Why Metals Spontaneously Fuse Together In Space
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- čas přidán 1. 06. 2024
- In space, metals can weld together without heat or melting.
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Written by Joh Howes and Derek Muller
Yes, it's pronounced Gemini (ee not eye) because that's the way everyone pronounced this mission.
Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi
References:
Gemini IV transcripts: www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/missi...
Gemini IV recordings:
archive.org/details/Gemini4 (relevant clip is 1297 at about 2:00)
ESA cold welding recommendations:
esmat.esa.int/Publications/Published_papers/STM-279.pdf
Cold welding gold nanowire:
www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v...
Music by Kevin MacLeod "Intrepid" www.incompetech.com
*Ground Control:*
"Get BACK in the command module, now!"
*Astronaut doing flips with his air gun:*
"La la la, I can't hear you. I'm too busy being rad!"
"You're not my dad".
Ed White was one of my Dad's heroes. When White died, my Dad, I remember him standing very still. Odd. I asked him "What?" and he told me.
"No back-talk or I'm turning this capsule around!"
Better excuse: sound can't travel through space, I can't hear you.
I mean to be honest it's literally a once and a lifetime kind of thing that most people will never experience
"The atoms have no way of knowing that they are in different pieces"- this blew my mind.
Your mind is an electrical signal in a bunch of fleshy pieces that don't know you exist.
I have a way of knowing I wanted that payday...
@@chuckdavinci9044 you likely just contradicted yourself
@@chuckdavinci9044 Knowing is the ability to recall true information from memory.
I can do that, therefore I know.
To exist is to think, be observable or interact with your surroundings.
I think, I can be observed and I can interact with my surroundings, therefore I exist.
I am able to recall the fact that I exist, therefore I know that I exist. :)
Electrons are crazy like that. Any property you can perceive from atoms comes from electrons. Electrons reflect light, electrons control chemistry, and they're what determines how a substance fits together.
With metals, electrons move freely, so wherever the electrons can go, they go.
This guy just justified two peanut bars as a business expense.... Damn!
I bet he wrote off more than just two bars, because of course you need more than two to cover test attempts at shooting that scene ^^
@@pixelmaster98 Yep, and you can even use them to picturize the melting by friction in another video with this chocolate cover and so many other uses.
How could he not? They're PayDay bars.
@@Draco137YT I think they were salted nut rolls. yum!
@@mrgcav They look exactly like Paydays.
I've had salted nut rolls, but I'm not sure there's an official way for those to be made. I've had them with, I believe, nougat and caramel at once.
Payday is just caramel.
Steel bearings in satellites were welding together, not from cold welding it is thought, but by spark welding from static electricity. So now the bearings need to be non conductive ceramic.
neat
That's pretty interesting. I know that ceramic bearings have been around for a while, but I suppose they weren't very common for a long time. Heck, now they're everywhere! (Kinda)
Which is weird that they wouldn't harness it, instead opting for solar panels... 🤔
It seems like space just makes welding too easy. I'm thinking of how quick a fastener would gall if it would just cold weld anyways.
I love space technology, it gives us low weight but sturdy upgrades to our normal equipment.
lol, talk about a feeling of utter and complete terror!...not being able to shut your spaceship's hatch seems like it would 100% induce the shitting of bricks.
There was a Russian dude that did a walk and his suit expanded to the point he had a lot of trouble getting back into the capsule. Solution was obvious - deflate it. However he wanted to live. I think he muscled it in if I remember right. For a while he thought he was going to die a horrible death.
@@robbiehiatt9966 lol, 0:29 that's not flat, you clownass, that's a curve! hold a straightedge up to your monitor if your eyes are so insensitive.
@@douglasharley2440 at 29 seconds on this video they're showing you a fake video. that is stop motion editing
@@robbiehiatt9966 I will get chipped tomorrow - Bill Gates, George Soros and other Reptoids took over my country already, there is no escape for me.
After that I will not be able to see the truth any more.
Please try to survive, preserve your knowledge and pass it on to future generations - people like you are the only hope for humanity.
@@robbiehiatt9966 lol, you are being ironic, right?
I need to use candy bar examples more often in my own videos.
Nice
Why u r here??
Just don't chew with your mouthful Jerry, so annoying.
I just realized I said chew instead of talk and no one corrects me?
