description of spin could be improved to emphasize the electrons themselves aren't actually spinning, but rather it's an intrinsic angular momentum. Maybe do an episode about the Stern-Gerlach experiment next?
Firstly, I have no idea. But, if I were to guess... It has mass, so it must occupy some physical space, even if that space is a point of zero volume. So, it follows that it must have some mass density. But, it is also a quantum partical... So it will have a wave function defining it's position within a given region of space, or volume. I'd guess that if you were to integrate the probability of finding the electron across all points in that region you would have your volume to divide your mass by to find it's density. That also means that if you were to scale its density by the probability of finding the electron in a given position within space, and then add all of those up you would have it's mass.
The elementary particle mass density in [kg.m^-3] is estimated by m^4.{1/[pi^2.(b/a)^2.2.( htrans/c)^3] } ~ ~ m^4[kg^4].1E129[kg^-3.m^-3] It is ~ 5.E8[kg.m^-3] for electron and ~1.7E98 [kg.m^-3] for Planck mass elementary paticle. The parameter (b/a) is close to 0.039...for electron. And in first approximation it is supposed to be constant. More on Research Gate.
@@ACSReactions Just to be clear... I thought it was an excellent review and the right place to stop before going down the "it may even be in two places at the same time, kinda!" quantum rabbit hole :)
When touch something, actually you are not touching it. It is only a feeling. The electrons outer side of the molecule in your hand can't make contact with the electron of the other molecule of other matter due to high repelletion. Distence between two electrons become zero, it means force of repelletion is infinity, not possible
In summary, an electron is an elementary particle that is nothing more than a collection of properties (one of them being denominated as ‘negative’ ) is this explanation good enough? or can someone add to this
What does " in the quantum electron field " add to the definition? You're defining the term by using the term. Can we just say it's a measure (value) of energy?
Even though CZcams recommended me this video, I neglected for some reason but PBS spacetime reminded of this video again and he sent me here.. Nice video!
*- Excuse me but;* "you can pack as many spin 1 particles in one place until they form a black hole." - But photons are massles, so how can we have a massles black hole? - Also, if spin ½ particles (electrons) are point particles with mass. Then they would be a singularity with mass, or a micro black hole. And if so, wouldn't they explode in an instant flash due to evaporation thru Hawking Radiation?
Maybe the answer is: it's an object having a table of properties. Period. Because by nowadays notions the electron is an elementary particle, i.e. not consisting of any other elementary particles then we have a truly philosophical problem: we always explain something based on what it consists of. For example, a brick house consists of bricks, bricks consist of this and that, and so on. But an electron is an elementary particle, it doesn't consist of anything. End of story. We can't put a tiny label on its side because it has no sides. The human brain simply isn't ready for such situations.
You helped me make connections I couldn’t make in the past. I felt enlightened by your explanations. Suddenly, i understood why I can’t put my hand through fermions that have half spin, and yet i can put my hand through bosons w 1 spin. This is why Reality is neither totally whispy and transparent, nor totally solid and concrete. Now i understand at least 2 reasons i can’t put my hand through a table!!! Until now i only understood the concept that the electrons in my hand will repel the electrons in the book. Now i know that two spin-up electrons or spin down electrons can’t occupy the same orbital. I always thought higher orbitals could contain more than 2 electrons. Ie N2 could contain up to 8 electrons. Are you saying they can’t?! I am not debating this; i just want to make sure I understood it correctly. If so, i definitely understand the Pauli Exclusion Principle much better now! Thank you in advance if you or someone else can confirm that my basic understanding is correct. Watching this video made my day!
No, higher orbitals can have more than 2 electrons. This doesn't violate the Pauli exclusion principle though. It has to do with sub-orbitals. Each orbital is consisted of multiple sub-orbitals, each sub-orbital can have up to 2 electrons, with up and down spin. The first orbital has only one sub-orbital, thus it can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons. The second orbital though has 4 sub-orbitals, thus it can hold up to 8 electrons.
"We can cram as much light into as small a space as we want..." I've thought about something: Seems like we can cram as much matter as we want into a black hole at the centre of which there's singularity. Could it be that matter turns into energy inside a black hole and that's the reason "matter can fit into singularity"??
