Was the Gravitational Wave Background Finally Discovered?!?
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- čas přidán 20. 05. 2024
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A few weeks ago a large team of gravitational wave astronomers announced something pretty wild. The moderately confident detection of pervasive ripples in the fabric of space time that presumably fills the cosmos, detected by watching for subtle connections between the signals from rapidly spinning cores of dead stars in our galactic neighborhood. In other words, the gravitational wave background has probably been detected using a pulsar timing array.
Thumbnail Image Illustration Credit: Olena Shmahalo for NANOGrav
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00:00 Introduction
01:02 Relativity and Gravitational Waves
02:21 Discovering Gravitational Waves
03:49 Gravitational Waves & Pulsars
05:04 Pulsar Timing Array Discovers GWB
06:48 Understanding the GWB
07:55 Are Pulsars Seeing Gravitational Waves?
09:00 Correlated & Anti-Correlated Pulsar Rates
10:07 Hellings and Downs Curve
11:44 Binary Supermassive Black Holes
13:39 NANOgrav Frequency Spectrum
Kudos to the team responsible for visual effects on this channel. They do amazing work
That swimming astronaut near the beginning was... Certainly something
remember
I started watching this channel before my name had "GameDev" in it (when I wasn't eating, sleeping, breathing and dreaming mathemathics.) Even when the on-screen formula was illegible, I could always understand the demonstrations clearly. Even if hitting myself in the back of my own head with a ladder walking into a shed sounds strange, they've always been able to make digesting it extremely easy by visualizing it well.
The visuals help sell the new cosmology/mythology.
Not as many people would believe in the new mythos if it were only available on the radio...
@@synisterfish Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
I just love how you guys can communicate science to the layman such as myself. Ye make everything so accessible. I dunno, i reckon that ye deserve an award of some sort. Its always interesting and i always learn something new and fascinating. Thank you for the hours of entertainment and education. Favourite channel by far
Why are you talking like a pirate
I understand the words. Its once he puts them together I can follow for 10 minutes or so then my brain hurts.
No other show has as much rewatch value Space Time.
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@@JoshuaRolen 😭
I'm so happy this channel is still around, it was a driving force for my interest in physics back in high school 6 years ago. Fast forward to today and I'm less than a year away from getting a degree in engineering physics
Brooo Im also in engineering physics in part because of this channel! 2 years till graduation, see ya on the other side.
@@sebastiano97 Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
@@Pain53924that’s a fundamental question in general relativity lol, if you answer that you’ll probs get a Nobel prize
While I agree with the above comment that this is a very hard question, there are some explainable elements.
Some matter orbiting a black hole have very large angular momentum relative to the singularity which allows them to continue orbiting for some time.
The other important thing to remember about singularities is that they are both an anomaly in terms of space being a point of infinite density, they are also anomolies in terms of time. Things that have fallen into the singularity from the point of view of the singularity, as much as that can even make sense, may appear to us to be still falling in.
Also matter that does fall in will eventually escape via Hawking radiation but as far as I know it is not known why.
@@Pain53924
Stability means different things for planets and for black holes. What we call "Black Hole" is what light does around a singularity, where "most" if not all of the mass is. For all we know the Singularity could be a "solid thing".
Black Hole is the phenomena of space-bending by what seems pretty much infinite mass in a finite area.
Love the Anton and Dr. Becky shoutouts. Anton in particular deserves all the love.
And Becky deserves all the peace. And Vash has plenty of both to go around!
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@@JoshuaRolen Dude, you are throwing this in everywhere! What gives?
When AI can copy the Aussie accent correctly, we can be sure we are near the singularity 😔
Hello wonderful person!
Awesome trio - Matt, Anton and Dr. Becky. Life is good - though apparently really complicated 😂.
Your graphical representations are phenomenal.
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@@JoshuaRolen 😒
@@JoshuaRolen Detox for a few months... including weed.
@@The1stDukeDroklarI'm trying
@@thelegendofzelda187 It's definitely important for one's mental health.
It tickled me to see my other favorite science youtuber, Anton, in your video. You both are awesome creators!
I see you are wonderful person as well
@@nazarinoutama8269 Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
@@Pain53924 A black hole IS the singularity. I assume the part you're getting confused about is the event horizon of a black hole, which isn't part of the mass of the black hole itself, its the radius around it in which gravity is too strong for anything to be able to escape. The event horizon is like the top of a waterfall while the actual black hole would be the lake at the bottom. Water going over the edge of the waterfall isn't part of the lake, yet, but its the point of no return, and that water will invariably become part of the lake soon.