Hello agent
@@sourovpaul6081 exactly CZcamsrs aren't allowed to comment on posts
If I’m understanding this right, they theorized an issue, cold welding, to explain the issue with the door. Tested to confirm it was possible and then found out it was possible, but wasn’t what caused the issue they were trying to confirm? Wild
Welcome to science. I'm not going to say that it's common, but it's certainly a very recognized way to discover things.
However, I'm not clear on whether they hypothesized about the existence of cold welding as a result of this, or if it was something known in science, but no one had thought to account for it.
Also, it's "hypothesized," not "theorized." Those words are basically identical in lay English, but massively different in science.
Debugging is hard
Occam's Razor. It could be 1, some sort of crazy ass phenomenon, or 2, the door was just sticky.
@@matthewleong2726 Occam's Razor is used to determine what's likely, not what happened.
1. It sounds unlikely because we're used to Earth's atmosphere and how metals interact here.
2. Space is different.
3. Also, that door and hinge were made by NASA engineers... thinking they f*cked up should definitely be low on the list of probable explanations.
That’s how a good bit of discoveries are made.
Summary: Metal fuses to itself in the vacuum of space. This is why every tool used in space has a polymer coating/ceramic variation now to prevent this.
That clip of the nano wires welding together was pretty cool
They were like,
"Hey you!"
"Who, me?"
"Yeah, you. You're me now. We are one."
Timestamp?
@@szpecunio 5:33
@@runnit5863 thanks
Electric Universe
The candy bars are the best way I've seen to describe this.
You could see on his face how proud and happy he was.
I understood what cold welding was before this video, I'm just saying that this seems like the best way of describing it.
It's the internet, some people just say others are dumb so they feel better about themselves.
Some people are just trolls.
Iamhobbyless You coming off sounding like a little bitch! Quit your damn whining...
Dr Miller
“Cold welding” is actually commonplace on Earth. My background is metallurgy, I’ve worked in steel and aluminum sheet rolling mills. Some examples:
- When we roll a metal coil from ingot, new surface is created as it is elongated. In manufacture of clad products, two slabs are rolled together in a hot mill. As the oxide in between is broken during hot rolling, the two metal alloys adhere to one another due to the vacuum between the pieces. This same process has been shown to work with cold rolling as well. The University of Michigan has a lab scale unit for demonstration.
- During stamping of sheet metal, galling may occur when the oxide of the softer metal splits and comes into contact with the metal of the die in the absence of air. Air/oxygen is absent because of high pressure and the presence of lube. Metal sticking may be called adhesion, and small amounts of metal on the die increase the local pressure there during stamping of the next part, leading to more galling and buildup on the die.
In summary, metals bond to one another in a vacuum and you don’t need to go to space to observe it. This phenomenon is used intentionally in manufacturing, and using dissimilar metals does not necessarily decrease the likelihood of bonding. Metal-to-metal bonding can also be unwelcome, and requires die maintenance and intentional planning to control, such as the use of dry film lubes versus wet lubes.
Keep up the great videos!
Is it possible to cold weld two pieces of metal at home, as a science demo, say, by rubbing them together?
@@RussianShadowDragon Johannson Blocks.
Very interesting.
Mat science major here. I was thinking the same thing, like, "wait till they hear about galling"
@@ZombieLicorice Cheap jewellery uses 'rolled gold' with a thin layer of gold rolled onto base metal.
I should have watched this video several years ago. This actually happened to me a few months ago with 2 stainless steel pieces (screw and nut) that I cleaned in an ultrasonic bath to remove manufacturing oil. Result: cold welding happened, and it became impossible to move the 2 pieces with respect to each other. We remanufactured the parts but changed the material of the nut to brass, and now everything's fine!
I've had stainless parts cold weld and it's curious as checking the fit with taps and dies shows the parts should stay free but some stainless just locks solidly!
Working with stainless can be so galling.
I've always wanted to weld in space; I wouldn't have to compensate for gravity so I'd only have to do one position!
Mr Freeman, they're waiting for you, in the test chambeeer!
here's my main man :P
Well, you've got that vacuum chamber of yours already. Only thing you need is a rotating room of shorts, to simulate zero gravity and you can do it down on Earth ;)
I bet that mercury would be your metal of choice.
CODY IS HERE! AHHH
He just did this video so he'd have an excuse to eat a chocolate covered caramel-peanut bar :/
It's a good excuse.
He really is a very smart guy.
For science!