1. Positrons and electrons are also waves. 2. When a positron and electron meet they annihilate into pure energy just like destructive interference of two mirror waves. 3. That suggests that positrons and electrons are mirror image waves. 4. That suggests that positive and negative charge are the same waves with this difference; they are mirror images of each other.
Electrons can actually be accelerated in rather small particle accelerators relative to the comparably heavy protons. Small as in smaller than an average sized room...(worked at a company decades ago that built them)
Great explanation of electrons for the non-initiated! One thing I would have added, without taking any of the "magic" out of your great presentation, is that the word "spin" referred to an electron, indicates its "quantum spin". True you didn't mentioned "quantum" in any part of your presentation, but you could have easily said the the spin doesn't refer to a rotation in space, but to all the links an electron has with its surroundings. Thank you...
awesome video! I had thought that black holes only formed from a high enough concentration of mass, so I was confused when you said that a high enough density of photons would create a black hole; now I know what a kugelblitz is :P
An electron is a 2 dimensional sheet of charge made up of infinitely many great circle current loops. A free electron changes size according to its energy by the deBroglie equation, smaller at high energy, larger at low energy. Bound electrons form a spherical shell of charge at a distance where its momentum balances the electrostatic pull between the electron and the nucleus. The electron has h- bar of angular momentum, but the pattern of flow in the current loops leads to a projection of h-bar/2 on the z axis, hence 1/2 spin quantum number. Electrons pair in orbitals, which is a lower energy state. Triads and higher are not lower in energy, so they don't happen.
Awesome! Electrons (and light) are great reminders of how science is actually about making models rather than "understanding the true nature of things". We say we "understand" but that doesn't really mean anything. Being able to manipulate symbols that allow us to do cool stuff (like make electricity, etc) doesn't mean we "understand"!
The electron is a single high-amplitude stationary wave, formed by two diametrically opposite half-waves, which propagate, rotate on the circle of the electron beam, with a speed of c/137 (m/s). The high-amplitude wave of the electron results from the summation of the 9 billion component waves of the electronic gamma photon, through a constructive interference mechanism, in the conditions of a very high energy density in the atmosphere around the nucleus. The standing wave of the electron behaves like a bipolar rotor, which through the very fast rotation, of 10^20 (rot/s), generates a pulsating electric field, which varies, from zero to maximum, with twice the frequency of the electronic gamma photon, but keeps always the same direction with respect to the axis of rotation. This pulsating electric field makes the electric charge of the electron, the elementary electric charge. The electroetheric current of each half-wave is about 20 (A). And the half-wave voltage, which maintains this current, is 511 (KV) and results from the summation of the half-wave potentials of the k half-waves of the same polarity. The half-wave potential of the electronic gamma photon is given by the relation Ufv=Qe/Re=5,686.10^-5 (V). The voltage drop along the length of the laminar electro-etheric current, on which the propulsive electromagnetic force acts, is 27 (V). At the level of each half-wave, the propulsive electromagnetic force is equal to the inertial force (B.I.L=m.a). Likewise, the electromagnetic power is equal to the electric power (U.I=F.v). The total power of the electronic rotor is equal to 1080 (W), 540 (W) on each half wave.
If an electron accelerates another electron gravitationally, it will lose part of its energy-mass. It is therefore possible that the current rest mass of the electron was set in the early universe (Planck era) when there was no electromagnetic force yet and only the gravitational interaction existed. The tightly packed electrons interacted gravitationally and averaged their rest masses until inflation occurred, pushing regions with different electron rest masses trillions of light years apart, and we now have a seemingly uniform universe with identical electrons.
Actually, fun fact. Not many people know this but electron’s actually look a lot like Ted Danson from “The Good Place”. So not the Cheers Ted Danson, but specifically him in his later years. And when I say it looks like Ted Danson, I mean Ted Danson from really really close up. Like subatomicly close. And that’s only if you ignore all the protons and neutrons. But yeah, otherwise they look very similar.
This got me thinking... Is there a charged particle with integral spin? Turns out yes, the W boson. I guess if for some reason you wanted to concentrate electric charge into a tiny volume beyond the densities allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle, you could theoretically do it with W bosons? Of course, they're also very high mass so...
