How do they make Silicon Wafers and Computer Chips?
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- čas přidán 4. 03. 2008
- This shows how computer chips are made from silicon crystal, to wafer to chips.
• The Fabrication of Int... is worth watching too.
There used to be an episode of National Geographic documentary named "Naked Science" on youtube. It was about using synthetic diamond crystal in place of silicon as the chip substrate. Since diamond crystal can tolerate higher heat, a CPU can be over-clocked without the worry of a melt-down.
If you like this video, you should also look up diamond based computer chips. - Věda a technologie
It is amazing we are using technology invented in the 50's. It just shows how brilliant these minds were. I wish they could see how far we've come.
I study the power distribution and implementation of semiconductors. It's almost impossible to wrap your head around the refinement and innovation that has spurred from those minds even till' now.
how has science channel gone from this to conspiracy theories about nasa
This gives me a new perspective on my computer and I'm way less likely to nerd rage when it acts up seeing how complex and delicate the process is to create the chips that are slowing me down all the time.
worked in the fabs for over 10 yrs in all the different processes. it really is a fascinating field. good pay and benefits but those 12 shifts can be brutal. the next big thing will be chips made of graphene that are only 1 atom thick
How much u make? Did hey let you get free silicon chips or cup processors?
all i can tell u without knowing who u are going to work for is to study, study, study the specs and listen to the other operators and u should do fine...good luck and DO NOT MISPROCESS
Were you ever round when they cleaned the CVD chambers?
Low 6-figure is usually the norm for chip designers.
yeah 12 hours that means lot more taxes!! yeah the are according to folks like you gonna get ahead though that is work ethic bullshit via taxes!! but the sheep go on doing the bidding the of the companies and state!!
@mikeyt12321 Thanks for pointing that out. I've removed the dead link. The link was to a video of a TV show by National Geographic Channel called "Naked Science". That episode was about replacing silicon using diamond crystals in chip production. Apparently this video was pulled by NGC.
The material handling systems that control the FOUPs in a modern fab are a miracle of engineering prowess all to themselves. It's a very impressive sight that few people get to see.
i always wanted to see this episode on tv , but the chanel costs extra , thanks for putting this on you tube
wow how's it going?
I wonder if anyone ever ruined a chip by farting in the lab
LMFAO
+locodude12 Remember they are wearing a "bunny suit" - so just like spacesuits, any bodily emissions are self contained.
This is actually not true to an extent. I work in a semiconductor fab as an inspection specialist, which is basically making sure there are no defects/particles on the wafers (or as little as possible) after Photo-resist and/or final inspection for shipment. Farting is a gas, therefore can't cause particles. Sneezing, even-though we have masks CAN cause particles. We are in a cloth suit, not an airtight suit like astronauts use. Friction causes particles, which means when inspecting a wafer of micro chips that are exposed. We are to make as little movement and breathing as possible. These are the protocol of our fab, not all companies have the same protocol and recipes. Such as not all companies use a tier 1 clean room with a full bunny suit. They would just use masks. I'm sure there are people in other companies that would disagree with what I am saying, which is why I point this out. I hope this informed some people :D Time for sleep and another 12 hour shift haha...
Yes they call that product the celeron.
This is the only video you’ll see of a clean room appreciate it.
I have heard about optical computer like 30 years ago. However, I don't know if they have made enough progress to out-perform silicon technology in term of the cost/benefit ratio. Check out the link in the description section. Diamond computer chip is next in line. When you can over-clock the chip with no worry of a melt down, optical chip may not be necessary.
thanks for the link!
took a while to watch all 6 parts but it was worth it, very interesting. I knew diamonds where being manufactured, but I had no idea of all the modern day applications and possibilities, brought by super diamonds, as explained in the videos.
I've always wondered, if semiconductor manufacturers "know" they'll hit a wall sooner or later, why race down to produce semiconductors at say 16nm process in 4-5 years, unless they know already where to go next.
What is more impressive..... the chip construction or the machines that make them, the genius behind the machines is truly fantastic.