@@Demonrifts Oo thanks
Dr. Becky too !!!
I've always believed in galactic giga whales. So glad to see space time positing a theory of their existence.
No one can prove they don't exist. That's good enough for literally billions of religious people, it's good enough for me!
I am delighted they were proposed as an explanation, and eagerly awaiting confirmation that it wasn't just a fluke.
@@almightysaplingAs a Christian myself, I would like to say that I don't blindly pin my faith on "can't disprove God" notions alone.
@Numba003 as a Freman of Dune I agree.
69 likes
Nice.
Channels like this are so important because monumental discoveries like this are otherwise buried in the noise that is our grasping pop culture soup. I’m constantly appalled that you never see coverage of these stories in mainstream media. (I’d say news but we don’t really have mainstream news sources anymore other than local newspapers.)
this makes so much sense to me. that's why the universe on a macro scale looks like the light reflections of surface of water in motion, like a pool or something.
This channel continues to be among the very best on CZcams! Thanks so much for making these amazing discoveries a little more accessible to all of us!
...also, galactic gigawhale t-shirts when?
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@@JoshuaRolenPlease get some sleep soon, you’re delirious
@@alt3space That's EXACTLY what an AI trying to cover for another AI would say 😝
@@The1stDukeDroklar: Prove that you're not another AI behaving likewise yourself
@@shruggzdastr8-facedclown I compute, therefore I AM... Oops 😜
While I did watch Dr. Becky's video first, it's important to get the information from multiple sources...
I'm happy you referenced her, as that's added evidence of the quality of her channel. Thank you.
Dr. Becky knows black holes like the back of her hand! One of the best astrophysics communicators of our generation.
Im addicted to Dr. Becky ...and Sabine Hossenfelder.
@@bootskanchelsis3337 I just ran across Sabine Hossenfelder a week, or so, ago.
The algorithm is finally bringing more positive content my way. 🤣
As always, I'm blown away by your visual and written explanations. You are the channel I want to be when I grow up.
I just watched your video about this. It, too, was a great watch.
@@onecst wow, thank you!
Ha, funny seeing another channel i'm subscribed to here.
Not to be *that* guy, but I know you value accuracy, so I have to point out that LIGO first detected gravitational waves in September 2015, not 2016. I say this with all humility and want to close by telling you how much I really love and appreciate what you do at Spacetime- thank you for opening new worlds to those of us who otherwise would not have access 🙂
This will change everything, recall newton right now!!
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@@JoshuaRolen ur joking right
@@Scotty-vs4lf Or is it an AI generated comment? 🤔
Was the result published in 2016, perhaps?
My favorite is when CZcamsrs reference other CZcamsrs similar videos, knowing their audience has probably seen said videos instead of bickering about who did it first or best.
I think most of these science types are more concerned about the information than they are about their egos.
You must listen to the speach closely, Matt has been replaced with an AI
@@JoshuaRolen lol
3:19 "Inspiraling Stellar Corpses" is a great metal band name
🤘
You must listen to the speach closely, Matt has been replaced with an AI
@@JoshuaRolenWe all have 🤖
This is rad! We are all perpetually roaming, fleeting gravitational-waves
the way i understand the axion (not at all but a huge fan of Space Time) this is precisely true, but essentially infinite.
Yes... But can someone please stop it? I'm getting dizzy... 😖
@@yossarrian love the poetry in your reply!
@@cvayas. you are too kind
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Fantastic- the animations and explanations are literally and figuratively out of this world
before I even watch the full video, I just want to say I love the fact that I never have to panic about 'when will the next video come out that I can binge??' because, if science is happening, you can best believe Matt and the team are going to comment on it. And, as everyone always points out, it's at a level that most can understand!
Thank you so much for everything you do.
Thanks for the explanation of the grav waves Matt! You bring a great energy and enthusiasm, and I very much appreciate you shouting out my other two favorite channels for this mind-blowing world of science discoveries. The scientists who work on these projects are all amazing and the cutting edge of human intellectual accomplishment and I really can hardly believe the these things they are doing and what they find out, but I love to hear about it!
Wow! I actually could follow an entire episode 🎉🎉🎉
Love your channel (thanks for throwing the occasional "softball" 🤗)
I've been really interested in all the discoveries and space missions that have been happening the last several years, and channels like this one help so much to understand this stuff without needing a degree in quantum physics or something. Thanks for these!
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It’s amazing we’ve been getting this kind of quality information for years through public funding such a good channel
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Thank you opera for supporting these videos
This show has gotten pretty damn technical over the years. I love it.
