When Antarctica Was Green
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- čas přidán 2. 10. 2019
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Before the start of the Eocene Epoch about 56 million years ago--Antarctica was still joined to both Australia and South America. And it turns out that a lot of what we recognize about the southern hemisphere can be traced back to that time when Antarctica was green.
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Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Notiolofos and Antarctodon illustrations! Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at / alphynix
And thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Antarctodolops illustrations. You can find more of their work here: 252mya.com/julio-lacerda
And thanks to John Long for allowing us to use of images of Devonian plants from his paper with S. McLoughlin: www.cambridge.org/core/journa...
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1s... - Věda a technologie
If you liked this episode of Eons, there's a show on PBS’s new science channel that we think you’re going to love. In “Antarctic Extremes,” journey to Earth’s most remote laboratory and see where science and survival meet. Check it out now on PBS Terra: czcams.com/video/EvRAuy1ZmTc/video.html
PBS Eons Antarctica looks like a triceratops
"Antarctodolops" is a weird way to declare with phylogeny that the creature is definitely not a bear.
AnnMarie Peña very observant. Tasty
Never knew that the first "T" is silent in "Antarctica". Sounds weird though
Enough with the metric system... we get it, u hate America
Imagine all the lakes that have been covered in ice, isolating eco systems for millions of years. Total darkness and freezing waters. Creepy.
Deepstar six comes to mind. I think that's the name of the movie where they're reminding on the bottom of the ocean and they opened up a whole that been covered for millions of years. Some unknown arthropod came out and was able to bite through one of those gym suit submarine suits. In other words about half a foot of pure steel.
the budget museum made a video on those things, they're called subglacial lakes
Pre-historic animals : k gonna poop now
Scientists : Wow! Such an amazing find
I mean scientist just want to know how Pre-historic animals poop biologically works
The fact that there was still some southern beach trees hanging on there just 2.5million years ago sends chills down my spine.
Try counting to 2,500,000. Just saying the numbers in succession. (hint, this will take you literally dayyyyyssssss of non-stop counting). 2.5 million years ago is a VERY long time ago.
@@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2.5 million years is not that long when it comes to evolution, plate tectonics, and natural climate change
Modern humans weren't even around then
"just" two and a half million years is thirty five thousand seven hundred fifteen times of your lifetime
@@theamberabyss1745 true but still a huge amount of time to our human perspective
When Antarctica turns green again, expect a lot of fight for it. Someone gonna break that peace treaty.
If Antarctica becomes green again, international law will be the lesser of our problems.
I don't think politics and who gets what will matter too much if Antarctica becomes green again, pretty much every single town on the coasts of every single country on the planet will be devastated. It would be a catastrophic event that would make the Indonesian tsunami in 2004 seem like someone splashed a bit of water around.
Clearly, tensions are already growing for the north, imagine a whole continent that's full of ressource and will stay somewhat cool while the rest of the planet is cooking ?
Antarctica cannot become green again until continental drift moves it away from the south polar region. Shows like this underestimate how far north Antarctica really was when it was forested. It will take millions of years for Antarctica to move that far. So don't worry about it.
@@RedwoodTheElf Oh okay lol
Now I want to hear that the modern cute penguins were once the terror birds of Antarctica.
Once upon a time there were 6 foot tall penguins.
What do you mean "once"? When have they ever stopped?
I believe they are the apex predator there
@@Tibovl true
Penguin havent change too much sense there species entered the world
Just imagine what the last of Antarctica's forests must have been like. The last few terrestrial species would have been clinging to life in a battle for survival they were ultimately doomed to lose. Kinda chilling if you think about it (no pun intended).
Most animals probably left long before it got that cold.
@A lone Cockroach but antartica is isolated
@@novus1589 Where would they go? Antarctica was cut off at that point.
Just take a look at the large, desert-dwelling mammals. There are giraffes, elephants, ibex, lions and others scratching out existences in vast expanses of desert. A holdover from when their spaces where full of green savanna before the desertification of large portions of Africa. Antarctica would have looked similar, except in this instance the desert ends up winning.
Intend your puns, coward.
This is more fascinating than any fantasy worldbuilding I've ever read
Land animals of Antarctica: WE ARE FREEZING TO DEATH!!!
Land animals everywhere else: Hey is it starting to get a tad chilly here?
