Louis Pasteur vs Robert Koch: The History of Germ Theory
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- čas přidán 22. 07. 2024
- What is the history of germ theory? Why is germ theory a theory? Why do so many people believe it doesn't exist? What's up with Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Antoine Bechamp, and Joseph Lister?
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
🔗 L I N K S 🔗
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📚My favorite books docs.google.com/document/d/1w...
🔑 P A T R O N S 🔑
Michelle H
Rourou Y
Joanne K
Sal
Joe B
Kristoffer R
Brandon K
Brendan P
Karly N
Ron Blumenfeld
Dane M
📜 S O U R C E S 📜
A full line-by-line breakdown can be found here. You don't need to be a Patron to view it: / feud-that-made-83437845
Miracle Cure, the Creation of Antibiotics www.amazon.com/Miracle-Cure-C...
Passions and Tempers by Noga Arikha
www.amazon.com/Passions-Tempe...
Miasma
cssterner.nfshost.com/research...
www.infezmed.it/media/journal...
books.google.com/books/about/...
juniperpublishers.com/arr/pdf...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ijournalhs.org/article.as...
Plague and Microscopes
www.bl.uk/collection-items/mi...
www.jstor.org/stable/301787
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
wellcomecollection.org/articl...
Fracastoro & Contagion
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
nyamcenterforhistory.org/2013...
www.infezmed.it/media/journal...
www.google.com/books/edition/...
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athan...
www.scientificamerican.com/ar...
Henle
preprint.press.jhu.edu/bhm/si...
www.jstor.org/stable/44438524
Pasteur overview: oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-234...
www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pa...
www.jstor.org/stable/43428369
www.jstor.org/stable/2900535
www.jstor.org/stable/23332272
Pasteur vs Bechamp
www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?s...
www.mnwelldir.org/docs/histor...
www.wired.com/story/the-19th-...
www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?s...
www.google.com/books/edition/...
Lister
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Koch and Opposition
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/an...
www.jstor.org/stable/24618980
www.jstor.org/stable/23331663
www.jstor.org/stable/41108720
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
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⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 Intro
1:00 Contagion vs Miasma
5:46 Louis’s Legacy
13:56 Koch vs Pasteur
22:23 Resistance to Germ Theory
26:37 Koch’s Postulates Revisited
#historyofmedicine #medicalhistory
Huge thank you to my supporters on Patreon who make these videos possible. If you're in the position to support my work, head to patreon.com/corporis
He will circulate and hard work will pay off...don't stop the great work
Yk7uk
This was top-drawer! Thank you.🙏
Can someone tell me the Koch video he was talking about?
Why the hell do you not have hundreds of thousands of views, this is top documentary and narrative quality. Algorithm gods pls hear our prayers and spread this video like miasma in the wind.
I agree with you, really good quality and informative videos, i found this channel bc Mr Beast recommend it,CZcams algorithm needs to improve a lot!
Seriously he deserves way more then 6k easily put some zeros in there after the 6
We need to share. That's why content makers ask us to "like, subscribe, and _share_
💫 reminder- share with the kids in your class- it will give you something to talk to girls about besides Miley!
Favorite channel i recently found!! Love it so much.
I love the way you detail the drama between scientists and what they were beefing about. It adds so much context and nuance! Great video
Thanks for the kind words. I've been fascinated by their stories for a while.
@@PatKellyTeachesCleary. Your work is wonderful and helped me really picture and understand the work in greater depth. Thank you.
I’ve read a lot about the reaction to germ theory. How doctors and others refused to believe it for so long is a fascinating examination of human behavior. For instance, despite Semmelweis’ success, some doctors considered themselves gentlemen and thus how could they be dirty! Also, wearing their suits covered in blood was a badge of honor. After the American Civil War, doctors didn’t want to believe in germ theory - that would mean they killed thousands of soldiers with unclean hands and instruments. And I think some just thought they were smarter than Lister and Pasteur and knew best. A video unto itself!
EXCELLENT video! I can’t wait to binge on your channel! Keep up the great work. You’ve got the talent to make it clear, concise and interesting!
As a native german speaker I commend you for trying to pronounce Koch and I tell you that is alright to pronounce it the English way
I had to pause the video at 23:45 because I was in a fit of cackling laughter for a solid minute. Yet another brilliant one-liner that will help me remember the video! 👏👏👏
Just finished the rest of the video. I need to make room in my budget to support you! Another incredible video!