Is it just me, or is space getting even more amazing?
No. It's just you.
LoL
I think most things do as understanding increases, right up until they don't, so you're probably not alone.
I always end up with more questions than answers when watching your channel. And I appreciate that. Thank you.
I love this channel so much. Thank you for always keeping us educated in such a wonderful way.
Omg, Matt has super massive black holes close to his heart?😱
Sounds dangerous....and bad ass.
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To an astrophysicist, “close” = “within the Virgo supercluster”
The truth is out - Matt is a gigawhale.
@@ThoughtsAreReal yes! the only way to keep a SMBH in his chest is to have another SMBH or lots of stars binding it gravitationally
Maybe the super massive black hole is his ass.
I honestly cannot appreciate this the existence of this channel enough. So many scientific advances, theories, and just incredibly complex things are broken down so that the average human being can understand. I am always amazed and will continue to look forward to each video, just to see the newest advances of humanity. Thanks SpaceTime!
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Thank You.... I sometimes have to watch/listen more than once... But you are spot on my learning curve. Thank You.
Wibbly-Wobbly right through the universe, it all vibrating waves, rippling through space-time. This gravitational wave background is fascinating, we have come such a long way in our understanding of the universe, thank you, excellent video.
I know we presume it's not, but if the Universe was finite and bounded, would analysis of that "noise" potentially allow to detect interaction with the boundaries?
There are no models that predict any kind of boundary even in a finite volume universe. There's no "outside" of the universe but perhaps you could get measurements of the curvature (wherer it's finite or not) of the universe.
We don't presume anything. As far as a scientist is concerned, there could even be a creator.
So boundaries of the universe are most welcome.
But, we must test the hypothesis that there may be a boundary. Think about how you would test it and how it can explain existing universe and you have yourself a theory.
Good luck 🤞.
@@kafirekufr Who's "we"? Atheism is firmly built into the core of these theories from the ground up. It is assumed that there is no God.
Presumably the boundary would also interact with light waves, which would probably be much easier to measure
@@oriraykai3610 These theories make no statements regarding the existence or nonexistence of a god.
The LIGO configuration somehow reminds me of the Michelson-Morley experiment. I'm wondering if we could detect an absolute vector of movement against the gravitational background?
It IS the Michelson-Morley experiment with a precision magnitude of 100x. If their inferometer was 2m wide, LIGO is 4km. So the "aether wind" wasn't disproven, null result does not mean it is disproven - it came back as gravitational waves!
Something else to consider is that a vector of motion against something isn't absolute, thats relative. We can already detect motion against the CMB or stars via light waves.
@@stuartdparnell not a physicist here: what about if we tilt the M&M interferometer 90° vertical ? (making it working on a vertical plane?). What if the aether would existi and "move" from the above space in the earth direction? I'm thinking about superfluid quantum spacetime models, imagining the gravity as a manifestation of spacetime quanta flowing towards the Earth, in a radial direction, generating pressure. Could M-M's interferometer have found anything in that configuration? (laying on a vertical plane?)
@@emanemanrus5835 The orientation makes no difference whatsoever.
@@kylelochlann5053 sure on a flat plane (I know they repeated the experiment from every possibile angle 360°, but the instrumentation was laying horizontal). But on a vertical plane? Did you mean also the vertical case ?
I've watched an explanation on a different channel and read an article on GWB before, but PBS really brought home the idea of angular correlation and anti-correlation, so I'm hugely thankful for that. I feel like I finally understood why this detection was possible in spite of all the possible sources of timing differences. Great stuff, and I hope we can learn more about gravitational waves in the future, most notably pinpoint the source of their background.
Does correlated and anti-correlated mean that the waves interfere constructively or destructively?
Great description of a complicated story. Thanks for making the science accessible to non-specialists! :)
The fact that there is such a thing as “gravitational wave astronomer” is amazing 🤯
so amazing that we are wasting money on 'gravitational wave astronomers' instead of cleaning up east palestine ohio or flynt michigan water 🤯
@@drakomus7409 you know these things aren’t mutually exclusive, right? 🙄
@@gurk_the_magnificent9008 30trillion in debt, maybe learn basic maths and how to balance a budget.
if the money went to cleaning up the water GURK, then the crooks wouldnt be able to steal it. savvy?
btw, that gravitational research center(HANFORD) has been getting billions for 30years to clean up the nuclear waste leaking into the water tables, the contractor gets 100million a year for NOT cleaning it up, they call it '90% job completion' each year. if they actually cleaned it up then they wouldnt be getting billions every year to clean it up.(SOURCE: I LIVE HERE)
DEFUND THE DoE
Can gravitational waves be lensed? Like what happens to the GWB around supermassive black holes right before they merge?