Land animals in the equator:It’s another normal day
Noooo, that's not how geologic time spans work!
It's amazing that we have any fossils from Antarctica at all. It can't be a very forgiving place to go fossil hunting.
Oil
Same reason modern day paleontologists compete with each other to head up to places like Baffin Island or the Gobi Desert - can't make new discoveries in places that have already been explored.
@@theman9048 oil is impossible to recover from frozen land
@@azzzanadra no it's not impossible it's just not practical
Most of them are found in the peninsula antarctica in expeditions supported by Argentina near our bases that are ice free on summer. And lots of US founding and scientists.
How scientists gathered all of this information is absolutely incredible
@Blind Squid their imaginations are connected to the reality
Assumption
@Blind Squid tiny bone chips and turds can tell you an immense amount if you're smart enough to do math.
They are receiving transmissions from off world entities from other dimensions
@Blind Squid way more too it than that. This video is an oversimplification of the actual work put into these theories which are always ongoing. It's insulting and downright stupid to suggest it's as simple as finding fossils and guessing from there. Educate yourself, before you start spreading ignorance
“The teeth of the Noteetholofos” - that sentence is very confusing.
I wish that Antarctic would be tropical and green again with full of palm trees and lust forests, but if the whole ice of Antarctica melted, many places would be under water.
And then humans would wage WWIII over the place @_@
Mostly morons in the cities. So I'm rooting for the ice melt.
But the the current warm & hot areas would be ice cold 🧊 and ❄ 🏔
I saw an interesting theory on Star Trek when I was a child. And I think it's something new human race is going to need to do within the next couple hundred years. They were trying to hire a Picard to find a way to make a new continent on Earth. Honestly that would be pretty easy. But with current technology it would take probably a thousand years to do.
Antarctica should Shared by Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Australia.
>Argentina should get the entire Antarctic peninsula, the Drake Passage, the South Shetland Islands, and exclusive control over the Weddell sea.
>New Zealand should get Victoria Land, the entire Ross Ice Shelf, Scott Island, and Balleny island.
>Chile gets the Amundsen Sea, Marie Byrd land, Peter I island, and the BellingsHausen sea.
>Australia gets everything east of the Antarctic Mountain range and the Amundsen/Scott station.
Norway should get exclusive control over the south pole, and about a circular 50 miles surrounding it on the Polar Plateau, since Amundsen effectively was the man to first conquer the North Pole.
Antarctic Birds: *sees all terrestrial animals die out around them from the cold* "This is fine."
Dank_Smirk 2nd Channel this is clever abs made me laugh out loud 😂
Same thing animals will do at humans.....laugh at us.
Diane Morgan I dont think they’ll be laughing. Might be too busy choking on the polluted air and trying not to die ;)
Leo Velli were talking about before humanity here
Guess I'll just start swimming, and penguins were born.
Antarctica holds a special place in my heart because my dad's team designed the Halley VI research base (the one on skis) so I grew up learning all about it
That’s actually really cool, thanks for sharing!
have always wanted to visit Antarctica...
You should check out an anime series called A Place Further Than the Universe.
That is soo cool
Halley 6 is a beautiful base. I was at Halley 4 and 5, 1991-1994
MAGA: Make Antarctica Green Again.
I love it
Probably another land would turn into icy place if artartic became green again 😅😁
Brilliant
We just need to die off cause all we do is hurt ourselves, each other, animals, and this world
@@BigRajBeats thats y im a conversationalist, not an environmentalist. Humanity can be the solution, too.
“16 Celsius” “so warm”
Me, an arabian: *pathetic*
Me, an American; huh?
About 38C is the normal high in summer. Do you wear a jacket at 16C?
C Womble yeah lmao
Me, who used to live in Arizona: Ha, puny numbers
Me a canadian: jfc thats hot
"Where did that poop come from?" Askin the tough questions here lol
@Markus Allen U ok bro?
I ask myself this question daily
@Markus Allen ಠ_ಠ
Yeah like... "WHO TF TOOK A DUMP ON MY CONTINENT?"
It’s Always Sunny In Philadelphia has the best answer to this question.
I would love to know about penguin evolution, how they emigrated to Antarctica, and their flightless traits. Also maybe about their contributions to their ecosystems! I love penguins and would love to hear your take!
penguins are there in south america and south Africa!
Go Penguins!