I love that you address the difference between conspiracy mongering and legitimate dissent/emendation, this is such an important issue for scientific literacy today
Koch's Postulates are a bit like Le Chatelier's Principle in chemistry in that they are useful to remember and can help guide your thinking at the start but can't get you all the way because in the end it's something of a simplification of a very complex system formulated when the science was still in it's infancy. These fields both had a lot of development before we discovered what Atoms were and thus became able to understand the basic physics underlying both fields so some of the earlier ideas are more like useful guides than ironclad rules.
That is why there are now the Bradford Hill criteria
i’m a virologist, and i cannot express how much i ADORE your videos. they’re very well put together and informational. thank you for doing this type of outreach!!
I love historical beef especially when it happened practically next door 😂
I love your pfp, stellers jays are the best
This is a top tier documentary and it is criminally under-viewed
Wow the quality of this video, for the first 8 minutes I assumed this channel had like 100,000+ subs.
I appreciate that!
It certainly deserves that many!
That will fix itself eventually…
Outstanding episode. As always.
Appreciated, Joel!
Another fast-paced, interesting video. Thanks for all the research and effort it must obviously have taken!
Thank you! It was fun to explore this story
This has become my new favourite channel. I'm sure you'll have the subscriber count to match the quality of your work soon enough. I'm preparing for the Section 3 of my BMAT and this has been super helpful in thinking about some of the types of questions asked in that section. Thank you so much for what you do and please don't stop.
Have been keeping your videos on all day. Love the connected storylines throughout your videos
Thank you! Building out the Kelly Cinematic Universe
Channel so good I turned off my adblocker lol
I thank you for the fraction of a cent!
I LOVE THIS CHANNEL. I don't understand why this isint super popular. This is high quality and easy to understand. Thank you for all your hard work. I hope it pays off in a big way very soon
This is one of my most favourite channels on CZcams. Great content man.
Thanks a lot man, means a lot.
I jusslt found this channel looking up the 4 humors and i absolutely love everything about it thanks please keep making these they are exactly what iv been looking for !!
Thanks for the kind words! I've got another video coming out next week, then I'm planning a multi-part series on the history of antibiotics. Any topics in particular you'd like to see?
Outstanding presentation! I'd like to suggest a small addition for future reference: incorporating a brief mention of the systems biology perspective on disease and how the “terrain” plays a role in this context would enhance the conclusion. Again, truly excellent work!
Could you do a video about the history of kidney failure and dialysis?
Someday, yes. I've compiled a few sources for a future video, but the video is still months away
As one who has struggled all my days to understand basic science, you are making the chore a bit easier. Many thanks!
Commenting for the algorithm, great vid and channel!
I appreciate that!
fantastic video and channel, would love to hear something with regards to the history of obstetrics or if you have any recommended books around the topic to read?
also because if your videos, i am currently in the middle of reading the great influenza and its a fantastic read!
Yes, I'd love to do something on the topic some day, but I want to collaborate with an OB/GYN since I'm so not an expert. The only book I'm familiar with that dug deep into that story was Mr. Mütter's Marvels, a biography of Thomas Mütter (the Mütter Museum namesake). He was contemporaries with Marion Sims, a bad bad dude who was involved in early obstetrics.
That's great that you like The Great Influenza! It's one of my favorites
I am currently in my practical phase of training as a medical lab technician and I think its fascinating that many of the tools that we still use every day to isolate bacterial pathogens have been in use for almost 150 years. I love your videos, they're super insightful. Keep up the great work!
I wonder how much work went into this episode. And why the hell your subscribers count isn't rising.
About 3 months of research and writing! As for the subscribers thing, I always appreciate a share on Reddit or whatever social media you use
As others have remarked, you really deserve more exposure. Your channel is full of riveting stories, really top quality content.
Great video. I'm stealing some of those vintage scientist burns.
"a behavior that's simply inexplicable"
3:56 Well played, sir.
I know my audience ;)
Im aVeterinary student and we are currently taking microbiology class and these names that i have to remember are all showing up in this video... i know they contributed a lot to modern biology but this made me appreciate it much more
Had to pause halfway to say this is one of the most interesting educational videos I've ever watched. And well edited and produced too! Thank you!