Yes, GW follow the same geodesics that light does and are necessarily lensed.
I remain in awe of how well your team can communicate extremely complex science concepts. I can watch while sober, and be enlightened. I can watch while drunk and be astonished. But I am never lost! Huzzah!
Kudos for giving shoutout to the two other astrophysics communicators that i tegularly watch! It's great seeing people not seeing others in the field as competition but as colleges and linking to their videos as well.
Is the data public? I would love to build a pulsar delay visualizer from it. Would be interesting to see it in 3D.
Opera being everywhere and nowhere, but greatly appreciated in this vast gravitationally bumpy version of spacetime :mattbot:
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@@JoshuaRolenDid the real Matt get kidnapped by Opera?
Superb video, as always!
I've been waiting to see this for weeks, im so excited! It's so cool to see Anton (the bottom of the two youtubers shown at the start) in this video.
Take a moment to gravitationally wave back at all the black hole pairs who made these studies possible
So on point! 👋🌌🌌🌌
I seen dr becky and Anton
This was a fantastic episode!
Oh shoot, I did my undergrad capstone on how ALIGO or the Einstein Telescope wouldn't be able to detect gravitational background waves. So it's really cool to see researchers found an alternative way to measure it! Thanks for the update, I'd stopped following this field, so I'd have never known without this channel!
If pulsars are more accurate than even caesium clocks, how can we be so sure of our accuracy in measuring them?
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Because the accuracy change caused by gravitational waves is great enough. If I have a cesium clock and a stopwatch, I cannot hope to measure nanosecond changes to the atomic clock. But if I bump it and it skips a few seconds, my stopwatch can see that.
To measure the base accuracy of pulsars, we merely need to time it with a bunch of cesium clocks. The cesium clocks and pulsar will 'drift' a certain, random, amount. If the pulsar is totally accurate then it will end up out of step with the clocks by an amount averaging x in a normal distribution.
The clocks meanwhile will have drifted from each other MORE since any two clocks will BOTH be drifting, giving twice as much average drift. This allows us to measure something more accurate than our clocks.
Could we use the SMBH in combination with Opera One AI to finally playback earth and find out Einstein's last words?
Beautiful lesson
Great video! I definitely learned a lot due to your wonderful teaching and presenting.
Has there been any consideration of gravitational permeability? And a follow on of that, the idea of gravitational waves being subject to refraction?
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@@JoshuaRolen why do you repeatedly comment this?
One thing that I've been trying to figure out about this is how the rotation of stars in the Milky Way can be discounted, or subtracted from the result. We needed very precise measurements of the movements and masses of planets in our solar system in order to understand the positioning of the earth to do this, and I suppose that these motions are much more significant.
The orbiting of stars in the Milky Way has no measurable effect on the signal, so there's nothing to subtract here.
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We're fortunate in that the orbits of stars in our galaxy are both much weaker sources and much longer wavelengths than what the array needs to detect. Galactic orbits are on the range of hundreds of millions of years. Binary star systems however produce shorter wavelengths that COULD conceivably be detected by LIGO type detectors with a bit more sensitivity than the ones we have.
Quality content for sure from Space Time.
Fantastic explanation!!!!! Kudos Matt!!!
Have you noticed this cool thing... The universe shows wave-like behavior on its largest scale (gravitational background, black holes collisions etc) and ALSO on the smallest scale (quantum world, probability waves...) The medium for these waves is not precisely the same (spacetime or "now" for gravity and quantum fields for particles), BUT this wave nature of both relativity-scale and quantum-scale physics seems to be telling us something important. Or is it just my excitement?
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The medium /spacetime /quantum /background gravity has long ago been identified as the "AETHER" by Nicola Tesla, for one. It is what a spike of energy we call a photon, perturbs through at the speed of light. When this spike of energy is much higher its actually a particle with mass, a proton ,we call it Matter. a building block of the hydrogen atom. Aether is what connects Spacetime to quantum.
Guess who first came up with the idea of probability waves (in a letter he sent to Max Born)?
Rhymes with spine. ; )
@@jerrykrampera8145 Tesla did nothing of the sort. Tesla didn't even understand Relativity. Go look it up.
@@jerrykrampera8145 I think the classical 19th century concept of aether has been disproved, and later, kind of, replaced with 'spacetime'. But it seems that the idea of spacetime is confusing even for hardcore physicists. Perhaps because, in its core, spacetime is more of a mathematical, abstract concept dealing with dimensions, rather than part of real physics (which, intuitively, deals with *things* not with nothing). I'm sure there is an episode about spacetime on PBS Spacetime :).