If only everyone with eating disorder made an educational video every time they wanted to eat something.
But some will say.. what was he eating and I want some.
So in space, two pieces of metal may fuse together if the space eats the delicious candy bar.
exactly
The homie was so happy with the air gun, they should've let him continue 😔
You just wanted an excuse to eat that candy, didn't you.
Extremesquirrel9
Yeah, he made the whole video just to eat a candy bar :/ so selfish
OneDerscore One Whoooooosh.
smol p whooooosh
Lmao
@everyone (including myself) whoooosh
I just think it's awesome that they figured out cold welding from an event that wasn't caused by cold welding.
@Wroger Wroger somehow 200 people didn't catch that either. They were just wrong 😂
The company i work for uses a2 (303) ss bolts with a4 (304) washers to avoid this, and galling. Makes no difference imo
I'm honestly impressed how easily u were able to describe the process at 2:48. Not even ironically. For People who didn't understand it in only words, I'm sure it is a great way to visually show the process, even if it was significantly dumbed down.
So in a sci-fi setting, if a ship rams another ship with the right prerequisites, could they.. fuse together?
Would require a low inertia impact for them to fuse together. What would be more likely is that the one with the more secure skin basically peeling the outer shell of the other ship. Not something anyone would be willing to gamble. Better off to force them to cook themselves via accurate long range shelling.
That Star Destroyer is disabled! Call a Hammerhead Corvette I have an idea.
I mean, if the two ships were made in space and the metals used never had contact with oxygen, they still had the oxide layer from whatever planet they were in last(it doesn't have to be exactly oxygen, so no, they wouldn't. Cuz the crew would still need oxygen, right? You can't just suck up the oxygen you need from a planet like a straw, you have to enter the planet and let the oxygen flow in, so the metals have made contact with oxygen.
Step-ship, what are you doing?
@@E_E69 granted, in a collision, alot of that oxide could be removed.
when I was a kid it alway blew my mind that you could stack objects made from the same material without them becoming a single object
Dude when I was a kid I thought I could fly when I lifted up both my feet.
tim turner when I was a kid I though we could use magnets to create unlimited energy
@@faroutman23 wow, you too?
Jesus Lord above me same😞I was sure perpetual motion machines were possible
Haha. When I was a kid I thought we could make cars run forever by slapping dynamos on all 4 wheels to generate electricity
Best use of a candy bar as an analogy that I’ve seen in a while 👌
Best proof of some people being held back by having the wrong focus on information. Well at least you got something out of it even with your Homer Simpson focusing.
Now you got me curious for what was the previous best use of that analogy you saw ^^
@@pflaffik at least there are people like you who get ahead every chance they get... maybe someday you will win !
3:19 Look at the clouds: An island(Hawaii?) shedding vortices to its leeward side. Beautiful!
At 2:00 "NASA identified the cause as 'cold welding'". At 3:55 "...so the Gemini IV hatch problem was not caused by cold welding".
And NASA predicts climate change...... plus UFO’s...... don’t know what to believe anymore! LOL
Predicted it as one thing and then realized their mistake
I was really hoping this would cover intentionally welding metals, in space.
samseies
Seems like they could use a problem and turn it into a solution! (They would use cold welding)
Like in the novel artemis
Me too
I like the idea of fabricating entire spacecraft in orbit using that property. It seems logical to me that we will eventually need to build craft in space if we really want to make long journeys around the solar system a regular thing.
2:40 that's how you get ants.
in ur pants
I bet he got a broom... or one of this vacuum robots.
He eats like the fuckin cookie monster.
If your ant is present in your house, rest assured because it will clean your mess (if it smart enough not to eat your leftover)
Lanaaaa!
I learned something totally new to me in watching this episode... Thanks, Mr. Veritasium!
So cold welding is a problem, and it happened, except it isn't a problem and didn't happen, but it can and sometimes does. Great content, guys.
Oh gosh. TIG welding without sleeves? Say hello to sunburn
Flash burns, more likely
Kumquat Lord or sunburns
Slap on some sunscreen before and aloe vera after, it'll be fine.
And skin cancer man's old foe...
Lmao that’s what I was thinking
In some ways, cold welding seems like it could be incredibly useful in space. Construction would certainly be much simpler. It's easy to imagine using something like an easily formable mesh with a coating that could be evaporated with a small current to custom form various things. Even a level of self repairing would be possible.
