Immunity 1, Introduction, Specific and Non-Specific Immunity, Take 1
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- čas přidán 10. 07. 2024
- Natural killer cells (NKs) are a type of;
a. Monocyte
b. Neutrophil
c. Lymphocyte
d. Eosinophil
Which of the following elements is found in seminal fluid and has an antibacterial effect;
a. Iron
b. Iodine
c. Tin
d. Zinc
Which of the following are not mechanisms of innate immunity?
a. Diarrhoea
b. Vomiting
c. Fever
d. Clonal expansion
Tears and saliva contain an antibacterial enzyme called;
a. Pepsin
b. Lysozyme
c. Endopeptidase
d. Lipase
Cilia are found in the lining of the;
a. Lower genitourinary mucous membrane
b. The upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
c. The upper respiratory passages
d. Gall bladder and bile ducts
Which of the following conditions can be caused by reduced mucociliary clearance;
a. Hypostatic pneumonia
b. Gastroenteritis
c. Epididymitis
d. Meningitis
Activation of the complement pathway will lead to the production of;
a. Antibodies
b. Leucocytes
c. Erythrocytes
d. Membrane attack protein
Antibody generating molecules will be recognised by the immune system as;
a. Part of the body’s own tissues
b. Foreign epitopes
c. Immunoglobulins
d. Basophils
Antibodies are;
a. Immunoglobulins
b. Immunosuppressor molecules
c. T helper cells
d. T cytotoxic cells
nterferon mostly protects the body against infection caused by;
a. Bacteria
b. Virions
c. Amoeba
d. Prions
Which of the following leucocytes is not phagocytic;
a. Natural killer lymphocytes
b. Monocytes
c. Macrophages
d. Neutrophils
Which cell type is predominantly affected by the HI virus?
a. T cytotoxic lymphocytes
b. T suppressor lymphocytes
c. T helper lymphocytes
d. B lymphocytes
Plasma cells are mostly;
a. T cytotoxic lymphocytes
b. T suppressor lymphocytes
c. T helper lymphocytes
d. B lymphocytes
Which form of immunity is partly conferred by the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity will be conferred after suffering from an active infection?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity will be conferred by live vaccination?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity will be conferred by attenuated vaccination?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity will be initially conferred by transplacental migration of immunoglobulins?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity will develop after a period of breast feeding?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
Which form of immunity is facilitated by intact mucous membranes?
a. Innate
b. Active acquired
c. Passive acquired
d. Active on passive
I take these classes, attend lecture, I read the book, I take notes, I make flashcards... but I watch your videos to get it all to make sense. You have a gift.
John Campbell, you are legendary for posting all these videos.
Best Wishes
You are an awesome teacher. I haven't learnt anything from my teacher but for exams I watched your immunity lessons. It is really helpful
Trying to figure out what on earth is going on with my body post-Covid, I've finally found your Inflammation playlist. The way you introduce and explain each concept very quickly connects the 'what' I'm experiencing with the 'why' and 'how' . Thank you so much Dr C! Xxx
Sir, your teaching is amazing because you break and explain in-depth and makes everyone that watches your video get a better understanding of each topic you teach, God bless you
Dr as long as i ve studied in Africa,i ve never seen a teacher like you.Infact i owe you thanks alot.You made me understood what i cudnt understand in years precisely in diabetes lectures.How i wish i ve somtin to offer you.Thanks for being my teacher
Dear Mary, Thank you very much for letting me know you have found the videos useful. This is important as you are the reason they were made in the first place, to allow you to help the people around you. John
@@Campbellteaching Good day sir,
I have a question between
In a pregnant woman that is Rh negative having a Rh positive child and obviously in the process of child's birth her body produces some antibodies
That is passive immunity right?
This is SUCH a great presentation. Thank you for what you do... people like you are so underappreciated.
Dr. Campbell, I love you. Thank you!
Thanks sir for providing this video from India 🙏 god bless you.
Dr Campbell, God bless you for this wonderful lectures .you are indeed impacting lives.
Thanks, do click lots of 'like' buttons, this helps the channel to grow
Excellent Dr Campbell thanks for sharing
Excellent our dear doctor and we are glad always for watching your precious lectures.
Genius! I love your videos!
Dr john Campbell salute you for your imparting such valuable knowledge thanks 12/08/2021
you aged well doc keep up the good work
Genius!
I like that you put a mini quiz questions !
Helpful information thank you
Thank you so Mach
Thank you so much
thank you for this
Thank you sir !
Excellent lecture. Thank you
Clear understanding,thk God Bless
the video is awesome
Thank you
God bless you Dr
Thank you. 🇨🇦😷👍
You are the best
Dr. You should consider putting on this tie for videos
Thanks Dr John Campbell !