7:28 "the universe literally doesn't allow that to happen", "doesn't allow that to happen" is understood the same literally as figuratively. Only 1 'spin up' and 1 'spin down' fermion being allowed in an 'orbital' is just supposed, not understood.
We can imagine things getting as big as they can possibly get. But we can assume that there’s always gonna be something bigger than that. But when it comes to things being smaller, we can understand that that would be infinite. If you get to the smallest part of something that something can be broken up and divided into even smaller things, we will never be able to prove that there is an end to matter.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Buch of Baloney, the very basic of mass with no volume breaks the physics formula to calculate Mass = Density x Volume = 0, which basically mean there's no Mass, if its not logical its not science
To a great extent all we are is a cloud of electrons, the actual protons in general never are a part, except for them defining the position of any particular collection of electrons.
Great video! I love your presentation. I asked the same question to my chemistry professor in college. He threw a bunch of equations at me and confused the hell out of me. I would really prefer that he just said: we don't know what an electron is (yet), but we do know some of its properties.
Although I know all about the birth of electron, you should talk about cathode ray tube, JJ Thompsons experiments that showed how real are electrons.....
My problem with your analogy is even if we were photons we would still get reflected from some surfaces which is what happens with your hand and the book
Personal view: The photons are wave particles energy, the laser are the example to show that photons can ignore space limit and stack up together at same place, to explain why it can stack together with same place, my personal view is, the photons are not a solid particle, since we know that energy are more like a wave, so we can assume that photons is a wave particles energy and it can stack together in same place. Just my personal view, because we have no actual answer to explain that.
They do not take space, they created space and time. Space and time there are not some unknown identities, they are material functions, which means they are being created by the matter.
The term for such a thing is a kugelblitz if you'd like to read more about it. Photons do not have mass but they do have energy and as Einstein showed with e = mc² those are two sides of the same coin. An intense concentration of energy can warp spacetime the same way an intense concentration of mass can, so if you managed to get enough photon energy in a small enough volume it would collapse into a black hole.
I appreciate the simple admitting of the things that we simply don’t know yet. The clarity that gives is refreshing.
YES! Albert Einstein said “I have spent my life studying them and yet I do not know what a photon is.”.
If Uncle Habib wants to make an apple pie from scratch he must first invent the universe.
Outstanding video and very well narrated. You made it interesting, entertaining and informative. Really well done!
Yeah, but what _is_ an electron.
For more info on electrons, photons, and other subatomic fun, check out SLAC’s CZcams channel czcams.com/channels/KzqyRUej9BI5dhdjwF09vQ.html and CERN’s CZcams channel czcams.com/channels/rHXK2A9JtiexqwHuWGeSMg.html
The URLs in the comment have an extra ")" at the end each
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: : "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damned good." Ernest Rutherford
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons.
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons.
Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
Also, the reason you cant have two spin up particles is because the wave functions deconstructively interfere, leaving those areas with a probability of 0. So, wave mechanics in QFT explains the Pauli exclusion principle
Everyone always asks what is electron. No one asks how is electron 🥺
well maybe more people would take interest if electron weren't so negative all the time
(I'm so sorry)
@@ACSReactions Just needs to break out of their shell.
Maybe I'm wrong and I don't understand something, but isn't it really an electron with a "positive" charge and a positron with a "negative" charge (or vice versa) and we made up a story about a sad electron for easier math 🤔
@@Hecarim420 what??
@@Hecarim420 no. Maybe lay off the 420.
Loved the video!
I wanted to say though, as a matter of fact we do know why two electrons with same quantum state cannot occupy the same space. Granted as we keep asking "why", there's something that we wouldn't know - but we do have a very satisfactory understanding of the first few why's.
The quick summary is that joint quantum wave distribution of two indistinguishable spin half particles is antisymmetric, they change sign when the particles are swapped. This property forces the probability amplitude to be zero along the portion where they are exactly at the same place.
Thank you. Suddenly the Pauli exclusion principle made a little more sense to me than before. And I just realized that this is also why quantum tunneling is occasionally possible. Right? When their probability waves overlap they cancel out each other. But there's still some tiny probability that one particle will if sufficiently close to the other to suddenly end up existing on the other side of it. As if it had tunneled through it.