Both! The machines have the same chips inside of them as well lol
I was a crystal grower for the solar panel/ computer industry. I also worked in wafer fabs and chip making fabs, I can honestl say I sure do miss the bunny suits. and running the tools that support the high tech/solar industry. Great jobs and great benefits for a c average guy like myself
+Tom Levi Thank you for your duties.
Meth?
such a shame this is 240p
Slightly better quality (and different accent) here
czcams.com/video/F2KcZGwntgg/video.html
God’s work over here
Get an engineering degree or an associates in something related and you can get a job in the fab, then you can see it with your own eyes. Or as much as you can see since most of the processes are done inside machines
Yes
nice explanation.
and i like the music at the end of the video (7.25)
I always wondered how the hell they actually get the transistors on the chips themselves. I always thought there was no way to physically etch a chip these days, but with photo lithography, I can understand that it's easily possible.
@feye1markie Silicon is not the only material that possess the semi-conductor properties. Follow the link in the description section of this video and learn about how and why future computer chips will be made of synthetic diamonds. Google "semiconductor materials" and you will find a long list of materials used in making computer chips.
@feye1markie In order to make electronic circuits, the material you choose must be able to carry electric current and possess the ability to switch the current off and on electronically. The earliest circuits were controlled by mechanical switches. Then came vacuum tubes, semiconductor transistors and now silicon chip. Silicon is a neutral substrate which become semiconducting after selective kind of impurities are doped on it. Different layers of impurities are printed on the wafer as circuits.
This is awesome stuff!
i feel like this should have way more views. preferably a much better copy tho
swayzesghost there is a lot more to the process but this is a good overall of it. could go alot more in depth of each process for sure😊
@DeltaA118 Silicone is a gel like chemical compound used for breast implant and sealant. Silicon is an element in the same group as Carbon in the periodic table. Sand is made of mostly Silicon oxide and pure silicon is what shown in this video.
the absurdity of using imperial units and si units whenever you feel like
Yeah well we invented integrated circuits so suck it up buttercup.
@@prajwol_poudel they did invent the transistor a couple miles from where I grew up. So why not?
You mad you limp wristed, tea drinking and biscuit munching imp?
@@1pcfred que me lo puedes mandar a
@@1pcfred You didn't invent anything and the people who actually do invent and design these things use metric units. That includes the brilliant Americans in the semiconductor industry. I'll bet you also personally won the Superbowl last year, am I right? We? Haha.
Is there a higher quality version of this video? my company builds components for these Fabricator machines and id love to show some of our workers this so they understand where their hard work is being used.
That’s awesome. I am an engineering tech for these machines. It’s fun working on them daily!
If you are near Santa Clara, California, you can visit the Intel Museum. I believe they open Monday to Friday. I guess the tour is designed for tourist only because local people would prefer to go during weekend. They are closed on weekends.
Wow, this is amazing... And how do they do the clean rooms?
@salemcripple
Etching like that is carried out, but on a different layer. The entire process is one of using layers. A layer of SiO2 (glass) is grown on the surface of the wafer, etch resist coated on top, and then exposed to UV light. And then dipped in acid to etch the channels. Into those channels impurity atoms are inserted (either by firing the atoms in at high speed, or coating the wafer in a chemical and heating in a furnace)
I use to work in the semiconductor indudustry msny years ago. I workrd S vendor at Texas instruments in the mid 90's . I worked onsite maintaining a "tool" that is the venaculr used in industry to descibe the mschines ised to make computer chops. I was onsite to tske care of a device called a diffusion furnace. The wafers shown in this vidro looks like 8 inch diameter wsfers. Now they use 12 inch diameter wsfers I can see this video is a bit old but the process is very similar to what is being used today. I also worked at company in Portland Oregon that mskes the silicon wafers that are made and then sent to companies loke Intel and Texas instruments. I remember seeing thr crozoski pullers And the lapping machines and the wire cutters.
how can i get this awesome material on better quality ? i know its an episode of HOW DO THEY DO IT but dunno wich anyone can help me ?
cheers to all
Sergio
Bit off topic, but I'd ike to point out that the first 32 seconds of this video already contain four rhetorics-based facepalm moments that give a great example of what is called bullshit speech:
1) Saying we might not realize that we are surrounded by a revolutionary technological invention, being the computer chip, despite it being revolutionary and thus widely known and THE icon of electronics even among laymen.