And he waddled away waddle waddle
I love that word waddle waddle
@@yoppindia and in Australia
I really find value in your Eon programs - I think I've seen them all (at least most of them) and I eagerly await each new episode. Kudos!
This entire piece was excellent! I look forward to learning updated information after more recent ice-core samples, and recent discoveries on the Antarctic continent. Well done, PBS!
You know, this reminds me of a short story I read some time ago called "The Last Dinosaur", where a few ornithopods manage to survive on Antarctica, only to die out when the continent freezes over. The story followed the titular last dinosaur as it wandered across the snowy wasteland, searching in vain for another member of its kind.
Dinosaurs, aplenty, in Hollow Earth, believe it or not.
If Antarctica only started to separate from Australia and South America, and Glaciers become more common from 36M years ago onwards, it's 30M+ years after the extinction of dinosaurs...
Dinosaurs still live on Antarctica, specifically the penguins.
That was from " Walking With Dinosaurs".
Lol titular
Last time I was this early, Antarctica was still part of Gondwana
Yes
Soon Antarctica will be warm again
@@18nakedcowboys3 yep becuz global warming
Not early
Make Antarctica great again.
Skippy: "Let's go to Australia. We will survive there!" Smart animal.
lol
Love your voice and delivery, very soothing, and a pleasure to watch
Green Antarctica: turns to ice
Humans and global warming: uno reverse card
It’s a natural cycle
@@NigelThornbery Ya but that was still funny
@@NigelThornbery it's not that chum
@@snekwrek5454 it is lol. Throughout history the earth spins on a axis with a moon and sun. So as time continues to go on. The weather will change😂
@@thatdude87 yeah but the last time I checked we were supposed to have an Ice Age.
And no natural processes don't give such high derivatives.
While the land bridges may have disappeared at the end of the Eocene, it's clear that for a long time before that things had already been going south.
Yeah like the whole continent lol
@@rashadpreston7389 😂🖒
@@ahope4u2 what do you mean?
Whenpigsfly you’re an idiot 😂
Whenpigsfly you mean the same global flood that a bunch of idiots made up?
Paleocene-Eocene Themal Maximum: 5 to 8 degrees in 220,000 years
Humans: pathetic, how about 200 years?
Thank you, very interesting and thought provoking; I've read recently about the Chicago Lake Michgan area, 10,000 years ago, dawn of man as hunters, and further back, Mastadon era, marsh lands and such; would like to know more about this and the evolution of our Great Lakes and the wondrous creatures that once thrived in them
*Nature* : I can increase the global temperatures by 5'C in less than 200000 years
*Humans* : Hold our greenhouse gases
'Hold our greenhouse gas- I SAID HOLD THEM DAMMIT! NOW THEY'RE IN THE ATMOSPHERE!!'
Jetlite
Humans: try 100 years
(As Earth could warm 4 to 5°C by 2100. Witch is kinda scary)
EP114587 you contain it
As an american, i have no clue how much 5°C is
@@bobdol8398 🤦🏼without evidence or reference, a statement is an opinion not ‘scientific fact’. At least give a reference for your information source.
Once went on a guided tour of Patagonia (got as far south as Cape Horn!). The guide said that some of Antarctica's fossil trees were similar to the southern birch forests in Patagonia and New Zealand.
That’s so cool!
Nothofagus, or Southern Beech are still around. Here in Tasmania also.
Southern beech, alerce and araucaria have their origins there, they are adapted to cold climates like oaks and pines, the valdivian temperate rainforests and new zealand are the remanents of that time.
Thank you for this!! When I have anxiety, I look some of videos of your channel and it help me allot to not think about bad things.
Also, thank you for this episode! This is a topic of particular interest to me, but finding out more about it can be a tad difficult if you don't have access to research papers. I really do appreciate you talking about more obscure subjects in addition to more traditionally popular ones, like dinosaurs and the Cambrian era
I gotta say im interested in that long ocean journey that what I believe to be India at what looks like breakneck speeds. Any chance we could get an episode about that?
You know, India is actually still booking it straight into Asia, and all that force is what made (and still is making) Mt Everest and the Himalayas!
The Indian plate, yes... Heard of Mt Everest... India is the reason the Himalayas are so high.
India was isolated for millions of years just like Australia, then collided with Asia. Would be really interesting to know about that and its effects on the biodiversity in the region/continent.