If the whole of the universe is wobbling how much energy is involved?
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Quite a lot, a single decent black hole merger can release more energy in its few seconds than all the stars in the observable universe do via light in that same time. Compared to the mass energy in the universe it's quite small, but on human scales gigantic.
We spent 1,000's of years trying to make the most precise clock possible, using everything from Astronomy to technology to both. Then about 100 years ago, we figured out the Universe really doesn't care about precise time, and we've been trying to figure out what to do with that ever since. This is the best application I've seen yet. :)
Yes, finally! Have been waiting for this episode for a while.
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Sounds surprisingly similar to the space-time topology described in the discredited pilot wave theory.
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In what way? Pilot wave involves a distinct, ordered waveform guiding a particle. This result indicates random, noisy waves moving through space. It's signal vs random noise. It's like saying that a stormy sea is similar to pilot wave theory. I'm not seeing the parallels.
Really enjoyed your presentation.
Thanks for the Opera tip.
If you played MassEffect you know the core of the galaxy contains not only a maelstrom of blackholes, but the secret hideout of the Reapers 😳 Lets hope they don’t notice we’ve started listening to them!
And the Leviathans...
well, it contains both - but the reapers are not really meant to chill there, only a totally thralled species as a form of backup. Also, leviathans don't live there - they hide elsewhere.
Can we get a breakdown of what might be on the inside of a black hole as if we are disassembling matter down to the Higgs, much like the disassembly of matter at the core of a neutron star?
anti-matter are inside black hole
Matt has been replaced with an AI, listen to the words closely. The Globalists have faked science!
Thanks for explaining and making this video. I learned a lot.
As a theoretical comsologist working on this myself, i was very excited with the new nanograv results. it has more tight bounds on various predictions frmo beyond-GR models, like massive gravity, which is what im working on.
I am a huge fan of the channel but the AI voice filter in your recent videos is extremely distracting to me. Your audio was already perfect! In this day and age we are all beginning to train our eyes and ears to pick up on what's real vs what's AI generated, and this filter raises my alarm bells unintentionally. Obviously I know you guys are a legit and trustworthy source of information, but it still gives me the creeps.
Head this missive, listen to the speach closely, Matt has been replaced with an AI
Awesome! 15 years well spent, thanks!
Thank you... For this channel
There may be other channels that got to this first but only Matt’s voice puts me right to sleep without fail every time ❤
Thank you for the video.
Great video, what a resource
perfectly wrapped up with another Space Time finale 👏
Thank you guys for another excellent video! The level of precision required for these gravitational wave detectors is mind-blowing. It's such an exciting time to be alive in terms of space science!
God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
The universe has been surfing on gravitational waves since the big bang 😅👍
Very exciting times in exploring the universe.
THAT NEW POST Q+A MUSIC, THO
0:40 Really great from you for mentioning Dr Becky and Anton channels! I follow them and watch their content.
Thank you PBS.
Shoutout too my boy anton, bro’s smile at the end of the video always making my day good 💯
Love getting a shout out, even if unintended 😅
This is the first time I understood the Hellings-Downs curve! Thanks!
Never regret my subscription, what an amazing video again ❤
awesome. it's a new category of astronomy
This was actual good stuff
My new physics where wrote 5 years ago. I love you professor. Good video.
Wow! This is an exciting bit of news!
Amazing video giving air to the spark of curiosity in numerous young minds. At 4:42 the formula should be distance = travel time * speed of light.
Love the shoutout to Dr. Becky at the beginning! She's great, also an amazing science communicator. :)
Love the shout out to Anton.
I love pbs spacetime!
Take A Moment
My dear Proffeser
Waves and water is a great analogy
Nice mate.
Keep Looking Up
Stay Safe and Stay Free
The guy swimming while in space with a jet pack got me.
Nice nod to Dr Becky Smethurst and Anton Peteov's excellent CZcams channels!
That "pair of pulsars" at 9:52 had some real emotional depth behind it
Heard you on Radiolab. Very cool!
Matt is the coolest guy in space time🤩
Greetings from Canada and how much do we Owe you? you are better than any Lecture comming out of
our Universities,,,,, you should be integrated in our schools, and being very critical of what ends up Payed
by Public funds,,,you are one Great Exeption! Bravo!
Best subscription ever
So happy to see that shout out to Anton Petrov! He makes great content as well.