2) Mixing statement 1 with saying it is "arguably" the most revolutionary invention. So it might just as well not be. It's highly opinion- and interpretation-based.
3) Saying that if today a device uses electricity, it PROBABLY uses one. That's like saying "usually always".
4) Saying that the tiny gizmo is "of course" the silicon chip. "OF COURSE"? Didn't you just say we might not realize it's the silicon chip, indicating that we're not aware of it's relevance?
If you try to make a sentence that contains all four of these statements, you'll fully realize the high degree of 'blabla' in the commenting. ;-)
If you are interested in the silicon wafer production process, you can also have a look at this video I made :
Wafer manufacturing process
@viewervideo011242234 I meant, the silicon crystal is cylindrical due to the spinning process, which later is sliced into circular discs.
Programming those FOUPs must have been a fun job :)
which season and which episode is that? thanks!! great job
its for photo etching the design on each layer
Some neat stuff.
@chetrx1
You could make one yourself! There are broadly speaking two types of chip: mask programmed (where the chip is made in a manufacturing plant), or Field Programmed, where you use a standard 'blank' chip for which you would then carry out your own design (or have an engineer like me design it for you), and then you program your design into the chip using electricity.
For very high volume quantities, the mask program route works out cheaper but is far more specialised to do
looks really advanced how many factories are there in the world that can make chips? can't be many
"And according to Moore's Law, that number doubles every two years" Oh you sweet, sweet summer child.
As far as i know the statement was later changed from 2 yrs to 18 months.
@@mg9854 As far as I'm aware, we suck, and it's getting harder and harder to squeeze more transistors in there, so we have to get our gains by being a bit more clever about it and adjusting how things are laid out, rather than just making 'em smaller, more numerous, and having reliable gains that way.
@@WhompingWalrus It's not just a matter of the manufacturing getting harder but also corporate greed.
AMD tripped over themselves with the release and flop of their Bulldozer architecture and then doubled down with Piledriver. This failure resulted in a near Intel monopoly, knowing that AMD wouldn't have any competitive CPUs for years to come Intel massively cut back their development. For the next 5 years or so Intel released new CPUs with just enough generational improvement to make people buy them and also to keep the feds off their back, but not enough improvement to actually warrant any significant RND spending, all while hiking up prices because AMD had nothing competitive to offer.
Luckily have competition again and Intel has been forced to get their act together, although given AMD's price jump this generation I fear history may repeat its self.
@@somelokyguy6466 I wouldn't know about any of that. Been failing to find an in-stock GPU to buy since 2015.
Moore’s law has “slowed” and the coefficient has lowered, but innovations in AI and informatics has buoyed computing speeds. Not strictly Moore’s law, we are approaching atomic limits, but who knows what sideways branches of discoveries will yield?
I worked in the atmosphere for 7 years from bare wafer manufacturing till semiconductor
Thanx for this exotic usefule video ... really appreciated...
No CPUs were harmed in the making of this 240p video.
Great video
Ty so much for helping me out m8 !
You are right. Germ free and dust free are quite different. Dust can be filtered easily compared to Germ because they are much larger. But Germs can be killed by chemicals though their dead bodies can still be around unseen.
So silicon wafers are cut from an ingot, which is grown by inserting a seed crystal into molten silicon goop. But where does the seed crystal and silicon goop come from?
Silicon can be extracted from Silicon Oxide via a chemical process. See czcams.com/video/eypAfmrRpB0/video.html The manufacturing process can be automated too, see czcams.com/video/YYxTmxsd6Ck/video.html
This hasn't got anything to do with computer science, this is Pure electronic engineering. In this case they're applying the transistor making methods to help Desktop/Laptop computer chips.
@
Silicon is itself a semiconductor. It's not the doping that makes it a semiconductor. The doping changes the electrical properties.
Metals are conductors. Plastics are typically insulators. Silicon, germanium are semiconductors, their conductivity lies between that of a metal and insulator.