Thinking about it, I guess I finally understand why we have such solid metallic meteors and asteroids. You'd normally expect something like that to require a large gravity well, but if the similar particles can bond that way, they'll stick and not be knocked away like other substances.
I guess water has a similar adhesive behavior... I wonder if it's a common principle among most substances......
Time to make a space house pizza box folding style
@@cadenkat hmm could you perhaps cook pancakes with crushed nuts in them inside said space house?
@@heydudewhatdidudotomygarli5081 mayhaps, you could then box it up in another pizza box styled to-go container and save it for when you leave the pizza box space house
They would also never be able to land on Earth because those types of structures wouldn't be load-bearing with respect to gravity. It would be forever up there in space.
@@shapshooter7769 Why would anyone want to bring stuff to earth? We have plenty of materials here for construction already. Getting stuff to orbit is expensive. Also, it is likely that quite a lot of orbital construction will bear a load. Either from centrifugal forces or retaining atmospheric pressure. Strong welds will be important.
I missed everything after those paydays were covered in chocolate.
You mean ruined?
The cancy bar example is awesome. Made it all so clear within seconds!
Very cool; I had no awareness of this phenomenon until, like, just now.
Same here!
Jesse Talbot yeah really.
same
Me either, Cold Welding is NEW to me.
"Gemini IV, Houston, Capcom, give me your status."
Capcom: "Uh, we're still working on Resident Evil 7, but thanks for your concern, NASA."
no longer true.
The quality of these videos is incredible! I love it!
this was one of the most interesting things i've ever learned, your videos are amazing.
Space is beautiful
Science is beautiful
My huge-ass text book is not
@r2d23678 joke or nah?
Agreed
Text book quote
Textbooks are literally one of the worst ways to teach
@Minili Oni gotta clap those ass cheecks
So we discovered "cold welding" due to a sticky door that wasn't even cold welded? Interesting haha
That wasn't said in the video...
I think they already knew about cold welding before that incident.
Eric Pive That's why I phrased it as a question...
we realized something we already knew..
oxidation ( now called redox ), and no oxidation in space lol...
Eric, and look at the thumbs up his ill informed comment got. People are retarded.
10 million subscribers, yet he's still such an underrated channel. Amazing content, as always
What a simple beautiful explanation. Well done.
I thought it was wedding in space.
My thought exactly!
Ahmed Abdulla Ahmed same here
with Diana maybe?
hahaha maybe its Veritasium's next video :P
me too
I thought I was going to see someone weld in space.
Exacrtly 0/10 unsubscribed
Same here
Oh I’m sorry, I’ll just go to space real quick and weld a t-joint.
AAAHHHHHH IM COOOOOOOOOOOOOMING
I was expecting some sort of collaboration with Jody Collier from weldingtipsandtricks with him welding in space, but that didn't happen, instant unsubscribe to Veritasium :D
finally something on CZcams i haven't thought of how it all could work or not work. i hope this video explains that
that candy bar explanation is perfect thank you! I will use it for years to come.
3:55, so the incident that led to the discovery of cold welding... wasn't actually cold welding?
no, they discovered cold welding in the 40's. They were just afraid that it was cold welding at play.
Yep, he just told that story for no reason apparently..
@@charleschristianson2730 no, he told the story because it's a cool story AND more importantly, at the time, they did think it was caused by cold welding
@@gabiferreira6864 also maybe as an example of what could have happened in a different scenario
@@charleschristianson2730 Are you planning on building nanotech? Othwerise all this is useless. It's all just supposed to be intresting and that story was.
When this is done deliberately, here on the ground, we call it "Diffusion Bonding". There might be heat involved, but nothing like welding in the ordinary sense. I have heard that gage blocks used in precision measurement (they are very well finished and stick together surprisingly) can't be left stuck together for too long or they will bond, and be permanently "wrung" together.
Where can I see this diffusion bonding??
@@zenolachance1181 Soldering works on the principle of Diffusion
that candy bar example was perfect and now because of it i know exactly what you meant. Great job there!
Learned something new today! Thanks!
I was expecting to see some astronaut with a lil mig welder or something along those lines 🤔
Same
Molten metal with no gravity floating out of your weld into your suit is probably a bad thing.