EDIT: Alright just finished the video. Dude your stuff is god tier production...look forward to the millions of views coming shortly. CZcams played one of your videos automatically under my 'podcast' tab, and I enjoyed one through work just with audio. Got home and seen another to actually watch....you have a subscriber!
And again...thank you.
Thank you! I put a lot of work into this one and went wayyy further down the Terrain Theory rabbit hold than expected
I've binged your channel(s) all morning. You deserve way more subs than you have. Keep it up brother.
That means a lot, thank you
Commenting to tell the algorithm that this is some good stuff :)
Especially 23:45
Glad you liked that one
As a medical student, this channel is making me nuts, thank you so much man, best channel ever
Thank you for material. Still haven't found cool video about Alexandre Yesrin and valuable pestis research, would love to see it on your channel
Thank you your videos.
I am a retired professor. Keep the videos coming.
Thanks for turning this into a thriller!
My pleasure! It was a fun video to research
@@PatKellyTeaches This was obvious 😄
I once encountered some British physical culture magazines from the '30s. One of the articles touted the virtue of enemas and began:"Now that the germ theory has been exploded....".
I think a great extension of this would be a video on prions and the research done by Dr. Zigas et al in Papua New Guinea surrounding the disease Kulu (the laughing death) and finally (KJD) Mad Cow Disease. Prions do complete a lot of the postulates, other than the ability to be grown in traditional media. They can be grown in cell media but I don't think that counts.
I have just discovered, and also binge watched, your channel. Trying to do my part for the algorithm
Yeah the terrain theory of disease falls apart almost immediately the second you introduce genetics. In a nutshell terrain theory states all microbes originate from our cells through a process called pleomorphism. Basically bacteria, fungi, protists, etc are all just human cells. The problem is that in order to be a human cell the cell's genome must match with the host genome. Yet this obviously isn't the case. Terrain theory debunked. This was a great watch and I'm definitely subbing. Great work!
I appreciate the kind words, and for you getting involved in a few other folks' comments. Thanks for being a part of the little community here!
Humans have 1 gene for every 360 bacterial genes
@gus699 and yet you can't find the entire genome for Yersinia Pestis in our genome. You can't find the entire genome for Aspergillus in our genome. You can't find the entire genome for Ebola in our genome. You can't find the entire genome for Plasmodium falciparum in our genome. You can't find the entire genome for tapeworm in our genome. That's the real issue here. Terrain theory isn't claiming that humans share 1 gene or a few nucleotides with bacteria, fungi, viruses, Protozoa, or multicellular parasites. Terrain theory says our bodies physically make the bacteria we see in diseased tissue. In other words Yersinia Pestis, Plasmodium Falciparum, Ebola Virus, Tapeworm, Aspergillus, and every single pathogenic organism is made by our bodies and is essentially just another human cell type like our liver or lung cells. And yet we share almost nothing in common with microbes genetically speaking. Kinda hard to support terrain theory when it blatantly breaks the core concept of biology.
@@sithwolf8017 You realise that when babies are born the bacteria is created and given to them by the mother’s body. We are 99.9% bacteria, we have human and bacteria genes, so how do we share nothing genetically?
@@gus699nope. The bacteria a baby has in their body enters when they are leaving the vagina and they are coated in their mother's vaginal microbes. But if I'm wrong there is something that you can easily do to prove it. On the website genebank you can easily find the entire genome for various microbes as well as our human genome. Try picking a microbe like Yersinia Pestis or Mycobacterium Leprae and compare the genome with humans. The only way terrain theory is valid and our bodies can physically create the microbes is if the genomes are a 1:1 perfect match. Can you do that?
This is the video that unites all of your other videos...and in the darkness binds them.
Wonderful video! You’ve helped me better understand this complex history. It is amazing and humbling to think that these discoveries were made again the tumultuous years of world wars, plagues, and natural disasters.
The human spirit is inspiring even when constrained by petty jealousies and ego.
perfect video to listen to while i get ready :) listening in the bathtub right now lol
I'll take it! Thanks for watching / listening
Wow... brilliant presentation!
Dude wut. Your videos are phenomenal. Maybe you should consider doing shorts with some of this material to help bring viewers in. A lot of this information I learned in school and while it was interesting then you do such a fantastic job conveying the information and cultivating the story I feel like I’m watching a show it’s so vivid. You truly deserve everything good coming your way with this.