The conductivity of pure silicon is determined by the band gap, the difference in energy between the conduction and valence bands, which for Silicon is 1.1eV.
is there is a newer HD video on this? not necessary the same video but roughly same explanation.
wish this was a little higher quality
MAKE AN EXTENSION!!!! It's very nice but way to short..
You could have a very nice experience while wathcing this :D
@aaronvespro There is no shortage of Silicon in the world. Its the 2nd most abundant element in the earth's crust. The reason why its "expensive" is because of the process (shown in the beginning of this video) needed to purify it so that it can be used in the electronic industry. By the way, the current "hot choice" for solar panels is GaAs
@cplai My question was a little bit retoric =D I actually study electronic&telecom engineering, but I still can't figure out how this level of development has been achieved!! Somehow, it's like software engineering... how can you do the program to develop programs? It's hard to understand how this technology has evolved this fast.
Thanks for the accurate answer =D
@viewervideo011242234 Watch the video at time mark 2:20 again. The Silicon crystal is spun. It came out circular naturally. They can trim the wafers into squares, but then you waste a lot of material unnecessarily.
@salemcripple Pure silicon crystal forms a non-conducting base and a matrix to hold atoms of other elements. Silicon doped with impurities such as boron become semi-conducting with the foreign atoms supplying or borrowing an electron from the neighboring silicon atom matrix. The movement of the free flowing electrons or the electron "voids" along these doped silicon pathway forms the current flowing in the intergrated circuits. The chip is NOT made of one material, but numerous variation of Si.
That was very interesting.
@skyvilla I agree,few details for technical minds that are interested. I've been around electronics for 60+ years, and grew up in S. Calif, home of a lot of electronics outfits that were making wafers 50 years ago...2" wafer was 'big' then.
I've also been inside of JPL (Pasadena) in the1970's, NASA type PV cells, and I watched the boules being grown. And yes, the dopants are like millionths of 1%...
I get a weekly bunch of on-line news for all kinds of silicon stuff.
@DeltaA118 I remember watching a press conference by the then California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, he said "Silicone" Valley in front of an audience of Silicon Valley engineers.
Probably the best air to breathe. I work in a company that makes the components to make the wafers. The chambers and whatnot. I'd love to actually make microchips.
Do you mean search in CZcams? Or are you talking about a movie I can rent from netflix? The youtube search didn't come up with anything useful. Please give the watch?v= ID for the URL.
Thanks
I read many years ago, IBM was doing research in optical computer. Instead of using silicon, they use some organic gel and lasers to build the computer. Instead of using electrons, they use the interference patterns of light and laser to do computing. I have not heard much since then. I have also read about using carbon atoms deposits to form thin film of diamond crystal for IC chips. Diamond can takes great heat. No cooling required. No news either. Just don't hold your breath.
@TheDefianceCrew OK, go look up the first transistor, invented in 1947, the same year I was born. 3 guys at Bell Telephone, then a few years later, the first integrated circuit,had maybe 20 transistors on it.
poly silicon looks delicious :)
@cplai i meant cpus, silicon chips, etc...
oh the silicium is the silicon great video thank you
@reachingthenirvana Are you a star trek fan? The 1979 movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" is about an advanced machine civilization which came to Earth to seek their origin. They have evolved so much that they cannot figure out how they got where they are. The story draws a parallel on how some people cannot believe we share a common ancestor with most of the living things on Earth. Not a nicely made movie, but thought provoking plot nonetheless.
@aaronvespro
cplai is right. The fundamental issue with silicon based solar cells is their efficiency, with typically only 10-15% of the light falling on them is converted into electricity.
Plastic based photovoltaics have the potential to yield higher efficiency.
Those captions are supposed to be automatically generated by CZcams. Someone might be screwing around at CZcams.
Stone age video quality about high tech
How did they do the microprocessor of the machine that makes microprocessors?
Very interesting
Like Wow!!! I watched a microchip being made at burrows computers in thousand oaks in 1979. They've come a long way in 40 years
Did you mean Burroughs?
@@cplai probably yes That was a while ago
@Simboiss Companies such as Intel have a large employee base through out the world. In the US, Intel produces almost all the chip fab--the most important part of any product, in places like Oregon where there's a massive foundry. These fabs piece are not ready to be an actual product until they get assemble and package--the assembling and packaging is done in Asia where it is cheaper to do so and by law has to have the made-in at the place of assembly.