@@rustochango7542 it's possible to weld upside down (at least with some electrodes) so I guess the puddle is sticky. You'd need extra protection on top of the suit or a specialized welding suit. From what I've seen stick makes a lot of mess and hot smoking particles flying around and tig is relatively clean, in space you can skip the shielding gas so maybe even stick wouldn't be messy...
@@rustochango7542 remember you can weld upside down and the weld doesn't come on your head. So gravity does not influence the welding process the way you think.
Electric welding in space has been experimented by the Soviets, including a woman cosmonaut.
If there’s no oxygen you’d probably be able to weld aluminum with dc, given you remove the oxide layer from original fabrication on earth with a space angle grinder, Or space scotch brite pad
so metal is actually sticky, we just don't notice because of all the oxygen?
like a dusty piece of tape.
all metals (except gold) corrode (or rust). Corrosion is oxygen combining with the metal to form a compound. That compound is the "dust" that Nuclearsheep 53 is alluding to. Hope that helps.
Indeed. Aluminum will oxidize in 1/16 of a second, and that oxide layer is a huge pain in the ass to overcome. Its even worse when its been submerged in water, and saltwater compounds that further.
Yep. See the problem of "galling" that occurs when metal fittings (especially new stainless steel fittings) are threaded together into similar metal fittings without Teflon tape or grease coatings.
@@eggburtdilusia9599 So gold will cold weld on earth?
This has got to be the best use of a word picture - pure genius!
great video. What really blew my mind was you putting almond bark on a Salted nut roll.... Heading to store now.. I love science!
European space agency recommends:
1. Use stuff that don't stick to each other
2. Use stuff that don't stick to each other
3. Coat the stuff that may stick to each other
Thanks, European space agency!
Martin Ma Any Tsareva 4. Don't use peanut covered toffee bars as essential space hardware (unless covered in chocolate)
Yes, those rules are pretty obvious, but the point is: someone has to come up with them in the first place.
Just in: ESA commissions chocolate covered spacecraft.
@@drops2cents260 ß
This could be awesome for constructing habitats in space in the future. Just angle grind the metal to get rid of oxides, hold it together and BAM, nice clean weld.
wouldn't need an angle grinder, just a buffer to shine up the surface.
A good reason to go out and buy some candy bars! I learned about electrostatic bonding some thirty years ago, it too is a way to fuse materials in an unexpected way. I think it was discovered around 1970. It can fuse certain glasses to conductors with moderate heat (to get Na ions migrating in the glass), a little pressure, and some voltage.
Wow, never heard of this before, nice one.
This video ina nutshell:
"The Gemini spacecraft door got stuck because of something called cold welding,"
"Actually never mind, cold welding didn't cause this. The door just got stuck."
"But cold welding still happens!"
I hate seeing people weld without proper PPE... As a certified pipeline welder with years of experience, listen to me when I tell you folks to keep your skin covered while welding. The light emitted from the arc will burn the living crap out of your skin in a matter of minutes. There's plenty of studies showing the danger of skin cancer caused by this. Obviously at the beginning of this video, his short duration without gloves and in a T-shirt was only to showcase the art of tig welding. I'm sure he is just fine and it is his choice to do with his body as he pleases. But I am worried that people who have never been around welding may assume that it is ok to weld without gloves or with skin exposed while possibly only wearing a T-shirt. And as an informative video, I feel like the editors should try to keep these things in mind before posting a video.
That being said, I do enjoy your content, but this is a common mistake that many new welders don't take serious, and they should.
It’ll buff
I’ll let you know when I get cancer
Amen
when i saw this video i asked myself, i wonder how many comments until someone mentionings ppe's. ALWAYS GOTTA BE THAT GUY DONTCHA. I think most ppe is useless for the majority of pipe welders because they fire up a dart after each weld.
You're absolutely right.
The best presentation that i ever seen! Genius
The fact the you end the video in nanotechnology as this is where cold welding is applied is mind blowing.
most delicious analogy ever
when I was a kid it alway blew my mind that you could stack objects made from the same material without them becoming a single object
Welding without any gloves or protective clothing. Great way to get a super massive sunburn
Do it for a long period, and you will get more than a nice tan. ;)
@pyropulse well 10 seconds of welding with some higher Current can already leave you some nice sunburn.
Welders arent weak, little, ginger children therefore they wont burn as easily.
I just gave like since i wanted to see 100 likes instaed of 99 ;)
@@visualdisappointment8174 THICC SKIN UHH??