I appreciate the kind words, and I'm glad you're finding a renewed interest in biology! As far as Shorts, I feel meh about them. I feel like I need the long video format to try to tell the stories I want to tell
Shingles would seem to be problematic. You can harbour the virus for decades but only under some circumstances, usually age, will it suddenly become active. There are also a bunch of other diseases that are caused by the immune system reacting to poorly detected 'infections' e.g. gout
I love and respect the detail research on such topic
Thank you buddy.
I find that viewing this at around 50% speed is just right.
Thank you. This is complex and thought provoking. It made me realize how simplistic my understanding of the Germ Theory of Disease was.
My only suggestion is that you speak a little slower for the better comprehension of your ideas by foreigners like us whose accents are very different from your own. We want to derive every bit of knowledge and wisdom from what you say. Great thanks.
Oh. Forgot to say,
This is an excellent and informed video. I will have to re-visit it soon.
This is just hands-down one of the best youtube channels I have ever had the pleasure of watching.
I'M HONORED TO BE YOUR 24K SUBSCRIBER! TOP NOTCH QUALITY SIR! SUPER THANKS ❤
What is more important, the soil or the seed?
23:10 - if there's anything I've learned from the modern collection of science cranks out there, it's that anyone who compares themselves to Galileo and claims they're being silenced is almost definitely one of them.
No, the science community isn't trying to silence you. Publish good papers with sound evidence, and you'll get the recognition your work deserves. Spam bad papers with bad evidence, and you'll get ignored - not by some conspiracy, but because there's just nothing to pay attention to.
At least there is some good side effect to this big man science. The cartoon „Once Upon a Time... The Discoverers” did an episode about Louis Pasteur. It somehow got to be my favorite cartoon of all time. Whenever i was sick or feeling under a weather as a kid, i would demand this particular episode, and it made my day. I chanted: „Pasteur! Pasteur!” and jumped on a bed, i wrote about him in my diary a lot, and wanted to be like him when i grow up. I realise that none of this big men were as good as their legend, but Pasteur got me where i am today. I’m 2nd year Biotechnology student, fascinated with human microbiom and all of my little bacteria. I hope to also study medicine in a few years, and perhaps work on some drugs that improve quality of human life. I’m certain that Pasteur got me interested on that stuff, and guided me where i am today.
If this happened today, Henle would have published and taken credit for that anthrax research.
Comment for the algorithm. You have such great content!!
Absolutely astounding video as always.
19:48 - And the coke lab started using it right away 🤣😂😅
Great video!!
I just have one questio, there is a highly backed argument saying that Pasteur admitted on his deathbed that Bechamp was right all along? Any point of view around that?
Actually there's zero proof such a statement was made.
I love this recently found channel. The research is very impressive and highly engaging.
But it's a little funny that he spends time apologizing for the German pronunciation of "Koch', which is much closer to accurate than 'Bechamp'.
One video in and im an instant subscriber! Amazing work, Patrick!
What do you think of mark bailey's " a farewell to virology"? Have you read it?
Read it all and I can easily destroy it with a few words: biochemistry, cellular biology, oncology, histology, genetics, and obligate intracellular microbes. All of these subjects are intrinsically tied to cell cultures. The same cell cultures Bailey dismissed as being fraudulent tools that are nothing but lumps of poisoned cells. Yep, Mark Bailey denies the existence of everything tied to cell cultures. This is what virus deniers consistently fail to see when it comes to denying foundational concepts or tools. You end up denying everything remotely tied to those concepts and tools.
Glad I found your content!
Hi, I'm new here
To anyone reading this: which vids on this channel do you recommend most to a newbie?
Thanks!
I'd recommend the antibiotics series, but I'm biased
@@PatKellyTeaches Yay, thanks 😁
This was an excellent video, thanks
Please do one about the history of Ignaz Semmelweis. :-)))
excellent. but you dont' tell who and when are they using microscope, looking for germs?
\Also, pasteurization is not just heating up things (never to 100C/212F degrees or the boiling point, since that would also destroy the constitution of the biological material), but also to quickly cooling them down to NEAR freezing (to avoid harming the constitution of the subject matter--milk, meat, juices etc). That way, the germ life form could not cope the temperature difference between 60C and 2C
Thank you, everyone always misses the important fact of shocking the pasteurization (done for these various reasons), without doing so you leave the chance for temperature resistant microbes to regrow as the liquid cools back through their optimal temperature.