Tunneling is actually slightly even simpler, as it is wholely explained with only one particle.
A summary is that before observing an electron, it's wave function is never bounded in space. It extends everywhere just with vanishingly small amplitude. That means an electron you're working with here, may even turn up in the Andromeda galaxy in the next moment. (Things are a lot complicated since there's only one electron field of which all the electrons between here and there are purturbations, but let's for the moment imagine an universe with a single electron.)
So when we place a barrier of some sort, the wave function never vanishes on the other side. The barrier just causes it to decay very quickly (exponentially wrt width of the barrier).
This results in every once in a while when we make an observation to localize the electron, it appearing on the other side of the barrier - since the wave function can collapse anywhere it exists (albeit with different probabilities).
A crucial thing to note when comparing with Paul's exclusion principle, is that the joint wave function is actually zero for us to find the two electrons there on top of each other - i.e. that will never happen. Whereas, for tunneling, it's never zero, it's just small in magnitude.
😞
@@denissemedina6023real
Wow guys, your channel is getting better and better at each video, never trivial topics, but also treated in a light and, at the same time, meaningful way. Thank you for the insights, keep on doing things as you are doing them!
That was fun, clear and with enough, "we simply don't knows," in it to be reassuringly honest.
0:16 Can we get Uncle Habib's apple pie recipe?
Sorry, Uncle Habib shares his recipe with no one
First step is to create an universe.
What does it even mean to rotate an electron if it's a point-like mass?
Good to see George writing and hosting an episode instead of just being a taste tester 😄 I'd say this was a pretty good "Electrons 101" though I think the description of spin could be improved to emphasize the electrons themselves aren't actually spinning, but rather it's an intrinsic angular momentum. Maybe do an episode about the Stern-Gerlach experiment next?
PBS Space time sent us and I can't say that I was disappointed. Great video
This guy is a great presenter!
Glad you like him!
Really, I want more videos with him.
It's astounding to me, just how many things there are in science that we *understand* really super well, but don't actually know what the hell it is.
Now I see why, Space Time sent me over, good video! I’m subscribed!
Space Time sent me too.
Same O/
If an electron had no volume, wouldn’t it have infinite density and therefore immediately collapse into a black hole and explode?
Firstly, I have no idea.
But, if I were to guess...
It has mass, so it must occupy some physical space, even if that space is a point of zero volume. So, it follows that it must have some mass density. But, it is also a quantum partical... So it will have a wave function defining it's position within a given region of space, or volume. I'd guess that if you were to integrate the probability of finding the electron across all points in that region you would have your volume to divide your mass by to find it's density.
That also means that if you were to scale its density by the probability of finding the electron in a given position within space, and then add all of those up you would have it's mass.
Thou shalt not divide by zero.
The elementary particle mass density in [kg.m^-3] is estimated by
m^4.{1/[pi^2.(b/a)^2.2.( htrans/c)^3] } ~
~ m^4[kg^4].1E129[kg^-3.m^-3]
It is ~ 5.E8[kg.m^-3] for electron and
~1.7E98 [kg.m^-3] for Planck mass elementary paticle.
The parameter (b/a) is close to 0.039...for electron. And in first approximation it is supposed to be constant.
More on Research Gate.
And as weird as all that was... that was the dumbed down version :)
Oh--we know.
@@ACSReactions Just to be clear... I thought it was an excellent review and the right place to stop before going down the "it may even be in two places at the same time, kinda!" quantum rabbit hole :)
PBS space time sent me here, I know understand the concept so much better. Thank you!
So, an electron is a promise.
Electrons are what you feel in your heart.
@@ACSReactions maybe the real electrons are the friends we made along the way
Well, I did write code to generate an antipromise.
PBS Space Time pointed me in your direction. You've a new subscriber based on the quality of this single video, the first I've seen. Very nice work!
Space Time sent me- this is really good!
This is not only funny but also describe things in very summarized way.
"If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe” Carl Sagan
When touch something, actually you are not touching it. It is only a feeling. The electrons outer side of the molecule in your hand can't make contact with the electron of the other molecule of other matter due to high repelletion. Distence between two electrons become zero, it means force of repelletion is infinity, not possible
Very well done. I like the rather joyful tone of the narration and the very significant examples given. Kudos!