I had never heard of that "cold welding" phenomenon. Fascinating. 😎
That was spectacular! Thanks, lots of thought
Back in?
_sad noises from the space_
There actually is a cold welding method that work at ground level. It involves using rope explosives to press the metals together using the force of the explosions.
I was questioning that. Thank you.
Flash butt welding
Not sure if that is counted as cold welding since metals will heat up from the explosion, but if i recall right thing with explosive welding is that you can fuse two entirely different metals together with this. Far as i understand it metal 1 has tiny gaps between atoms same with metal 2, but force of the explosion heats both metals from friction alone that excites the top layers of the atoms, witch become more modulable and force pushes those metal 1's atoms past the metal 2 atom gaps locking them together, where heating as normal welding cannot do this, since both metals are too exited state to lock properly turning into their own pools of liquid metal.
yuppers, I seen it on TV...
The candy bar analogy was awesome! Kudos for thinking of it!
Brilliant demo!
From now on can we just call this the "candy bar effect"
Yes!!! Yes we can!
petite this
sounds tasty
Cold candy welding
lol I wish they would.
That candy bar metaphor was brilliant.
Nice stop motion animation with a puppet on a string👍🏽
It was a 16 mm camera at 6 FPS and he was tethered so even tho there's no gravity there's still the force he's applying to anything attached to him
Excellent stuff bro
What was that candy bar? Looked good lmao
+Ijaz aslam called a Payday, like the inside of an Oh Henry
In Canada they're called "Salted Nut Rolls", which is kinda boring, but they're so good.
Ijaz aslam in America they are called PayDay's
+Indigo Fenrir Yes please, I would love a taste of your salty nut roll.
I was going to say the same! It looks so tasty! 😋
i read "wedding in space" i watched the whole video bf realizing..
and you must be sexist
zidan40o0 your implying that only girls think of weddings, therefore your comment was sexist
zidan40o0 exactly, so why did you imply the OP was a girl because of their small comment?
see what i did there? :)
Alina, you are infected by feminazism.
im a guy... thats just what i read
fascinating!
- even if it is cold welding, would temperature still have an effect? will cold welding happen even faster the warmer the temperature?
- how exactly can different metals sticking affect the effectiveness? will two metals completely refuse to weld if they're "different enough"? what if they are in the same group in the periodic table? what they are similar in the way lanthanides and actinides are?
- does smoothness of surface matter? rough (but clean) metal surface leaves more gap but have bigger surface area
- when it forms, how easily can the weld be broken? is it exactly identical like one long solid metal?
You get cold welding or “gauling” down here on earth.
Stainless steel commonly does this. Typically on 304/316 nuts and threads
I was curious about this; my brother is a welder and he's mentioned cold welding, but it doesn't sound like the same cold welding that happens in space. Do you know what the difference is? If a welder says he made a "cold" weld, (which I think is bad?) What does he mean?
Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together.
TBH cold welding sounds very unlikely to be the explanation with stainless - as stainless steel is stainless precisely because, like aluminium, if forms a surface oxide layer which protects the metal from further corrosion
@@irw4350 just out of curiosity, have you experienced cold welding? Are you a mechanical fitter?
I’ve experienced gauling numerous times, always on stainless and titanium. Especially when they are the same grade nut and thread.
The oxide layer has no effect to protect from cold welding with stainless.
He talks about cold welding as if it only happens in space, but I was always told the the fact that steel locomotive wheels have significant traction on steel rails is due to cold welding thanks to the massive weight of the engine.
I WONDER HOW TO TEST THIS THEORY
I've not heard this before. But just last night I was pondering on exactly how fine a line of contact there is between the various sizes of wheel and the rails and how it could provide traction.
Then I remember that rail and wheels are not flat but both angles a few degrees so in effect the wheel on level rail is resting in a shallow v groove?
Both wheels and rails wear away so is that due to rust and friction or tearing and loss of electrons?
That seems more like pressure smashing than cold welding
I love how he explained it with candy bars 😂
I coulda used another 90seconds on metals oxide layers. Like how my cast iron skillet rusts instantly if I take the oil off. This stuff is kinda amazing. The cold welding part is an interesting addition to that larger interesting phenomenon
GOD made Earth as a ball of water and basic elements. The oxygen in the water began combining with the basic elements to create the minerals.