The process is amazing but it took me until the end of the video to realize this video was from 15 years ago and the process is probably very different now considering the extremely tiny size of transistors.
it's not much different :) the only difference is that the features on the chips are much smaller now
your nomination was just announced
@jaymorpheus11 The word Clean in clean room refers to the removal of airborne dust particles which may ruin the microscopic circuitry being produced. That guarantees nothing about those nasty chemical vapors emitted during the process of making these chips. The matters that cause rare cancers and deformed kids are in molecular level, which are a few orders of magnitude smaller than dust particles.
Thx good explanition m8! ... could i ask u something ... why they use silicon to make chips why not something else?? why is silicum so much easier ??? thx m8
I guess they probably used some stock footage instead of showing you the top secret project at the time. Up on the horizon is Silicon ReRAM chip that is built on Silicon oxide and can run 100 times faster. Innovation never ends.
The video is little misleading in that it shows a bipolar junction transistor symbol, yet in reality, the transistors used on 99.9% of all chips are MOSFETs (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors)which are very different and much simpler to make on a chip.They also take up less area.
ECL used bipolar transistors.
Franklin Levi Phelps is a genius!
Study electronic engineering, how do I know? my Father is one. He does not work at a Wafer light printing factory since he freelances selling his own made products but he understands this as basics for Many of his everyday electronic appliances. No computer programmer will even fully understand this video unless they enjoy looking beyond their field.
seen a better video of this clip > a better quality much higher 🥇👍
I wanted to learn the processing, line why they dip the wafers in acid photoresist and what the red room is for :/
@rweiii1 I disagree with you. If what you implied is true, then the memory chip price would be as expensive as CPU. The mass production process of chip making is relatively inexpensive. The expensive part is the research and design which has to be distributed to all the unit produced. Number of CPUs produced is low compare to memory chips, so the per unit cost is high.
@TheDefianceCrew Dig through your grandpa's garage. If you are lucky, you may find a vacuum tube radio. That was how they did it before they invented semi-conductor transistors. Same concept, use electronic gates to execute pre-programmed logic. Vacuum tubes were bulky, solid state transistors were smaller, then they invented a process to use lithography to further shrink and etch a circuit design onto silicon substrate. They even use ion implantation now. The gates did the same thing as before.
This video looks so date. Only 13 years.
@DXFANOFWWE yeah but how do you make the technology that makes the chip? its a never ending question that goes in circles? what came 1st the egg or the chicken in this case what came 1st technology or the comp chip?
@andressergiox Pretty hard to find detailed video..this stuff is highly guarded secrets for the most part.
@DrCooler1000 Read about the basics on how a transistor works (it is used as a gate or an electronic switch). Then miniaturize it and put millions and millions of them on a chip. Put them together in a way that the engineers can program the on and off logic of these switches. Then you get a computer chip.
@cplai Yes,you're quite right.
I still don't really understand how the silicon chip keeps from shorting itself out, or how the whole chip isn't electrified all at once when the silicon that is doing the work, is also the base (or frame if you will) that the chip is made out of. I understand how a transistor works, but if the "wires", frame, "switch", indeed everything, is all made out of the same material, what keeps the current going in the same direction, and not just electrifying the whole chip at once?
Well this is a lot older than the post date of 2008 as they are making the UltraSparc III which is pretty old now :P
You can still visit the US as tourist. When the US dollars are so cheap, it is great bargain now.
@Simboiss Not everything, but just about everything. :-)
Go to 6:23 and switch captions on.
How did they make the first one?
@Simboiss Texas Instruments have their factory in various countries all over the world dude
amazing
Silicone has made a revolution in the electronic industry.
Mike Alfaham no it didn’t.
very very awesome
@dougspair As residents of Silicon valley, we had fair share of our toxins left behind decades ago by the semi-conductor industry. They didn't know better back then and we suffer. Now they know better and if they still don't take proper precaution to protect the environment and workers, then you can only blame on corporate greed and those responsible will burn in hell.