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Lol Get ready to taste the bittering agent

Frostbite in a can, got it. I'll remember just in case I need frostbite.

My roomie turned a bottle of that stuff upside down and started spraying and it smelled so bad we had to leave my trailer. It was vile.

Whawawawawawawawa...

So a random fluctuation in the original racemic mixture of amino acids (?) caused a slight excess of one enantiomer, which grew exponentially by some kind of auto-catalysis and totally wiped out the other (family of) enantiomers. Do I understand this correctly?

Hi i understand amphetamine's dextro and levo thing but methylphenidate confusing me

What about Tartaric acid? It naturally occurs as a racemate but when it crystallizes the enantiomers separate and form unique crystal shapes that are enantiopure and can be visually separated. This is how Louis Pasteur discovered chirality.

Neither molecule was pointing toward me. They were pointing toward the bottom and top of my screen... Instructions unclear, synthesized racemic meth

That's how refrigerators work

Theres an anode rod in your water heater that you forgot to replace 3 yrs ago, it serves the same purpose

Regarding your hammer analogy: I'm not Jewish but I've *heard* there is some old story in the Jewish scriptures about how one of the first thnigs God gave to blacksmiths was the first pair of tongs. This is because tongs are so integral to blacksmithing that nobody could imagine making a pair without having a pair to use in the smithing process.

To answer your hammer question: A rock.

This was really fascinating, thanks George and team! I really liked showing the molecular models right next to each other. I usually see that illustrated when talking about chirality but showing it in 3D like that made it far easier to grasp.

love your voice and the video.

If I slap you with my left hand, it won't help with Parkinson's. If I slap you with my right hand, it won't help with Parkinson's either but it will hurt more. I'll take my chemistry degree now please. In all seriousness, great vid -- thanks for making the effort to make something so interesting so accessible. I genuinely didn't "get" chirality before.

Sounds like it's nasty

Humans use to know how to deal with molecules. Now pharma companies are ducking up how we do it with ‘vaccines’ and it’s making us sick.

Ayo is that dbd

Many minerals form crystal structures which are chiral, and these are able to selectively crystallize with one chirality (without twinning) given the right conditions. Though the formation of the initial seed crystal seems like it would still be a random chirality. For example, quartz crystals are chiral, as they contain helical arrangements of silicate units. (Not that chiral quartz crystals were involved in the origin of life) One theory for abiogenesis is that clay minerals could catalyze some reactions that build up sequences of amino acids or RNA. Even though the clays involved aren't chiral (usually, defects are a different story), they can show preferences for catalyzing the reaction between two molecules of the same chirality over opposite chiralities, and different reaction rates for the two enantiomers. It has something to do with the stability of the complex of the monomers with the clay catalyst, though I don't know the details of how it ends up being asymmetric.

Wonderful! Now explain what it is that we don't understand about those first "turtles". Thanks for another great lesson.

Sooo... The answer is yes? It's turtles all the way down? Enantiomers come from enantiomers come from enantiomers ... Ad infinitum? But we know that can't be true because life has a beginning

Fun fact, it's not turtles all the way down! We have seen parity symmetry (chirality in chemistry) violations with reactions involving weak force interactions. The discovery of this was also followed by a Nobel prize!

Why are both the molecules at 0:55, the same? If you mirror image it and flip the bonds, they are the same isomer.

Ammonia isn't green though. Manufacturing of ammonia takes an ungodly amount of electrical power, and that still mostly comes from burning coal

As a physicist, this stuff is fascinating to me because, yes! Parity symmetry is conserved in almost every interaction in the universe (the _only_ interaction we know of that breaks this rule is the weak force aka nuclear beta decay), so if you want a chiral object you need to _start_ with a chiral object but how do you even get that chiral object in the first place? We don't know! Some process spontaneously broke that symmetry while first building the structure of life and we have no clue what it was.

frostbite in seconds at -40 cant be right, Ive gone outside for a couple minutes in -40c in canada with exposed skin many times and no frostbite

Wow, when I started watching this video, I had no idea how amazing it is gonna be! Currently reading "How life works" by Philip Ball. He advocates strongly against information-theory view of the life. I like his argument, but at the same time, the idea that it is all an unbroken chain of chemical reactions dating back billions of years - is in some weird way elegant and enticing, almost purporseful.

So essentially the sacrificial anode is a false positive that allows the electrons free flow from the nail at shorter ranges to bounce and phase at different rates is there a wax layer on that a aluminum which acts like a hydrophobic barrier which HCL surrounding liquid are attracted to the AL due to its positive charge. So it's predominantly - chloride that does this so so in the end you'r working with distilled water in the end cause the negative cl ion is pulled towards the Aluminum first the filters the HCL

Great video, subscribed immediately lol Well, you nailed that one 🙂‍↔️👌

Shouldn't the next turtle be below the last one?

I used to work at a Navy Shipyard, and would have to install these heavy zinc plates inside the balas tanks so the ship (submarine) wouldn't corrode. (Not sure on the metal, but think it was zinc.)

Why tetrodotoxin can bind to this sodium channel? I saw the molecular structure of this toxin but I can't figure out why it interact with the channel.

I probably am the only one who hates olives wasted sos much of my time picking them out of pizzas 😛

- How was the first hammer made? A ROCK. How do you make an enantiomer if you need an enantiomer to make it? You use one that's easy to make or one that's already readily-available. - I'm surprised you didn't mention thalidomide; that was a hard-learned lesson on enantiomers, more notorious than D-DOPA.

4D creatures watching this are like "I don't get it, they're the same thing, you can flip it"

I enjoy the visual presentation in this video. Pretty quick subscription gained :)

the turtles wanted you to know - it's turtles all the way up...

Does fire burn?

This is one of the coolest/most informative videos Reactions has made in a while, good shit

Should be called "The dope on the DOPAs"

The bottom turtle is autocatalyzing.

For synthesis of chiral molecules without chiral feedstock, could circularly polarized light be used to create a slight bias towards production of one enantiomer, and then the bias be amplified chemically?

So technically if someone had punctured Joffries lung with a hollow needle he could’ve survived

0:45 These molecules are not mirror images.

Nucleic acids are chiral. When they first showed up, you would have had a racemic mixture dissolved in seawater, but the first molecule of DNA/RNA to be part of a living organism would have had to have one chirality or the other, which then would have helped set the chirality for everything else in biological systems.

So there is a good chance that if we find Alien life they might use different mirrored molecules and we would not be able eat alien plants and alien meat, even though the alien life also was carbon based lifeforms.🤔 If it is "Turtles All the Way Down" but only mirrors would alien life still look like life as we know it, just mirrored, or would it "look" completely different?

Another interesting pair of enantiomers: Dextromethamphetamine (as well as a racemic mix) is meth. Levomethamphetamine is the decongestant in Vicks VapoInhaler.

I'm "walking on sunshine" knowing that!

Compression will burn anything like a diesel . They’ll probably just make it 15.1 compression

The cute dog is a vital collaborator in this video and he should be credited