@@GoblinMode3004 Exactly. Dead on, man
Awesome video! Science and the history of science is amazing
Fabulous author of medical history!! I hope Patrick Kelly reads a surprising book entitled “The Remedy” by Thomas Goetz that actually pits Robert Koch against Arthur Conan Doyle in the quest of the cause of TB, which was so virulent, it has killed one out of seven humans in history 😢.
Maybe make the title more catchy like Kelly Deep Dives
Love the vids anyway I can donate?
That's awesome, thanks for the kind words. Right now, the best way to support me financially is through Patreon www.patreon.com/corporis although I may open up PayPal someday
Great video. Subscribed.
I like thumbnails to your videos because they show exactly what a viewer can expect - A guy in front of a camera explaining things. Though I would like to see you pronouncing German names correctly.
Just imagine if they left ego behind and worked together how much more they could have discovered 😢
thanks for the Arabic subtitles, and thanks for these high quality videos ❤❤
the fly audio had me waving my ear
This looks like an epic rap battles of history vid
I want a collab between you and Dr. Lindsey Fitzharris so damn bad!
I would love that too! The Butchering Art is what inspired me to make Med Hist videos!
Outstanding! Lots of respect
Much appreciated!
Excellent video
Great video
i thought the wash your hands b4 assisting childbirth was part of this story ? Sammelweiss
great vid btw :)
Don't watch this with high quality headphones. The fly noise around 9:30 had me ducking. Haha
I thought the fly was real for a second. These headphones are too good 😅
Ref the use of agar (plus 1% meat extract), maybe you mentioned it and I missed it, but the importance of using dye to color bacteria was as much a game changer as agar. Germany was the industrial center for dye production at the time, giving Koch some advantage over French scientists still recovering from yet another revolution. Thanks to Koch's arrogant tenacity, the story goes that Koch was excited to view dye under a microscope and thrilled it colored his bacteria that was often hard to differentiate from other micro bugs.
(BTW, I lived in Germany and learned some tricks from a British friend to speak Deutsch with a UK accent. So here's the British trick: To pronounce those pesky Deutsch guttural sounds like "Koch," just say "cough" like in English, but drop the "g" ((or "f" sound)) and give the "h" a half-hearted attempt, making a short breathy 'h" sound... and that's it! Yes! It works and sounds much better than "Coke." Now you'll sound like a Brit butchering German instead of an American ...butchering German.) :p
9:22 oh come on what the fuck with the stereo fly sounds that shit freaked me the fuck out lol.
A general rule about the universe is that relatively simple rules like Koch's postulates can act as a guideline that leads towards the right direction, but do not ultimately provide a comprehensive explanation of everything they are supposed to explain. I think a relatively common misconception among non-scientists and even some scientists is the idea that you can easily derive properties of larger systems from simpler - after all, this is basically what all scientific models are about. But emergent properties, for example, are not always all that obviously deriveable from some simple system of rules. One always has to keep in mind the limits of the models, while understanding their utility.
Classical mechanics is wrong, yet you can send a rocket to Mars without knowing anything about Einstein or special relativity. Koch's postulates are wrong, but they give crucial hints for what you want to look for: A microbial cause of disease that is consistently found where the disease is found, that will replicate itself if introduced to a new host, and that you should be able to isolate, grow, and study. It turns out that real disease is trickier than that and doesn't always follow these rules. Sometimes the microbe is being dormant, sometimes the patient is asymptomatic, and sometimes you simply cannot grow the microbe outside the host, because it has some tricky requirements that you don't know about. You might end up feeling like the model is so wrong as to be useless if there are constant exceptions to it, yet often it has led you to the right path.
GOOP BEFORE GWENYETH (?) HAHAHAHAHAH SIR, YOU ARE HILARIOUS!😂
This is the first of your videos that I've watched. It will not be the last. 👍👍 (= 2 thumbs up)
Have been binge-watching these videos.
Life clearly doesn't just arise from inanimate things, the probability is minute, but it seems like it doing so is an idea that fundamentally appeals to some people.
Very educational.
9:20 who strted looking for fly ? i was like from where this fly came in my room ? my headphones tricked me
i need someone who explain this things in spanish as good as you do, would makr my carreer even easier
What a gem of a video
I feel like this what happened in quantum science field for now
Bechamp vs these two is the real matter
Thanks for sharing big dog