I got directed here by PBS Spacetime. I’m always happy to check out science channels.
That half spin might indicate that the electron exists in more dimensions than we expect.
In summary, an electron is an elementary particle that is nothing more than a collection of properties (one of them being denominated as ‘negative’ ) is this explanation good enough? or can someone add to this
I never noticed this video was nearly 11 minutes! Great work. It’s inspiring to remind ourselves how truly mysterious the electron is!
isn't an electron (like all fundamental particles) just a value of energy in the quantum electron field?
What does " in the quantum electron field " add to the definition? You're defining the term by using the term. Can we just say it's a measure (value) of energy?
@@EarlLedden Quantum field theory explains things and maybe simplifies the account, into the bargain.
Even though CZcams recommended me this video, I neglected for some reason but PBS spacetime reminded of this video again and he sent me here..
Nice video!
Sent here from PBS Spacetime, subscribed for content and engaging presentation😄.
*- Excuse me but;*
"you can pack as many spin 1 particles in one place until they form a black hole."
- But photons are massles, so how can we have a massles black hole?
- Also, if spin ½ particles (electrons) are point particles with mass. Then they would be a singularity with mass, or a micro black hole. And if so, wouldn't they explode in an instant flash due to evaporation thru Hawking Radiation?
Photons don't have rest mass, but they do have energy, and energy is mass for purposes of gravity.
Maybe the answer is: it's an object having a table of properties. Period. Because by nowadays notions the electron is an elementary particle, i.e. not consisting of any other elementary particles then we have a truly philosophical problem: we always explain something based on what it consists of. For example, a brick house consists of bricks, bricks consist of this and that, and so on. But an electron is an elementary particle, it doesn't consist of anything. End of story. We can't put a tiny label on its side because it has no sides. The human brain simply isn't ready for such situations.
Except that it's a quantum, not an object. The difference is that objects have identity. Quanta only have a count.
Pbs space time enjoyers incoming
You helped me make connections I couldn’t make in the past. I felt enlightened by your explanations. Suddenly, i understood why I can’t put my hand through fermions that have half spin, and yet i can put my hand through bosons w 1 spin. This is why Reality is neither totally whispy and transparent, nor totally solid and concrete. Now i understand at least 2 reasons i can’t put my hand through a table!!! Until now i only understood the concept that the electrons in my hand will repel the electrons in the book. Now i know that two spin-up electrons or spin down electrons can’t occupy the same orbital. I always thought higher orbitals could contain more than 2 electrons. Ie N2 could contain up to 8 electrons. Are you saying they can’t?! I am not debating this; i just want to make sure I understood it correctly. If so, i definitely understand the Pauli Exclusion Principle much better now! Thank you in advance if you or someone else can confirm that my basic understanding is correct. Watching this video made my day!
No, higher orbitals can have more than 2 electrons. This doesn't violate the Pauli exclusion principle though. It has to do with sub-orbitals. Each orbital is consisted of multiple sub-orbitals, each sub-orbital can have up to 2 electrons, with up and down spin. The first orbital has only one sub-orbital, thus it can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons. The second orbital though has 4 sub-orbitals, thus it can hold up to 8 electrons.
"We can cram as much light into as small a space as we want..." I've thought about something: Seems like we can cram as much matter as we want into a black hole at the centre of which there's singularity. Could it be that matter turns into energy inside a black hole and that's the reason "matter can fit into singularity"??
I am surprised you did not discuss the wave particle duality of an electron😀
First time someone explained this way better than others
1. Positrons and electrons are also waves.
2. When a positron and electron meet they annihilate into pure energy just like destructive interference of two mirror waves.
3. That suggests that positrons and electrons are mirror image waves.
4. That suggests that positive and negative charge are the same waves with this difference; they are mirror images of each other.
Electrons can actually be accelerated in rather small particle accelerators relative to the comparably heavy protons. Small as in smaller than an average sized room...(worked at a company decades ago that built them)
Excellent. Came from Spacetime.
Just wow! This channel deserves millions of likes and subscribes
An atom walks into a bar...
Special electrons becoming a magnet at high speed reinforced between Cuban molecules.