I'm gonna follow this.
@@finlayson6868 according to google that would be Brazil
www.google.com/search?q=the+most+biodiverse+country&oq=the+most+biodiverse+country&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
For anyone living in the greater LA area, the Natural HIstory Museum of LA has a special exhibit on Antarctica right now, its focus is on the dinosaurs found there but it also covers the history and geology along with the flora found there. It's an extra charge to see it but it's a pretty nice exhibit and goes into a pretty decent amount of detail on the continent and not only touches on the recent expeditions to there but past ones and artifacts from those past expeditions.
I like how you bring all the branches of earth science and relate them in each videos.. you guys are awesome👏❤️
9:55 - The Indian plate is like that kid who misses his school bus- wait for me! :D
0:57 **Angry Koala Noises**
10:17 **Even Angrier Koala noises**
Koala are too stupid to notice.
@@mattender8323 LOL
Prehistoric Antarctic birds : sees that everyone is dying
Prehistoric Antarctic birds :
Aight... Imma head out
Prehistoric already flightless ratites: *sees all the other birds leaving
Prehistoric already flightless ratites: fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuq
Prehistoric Antartic Birds: Penguin time
it's been real....cya
I just want to say I love the background music for these videos they are good at setting the atmosphere
'Deep Time' is now my favorite word
Antarctica is like a level from an adventure video game. It's huge, inhospitable, extreme weather, protected by terrible sees, an island, unexplored, holds many secrets. And take it back a few thousand years it would of had all that but jungles and a freaky day/night/ winter/ summer dynamic. It would have been warmer but still an awesome place to explore.
Ooh, I would play the freak out of a game like that. Especially if it had a time-travel mechanic, so you can see it both ways? Maybe a Chrono Trigger-like thing where you can do something in the jungly past that affects what ending you get in the icy present? I dunno I'm just spitballing here. :P
*take it back a few million years lol
lush, green landscape with polar sunlight (or darkness). a weirdly beautiful world that sure was.
Wouldn't that be a fascinatingly weird time/place to set, say, a book in? I know I'D read it. Or watch a documentary about it with CGI creatures and a cool narrator. Definitely.
Watch walking with dinosaurs
It was not at the south pole of the planet then, plate tectonics has shifted it to its current position.
@@DanielTaylorOCMD The animations they've been showing don't support what you're saying. Do you have a source for when Antarctica was at a higher latitude?
@@lizshoemaker A very quick search found this on Wikipedia - "At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms."
But I challenge you to do the research yourself.
I have these PBS videos playing while I'm falling asleep and hers is the most soothing voice!!
I want pbs to produce videos in this format about other subjects. I love this channel!
i love this host, the excitement in her voice about the facts she gives is really infectious
Yeah she is really good
I really like that about her too, but her lisp annoys me aswell. Without it i think she would be a perfekt host
@@lasselarsen2914 what lisp ?
Perfect host for diseases that are highly infectous
Lasse Larsen her lisp is barely noticeable
I get terrible grades and I dislike school strongly but I enjoy watching videos like these because I learn so much. I should be doing my homework but I'd much rather watch this lol
I like what PBS does as this channel so I subscribed!
You guys are doing incredible work. Please keep spreading the love of science and all its bounty!
Why did I only start watching this channel now? This channel is amazing.
Dwumper because there are no more sports to watch
I don't know man
Last time I was this early, was August 29th, around 4:00 PM. It was raining.
Additional information that many people clearly don't understand, judging by the comments on here; Antarctica, 90- million years ago was near the equator. Plate tectonics. The Earths crust has moved about as it's cooled over hundreds of millions of years, shifting things about and creating mountain ranges.
My aunt calls Aunt Artica, weird ...sounds almost like...
lol
The revelation of Antarctica being green first dawned when watching Walking with Dinosaurs. 'Spirits of the Ice Forest' was such an awe inspiring episode, my family and I were gasping at how it use to be a rainforest.
By the way, this episode has the best ambient music ever!
What was the Earth's tilt during this time and how did it effect the climate of the continent?
Likely 23 degrees as it has always been since the formation of the Moon. The Moon stabilized our axis to 23 degrees. It makes a procession every 100 thousand years I think (don't remember the exact number, could be more or less) so the seasons shift along the orbit as time passes, which could have caused some changes in climate over millions of years. But during that time the axial tilt was likely 23 degrees, like today.