Why some infections cause long life immunity while some do not? ( why specific antibodies against some infections remain forever in someone's humor? Are there plasma cells produces antibodies constantly, how this happen?) thanks
where can I find the answers to the above quiz questions? I got excited to quiz myself - but don't know where/how I confirm I got them all correct? Thanks!
Well what do you know. Look what I found after watching your latest video. And I was wanting to see you have a discussion with an immunologist! Ha!
Can you please join these videos together so it’s easier to follow
2:12 = ??? what do these numbers mean?will you tell me, please.I suppose some limit to symbols🤔
Great video, helps a lot and makes some stuff clearer. What I don' t understand is the newborn example, because in my book in says that non-specific antibodies are those which baby gets through placenta. And specific antibodies are those which the baby gets with colostrum. And I am confused now. Because to me, what you say has more logic- everything what is given to baby by her mum is acquired, therefore specific immunity...
As far as I can see, there is no such thing as non-specific antibodies. By definition they are part of specific immunity. Antibodies are all individualised, bespoke molecules generated when the immune system is exposed to an antibody generating molecule, that is an antigen. The antibodies which pass through the placenta from the maternal into the fetal circulation had previously been generated by specific immunological reactions within the mother. The passive immunity that transferred antibodies confer on the baby will be specific to the particular antigen that originally stimulated the synthesis of the antibody in the mother. Fortunately, as many different antibodies migrate from the maternal into the feral circulation, the baby is consequently passively immune to a wide spectrum of conditions. I guess that in this context you could say that the process is non-specific, because as a result the baby will be passively immune to a wide range of potential infections, but in saying this I am being somewhat kind to the guy who wrote your textbook. John
dankie...
Afrikaans ❤
Dr. this comment has nothing to do with your great lecture, it's just something that came to my mind. I think you look a little bit like Louie C.K. :)
+Nadia Posada Never heard of him, is he a doctor?
COVID- 19 brought me here😍👏👍👍
Waw
Dr Campbell, at 06:50 you mention that a baby may drink mother's first thick milk, which is rich in antibodies. I'm having a hard time understanding how that actually helps it acquire those antibodies. To my knowledge, any proteins that come into the digestive tract get broken down to amino acids by digestive enzymes. Thus, any antibodies that could have been in the milk, will be broken down and only then absorbed into the baby's blood, in which case, it doesn't seem to do them any good to have the bare building blocks for the protein they cannot make themselves.
Your thinking makes perfect sense. However, in the baby GI tract, the antibodies enter the mucus lining the tract and are protected from protein digesting enzymes. They then provide passive immunity to the baby for the month or two they are able to survive as in tact structural proteins. They only protect the GI tract, the systemically acting antibodies have already entered the baby circulation via the placenta. However, this is impotent, as during the first few months of life the baby will be exposed to many infective organisms taken in via the mouth. As they are exposed to these potential infections they will be proceed by the ingested antibodies, but the antigens will also stimulate the production of their own antibodies via the process of active acquired immunity. These will then persist for years and indeed life. So baby is given time to make their own active immunity, while being passively protected by maternal antibodies. This is called active on passive immunity.
Dr. John Campbell Thank you so much for such an exhaustive explanation. It starts making sense now. This will push me to research more about GI tract immunity. Also, the term 'active on passive immunity' is not being recognized by google, i.e. I don't get back any links to reputable scientific sources. Perhaps, you could share the names of books/articles that discuss this specific part of immunity.
Sir thank you for such intuitive videos.
I have a question;
if antibodies are proteins, aren't they digested by the infant's digestive system, just like insulin (a protein) can be?
thank you sir
Excellent point. Colostrum and milk contain mostly IgA which directly protects the GI tract, I think it becomes associated with GI mucus, so is protected from digestive enzymes. Other antibodies entered the baby from transplacental transfer.
@@Campbellteaching okay, thanks a lot sir.
Is vaccination a form of active on passive immunity?
No, it's an active form
Just taking a slightly different take on this; bacteria & viruses cause infection when they occur where they are not meant to be, and also when there is an over preponderance of one or two bacteria or viruses. The skin has a large range of bacteria & viruses, some of which have the potential to cause severe even fatal conditions if they enter the body via wound. I’m pointing this out not to contradict your post in any way, but these bacteria, viruses, also some parasites do not simply exists for the sole purpose of causing harm, They each have a place, we may not know what theses purpose’s are but that does not mean they don’t have one. It one of the reasons why the small pox virus was not eradicated entirely but is only now found in a very few specialised facilities. A certain billionaire may wish to eradicate all such pathogen, but he should be careful for what he wishes.
My background has been haematology, blood serology & control of infection.
Looks like from your teaching aids you should acquire a computer and some lecturing software