Great explanation of electrons for the non-initiated!
One thing I would have added, without taking any of the "magic" out of your great presentation, is that the word "spin" referred to an electron, indicates its "quantum spin".
True you didn't mentioned "quantum" in any part of your presentation, but you could have easily said the the spin doesn't refer to a rotation in space, but to all the links an electron has with its surroundings.
Thank you...
Aww, you missed your chance to say "quantum mechanics forbids this." Still a good video.
More videos like this, please. This was amazing. Physics book we have no idea might give you an idea.
awesome video! I had thought that black holes only formed from a high enough concentration of mass, so I was confused when you said that a high enough density of photons would create a black hole; now I know what a kugelblitz is :P
Great Video! Your friends at PBS Spacetime sent me here!
I'd elect Ron, he's the man for the job!
He's in charge!
PBS Spacetime sent me
I was just beginning to get it with the tiger part.
An electron is a 2 dimensional sheet of charge made up of infinitely many great circle current loops. A free electron changes size according to its energy by the deBroglie equation, smaller at high energy, larger at low energy. Bound electrons form a spherical shell of charge at a distance where its momentum balances the electrostatic pull between the electron and the nucleus.
The electron has h- bar of angular momentum, but the pattern of flow in the current loops leads to a projection of h-bar/2 on the z axis, hence 1/2 spin quantum number.
Electrons pair in orbitals, which is a lower energy state. Triads and higher are not lower in energy, so they don't happen.
Thanks for your simple explanation of this fundamental part of the World. 💯
Started well but confusing toward the end!
Telling you politely that space time sent me
Awesome! Electrons (and light) are great reminders of how science is actually about making models rather than "understanding the true nature of things". We say we "understand" but that doesn't really mean anything. Being able to manipulate symbols that allow us to do cool stuff (like make electricity, etc) doesn't mean we "understand"!
It’s always been infinitely easier to describe an electron than to describe the taste of an apple
The electron is a single high-amplitude stationary wave, formed by two diametrically opposite half-waves, which propagate, rotate on the circle of the electron beam, with a speed of c/137 (m/s). The high-amplitude wave of the electron results from the summation of the 9 billion component waves of the electronic gamma photon, through a constructive interference mechanism, in the conditions of a very high energy density in the atmosphere around the nucleus. The standing wave of the electron behaves like a bipolar rotor, which through the very fast rotation, of 10^20 (rot/s), generates a pulsating electric field, which varies, from zero to maximum, with twice the frequency of the electronic gamma photon, but keeps always the same direction with respect to the axis of rotation. This pulsating electric field makes the electric charge of the electron, the elementary electric charge. The electroetheric current of each half-wave is about 20 (A). And the half-wave voltage, which maintains this current, is 511 (KV) and results from the summation of the half-wave potentials of the k half-waves of the same polarity. The half-wave potential of the electronic gamma photon is given by the relation Ufv=Qe/Re=5,686.10^-5 (V). The voltage drop along the length of the laminar electro-etheric current, on which the propulsive electromagnetic force acts, is 27 (V). At the level of each half-wave, the propulsive electromagnetic force is equal to the inertial force (B.I.L=m.a). Likewise, the electromagnetic power is equal to the electric power (U.I=F.v). The total power of the electronic rotor is equal to 1080 (W), 540 (W) on each half wave.
If string theory is true, would that mean Schrodinger's cat is chasing those strings?
LOL
If an electron accelerates another electron gravitationally, it will lose part of its energy-mass. It is therefore possible that the current rest mass of the electron was set in the early universe (Planck era) when there was no electromagnetic force yet and only the gravitational interaction existed. The tightly packed electrons interacted gravitationally and averaged their rest masses until inflation occurred, pushing regions with different electron rest masses trillions of light years apart, and we now have a seemingly uniform universe with identical electrons.
Actually, fun fact. Not many people know this but electron’s actually look a lot like Ted Danson from “The Good Place”. So not the Cheers Ted Danson, but specifically him in his later years. And when I say it looks like Ted Danson, I mean Ted Danson from really really close up. Like subatomicly close. And that’s only if you ignore all the protons and neutrons. But yeah, otherwise they look very similar.
Your comment that, if people were made of photons, reminded me of an old TV show "Automan" LOL.