Earth's tilt is always changing because of earthquakes. The last earthquake in Indonesia change the Earth tilt a little bit.
So it's hard to predict the Earth's tilt before since it is dynamic overtime.
The changes in tilt from earthquakes are way way too small to have any impact on climate. The tilt is basically static, even though technically it isn't
The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891
Raoul Simon it varied a lot in the PETM, it’s peak hearing lasted only 700,000 years but the warm period witch was 6-9°C hotter than today. Lasted tens of millions of years. So you probably did have cooling and warming from the orbital cycles. But what kept Earth was CO2 around 900-1,000 ppm (today it’s only 415 ppm but with human caused global warming, it could be as high as that by end century) most of the time a major climate change event will occur because of the composition of Earths atmosphere. What lead to the PETM cooling after was because CO2 was being sank to the ocean thanks to microbes, Antarctica and arctic isolating itself causing glaciers to form causing cooling and the formation of the Himalayas due to India colliding with Asia, exposing Rock, drawing carbon from the air cooling the planet.
Wow! Amazing! I actually took notes! I find the biological and geological history of Antarctica fascinating! And this episode, in particular, helped me understand some of the theories behind the cooling trend and of course, the emergence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation is important to understand. I can't wait to watch the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Max video, you say is a very nuanced topic! LOVE YOU FOR THIS!
Great posting and excellant naration. Thankyou.
I would like to see a video on what life at the equator was like when antarctica had palm trees.
Ice
superhumid and very warm equatorial forests
Johannes Sigurdsson during the PETM, places near the equator we’re very hot, remember, 56 million years ago, Earth was about 5-9°C hotter than today. But with modern global warming, we could see a preview by 2100. Lol
Probably very hot and humid, just like today's tropical forest, but on steroids since the temperature was several degrees Celcius higher. For a modern human living in it must've felt like hell.
It would've been hotter to an extent, yes. But remember that those temperature differentials are averages for the whole planet - much like they are today. So while one place may vary greatly in temperature, others may not. They explained that the major reason for the cooling of Antarctica was the breaking away of other continents, leaving it to develop a sea that surrounds it. Therefore today as the world begins to warm, Antarctica will never become the warm temperate place it once was because there are other geological factors at play affecting it's temperature. In that same sense, a long time ago when Antarctica was more temperate, that doesn't necessarily mean that the equatorial regions were furnaces - they would've had other factors such as wind and sea currents which would mediate their temperature levels. And the global temperature change would've been most represented in certain areas, not all equally. Think of it like a Neanderthal in ice-age Europe saying "man, when this ice-age is over, I wouldn't wanna live in Equatorial Brazil! It'd be hella hot!" But not all regions gain/lose an equal amount of temperature, so humans managed to live there regardless.
Such a lonely place, ever trapped in it's polar prison.
Not for long...
@@Aladato And the ancient trees shall rise
solanceDarkMOW or hiding from the horrible plague called humans.
@Rage Quit a plague for all other life forms. We make animals go extinct far faster than a plague though. We are an extinction event
Not forever, even after global warming passes. The continents will inevitably come together again, and in 500 million years or so Antarctica will no longer be isolated.
Fascinating - so why do I feel so sad for all the lost animals and green plants that once flourished in Antarctica?
The most surprising thing I learned in this video is how small Antarctica is lol. Darn maps have been tricking me my whole life. I always thought it was like the size of all of Africa at least. Like I just assumed they were only showing the top edge of Antarctica with the rest of it, the main center, off the map or something, and I just never really thought about it further. Like the classic case of believing that Greenland is the size of Africa because of the Mercator projection.
For me, I felt the opposite. I had always imagined it was rather tiny.
But hearing that it‘s bigger than Australia? Now imagine just how much ice must be on there…
Can you do a video on dinosaur reproduction, specifically the mystery of how stegosaurus mated? Or maybe just the evolution of reproduction.
*How stegosaurus mated?*
Very carefully.
Unfortunately
Stegosaurus? mmmmm maybe tails ups and back to back
I think Tyrannosaurus Sex covered that.
By staring at each other....i guess
I learned this long ago but really enjoy seeing visual. Technology is a wonderful thing.