Naturally any time a basic element like iron meets oxygen it will get a coat or iron oxide. same works with aluminium, copper, etc
Stack raw iron turnings or thin material together and it may self combust quickly but generally just slowly combusts away to rust.
9/11 Twin Tower pile burned so hot because the iron-steel girders, rebar, iron furniture in contact with the lime of the sheet rock and plenty of oxygen burned very well - almost as hot as thermic lances.
.
Excellent analogy.
Payday needs to get on this.
"New! Chocolate Payday! Sticks in your mouth, not into each other."
That's a Baby Ruth.
@@Dwayne_Bearup 😂😂 good point. That's ok, the idea still works for them - show two Paydays "cold welding" and two Baby Ruths bouncing off one another.
My future clearly doesn't lie in ad sales.
@@adamplace1414 You're probably better off - I hear getting ahead in that field can be brutal. Stick with something easy and safe, like hand feeding great whites or smuggling snapping turtles in your pants.
The fact that I got this video in my recommendations today means that in 5 years someone might get a recommendation of a video in a channel that I haven't created yet.
I guy can dream!!!
This is free college. So much quality information in one video. Amazing!
Mind Blown ... thank you
3:00 Pure poetry my man. A demonstration to rival Feynman's lectures.
Wow... I didn't had slightest idea about it. Thanks Derek!
the candy bar thing really is a cool representation for the metal, Its a pretty good visual. also this is pretty cool I never knew about cold welding before.
Good presentation
Ah yes the "Jiminy" missions lmfao
Jiminy Cricket!
That irritated me too.
"muricans butchering the English language again. This drove me nuts in the space movie First Man...They must have said Jiminy 10,000 times in that movie.
Other words? Turbin instead of turBINE, Foyer instead of Foy EH, Valet instead of Val EH....
@@muskokamike127 I have a wind turban. It keeps my head cool.
@@humbleevidenceaccepter7712 hahaha
As far as I know the astronauts helmet does not turn side ways. Due to high pressurisation the suit gets very stiff restricting movement, that is why none of the space suits were designed with a moving (turning) helmets. Very curios...
Please correct me if I am wrong, but that space walk 0:33 does not look realistic due to this fact alone.
Other than that Veritasium - great video, love your work ;)
According to Wikipedia, some helmets can't turn. That means some can. This G4C helmet is designed for EVA so I would presume they built it to turn.
Yeah the footage of the spacewalk can't be original, it's absolutely fake, look at him in the beginning of the video wave to the camera, every movement is unnatural as I've ever seen.
Yea thats stop motion editing for sure, and the helmet turns, It's fake
Always interesting, thanks.
Thank you. Everyday I learn from you.
Omg i need you as my physics teacher!!🥺you explain physics in a fun way 🤍
That's super interesting! One of my questions as as child (the kind about which you repeatedly ask your parents/teachers "why?") and later in chemistry class was: why can you cut apart paper but if you hold the pieces together they don't join back up - after all, you could do that with putty (or candy bars, as the case may be); was there something underlying in the structure that made other materials not join up/bond? But then, how did they stick together in the first place? (Impurities like the oxide layer mentioned in the video is presumably the answer.) It's interesting to know that, in fact, this is a real phenomenon that matters in some special cases.
Paper is easy to explain.
The fibres are suspended in a solvent when the paper is made, and when the solvent evaporates, the fibres all layer together to form the structure of the paper.
When you cut or tear the paper you are forcibly destroying the layered structure, like if you link your hands together and then separate them by cutting off your fingers.
To re-assemble torn paper, you would need to re-suspend the fibres in (the) solvent, then allow them to reassemble/realign before letting the solvent evaporate.
It is possible, but it's like fitting wheels to a tomato. Time consuming and completely unnecessary.
This could lead to a good discussion about the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids.
Viola Buddy I asked the same thing roughly, although my question was mainly, "why are things sticky".
Cold welding also happens on earth. Thats the reason screws are greased. Its a known problem in bikes for example, because the constant vibrations can weld clamped seat pots or screws. Not all that common, but can happen.
Another good example of how spending money up there can benefit the rest of us down here. Hard to imagine we would have ever discovered cold welding without a space program
Veritasium is the best! Cant wait for the new show on netfix.
Wait next show? Is there a Veritasium show on Netflix?
the waffles
Bill Nye Saves The World!
5:34 wow, that's some pretty neat footage
Wow that was fascinating, learn something new everyday!
So graceful