Wonderfully explained .Thank You Sir
This got me thinking... Is there a charged particle with integral spin? Turns out yes, the W boson. I guess if for some reason you wanted to concentrate electric charge into a tiny volume beyond the densities allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle, you could theoretically do it with W bosons? Of course, they're also very high mass so...
Pauli exclusion . It’s someone’s name.
Also, cool point.
@@drdca8263 Ahh right, forgot that, thanks for the correction.
7:28 "the universe literally doesn't allow that to happen", "doesn't allow that to happen" is understood the same literally as figuratively. Only 1 'spin up' and 1 'spin down' fermion being allowed in an 'orbital' is just supposed, not understood.
We can imagine things getting as big as they can possibly get. But we can assume that there’s always gonna be something bigger than that. But when it comes to things being smaller, we can understand that that would be infinite. If you get to the smallest part of something that something can be broken up and divided into even smaller things, we will never be able to prove that there is an end to matter.
Ever heard of then Planck length? It’s only infinite in a philosophical sense of infinitely dividing things in half or something.
an electron is a singularity, finite mass but no size
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons.
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
That fucking ending got me. Great video.
Buch of Baloney, the very basic of mass with no volume breaks the physics formula to calculate Mass = Density x Volume = 0, which basically mean there's no Mass, if its not logical its not science
“Deeply deeply weird behavior…..” to say the least
Very good. And concise.
To a great extent all we are is a cloud of electrons, the actual protons in general never are a part, except for them defining the position of any particular collection of electrons.
I just farted a huge cloud of electrons....
Damn I thought it was something you had when you woke up in the morning and had to take a leak
This is beyond OUTSTANDING ... making complexity somehow understandable. The art of great teaching. Bravo!
Great presentation. Should I be worried that while watching this i am sinking deeper into my couch?
Yes.
Ty for this video, it’s helping me understand PBS Spacetime better.
Great video! I love your presentation.
I asked the same question to my chemistry professor in college. He threw a bunch of equations at me and confused the hell out of me. I would really prefer that he just said: we don't know what an electron is (yet), but we do know some of its properties.
An electron is a quantum of energy, momentum, angular momentum and charges (one electric, one leptonic).
The definitive answer to every unsolved mystery the pursuit of physics has presented us with is: we don't know.
Although I know all about the birth of electron, you should talk about cathode ray tube, JJ Thompsons experiments that showed how real are electrons.....
So, let me get this straight, so I can teach my Son...
Electrons aren’t tigers?
Sent here by PBS Spacetime. Loved this!
My problem with your analogy is even if we were photons we would still get reflected from some surfaces which is what happens with your hand and the book
I think in his analogy the book is also made from photons
Photons aren’t so much reflected off a surface but absorbed by it and emitted back from the atoms absorbing the photon’s energy
Personal view: The photons are wave particles energy, the laser are the example to show that photons can ignore space limit and stack up together at same place, to explain why it can stack together with same place, my personal view is, the photons are not a solid particle, since we know that energy are more like a wave, so we can assume that photons is a wave particles energy and it can stack together in same place.
Just my personal view, because we have no actual answer to explain that.
Plus, there's that spin-1 thing.
I *SO* like your style !
What about it's Compton wavelength?
I love the video so much.
Please send more videos
Great recommendation, came from spacetime.
They do not take space, they created space and time. Space and time there are not some unknown identities, they are material functions, which means they are being created by the matter.
Itz cool that universe doubles up the spin half property of a normal person when he gets ripped by his boss and gives him superpowers
I want to know more about the tiger.
Those little suckers pop in and out of existence. How often, we don't know.
Electrons keep me awake late night 🫠
I really like how he explained this topic. Easy to understand and intuitive. Well done...
Space time sent me
Electron can be found on sea moving such current of water and in space of moving clouds in sky .
If photons have no mass, how can they collapse into a black hole?
The term for such a thing is a kugelblitz if you'd like to read more about it. Photons do not have mass but they do have energy and as Einstein showed with e = mc² those are two sides of the same coin. An intense concentration of energy can warp spacetime the same way an intense concentration of mass can, so if you managed to get enough photon energy in a small enough volume it would collapse into a black hole.