This was uploaded on my 11th birthday! A great video for a happy day (for me!)!
Have you guys done an episode on flowering plants? That's something I've always been interested in. If you wanted, you could even throw in how pollenators came to take advantage of them rather than having to be tricked by them. If not, I understand, not everybody wants to sit down and listen to somebody talk about flowers for 6-10 minutes haha
I asked this question on an episode earlier this year, thank you for making me feel a bit special, even though I'm sure I'm not the only one who's been asking for this :)
*H P Lovecraft sweats nervously*
everytime they dig up more giant penguin bones I get more fearful
@@Madhijz lol yeah they would of been something like 12 to 15 feet tall I think
I LOVE her voice. It is soo sooth.
her voice is nice.
her pronouncing Antarctica like "Antardiga" is not.
Great informative speaker and material.
I love this channel! It's so mindblowing to see some of the distinct creatures that used to live on Earth.
Its hard to believe Anartica used to be warm and tropical and teaming with life. But you guys have made it easy to imagine.
Its al gibberish
@@elka7823 Yes because you know everything and all the thousands of pieces of literal proof and millions of scientists from multiple different fields are just wrong and dumb because you say so, okay. I would love to see your evidence disproving all of the fossils.
@@AspireGMD thank you
Great document. Very informative !! Thanks.
This is good, PBS!
Keep it up!
I got to send all the love to everyone involved in the making of these vids! So much information in an easily understandable way. Thank you so much, I know now I want to learn more, thank you for making me realise i want to do something.
The great thing about Pbs eons is they always have fresh new content
These science "quick hits" are wonderful, thank you. Also thanks to Christopher Scotese for his excellent continental drift animations.
This presenter is awesome! Great delivery. nice voice. a pleasure
As a fan, her prononciation of Antarctica was an unexpected pet peeve
I never gave it much thought that south america was an island continent just like austrailia still is today. This channel teaches you so many fascinating things about geologic history in a way that is so easy to visualize!
Thank you for such a wonderful video on one of the most fascinating areas on the globe (at least to me). I really enjoyed and learned from this piece. But I wanted to comment less on the video and more on the comments (at least those I've read through). I am amazed at the friendly, funny, and respectful exchanges in this comments section. I've rarely seen such friendly exchanges online and it is refreshing. So thank you to all the comment writers for just being awesome.
She's a wonderful speaker and narrator. Thank you.
Great stories.
This video essay is written really well!
Love the channel! The team is very dedicated and likeble, and the content is aways very interesting! Every new video have is an instant like from me!
Hugs from Brazil!
Antartica: I was Green before it was cool.
Icy what you did there.
Love this program. It makes science easily understandable. What fun!
This was an amazing and enriching video. Makes me wonder what kinds of things remain buried in the glaciers of Antarctica.
That's great.. I always wondered why the change in animals at the Wallace Line.. makes sense now. Thanks
Thermal Maximum sounds like a Power Ranger attack move.
Thank you so much for this amazing information:)
Yay,Antarctica and narrated by the lady with the calming Sid voice ...perfection...thank you for that treat it is wonderful.
This blew my mind. I love learning. Thank you.
In before the "Tekelili"
Damn Shoggoths.
Science is really wonderful
I was wondering if you guys could do a video on how you classify timelines for the Earth's lifespan. I hear names like Eocene and Pleistocene epochs and Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and often end up confused while keeping track. I feel this in general would help folks understand your videos better especially if they involve a lot of eras.
They already did that video soon after they started.
Nobody:
Antarctica: G'day mate
Chile: Buenos días, señor.
Argentina: ¿Qué?
I've come from a land lower under
Thank you for the amazing content and great presentation !!
The Mountains of Madness are located in Antarctica.
I REALLY LIKED this presentation. Excellent writing, research & presentation! We studied 0 of this in school, shame!
Brilliant Video. Although I knew that Antarctica was once home to dinosaurs and rain forests, I did not know that it lasted for so long and even facilitated mass migrations of mamels.
It is incredible to think that the ancestors of the Kangaroo had once set out from South America. Absolutely fascinating.
Keep up the great work!
Oh and also could you do a video on the Sahara and the last time that it was green....and what role it might have played in Human evolution and migrations.
Yay my favorite channel has uploaded!
They have found tree stumps under thick ice in Iceland, hmmm, warmer climate in the past