One Encryption Standard to Rule Them All! - Computerphile
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- čas přidán 19. 11. 2019
- We look at where the ubiquitous AES came from. Dr Mike Pound introduces the Rijndael algorithm.
SP Networks: • Almost All Web Encrypt...
How AES Works: • AES Explained (Advance...
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This video was filmed and edited by Sean Riley.
Computer Science at the University of Nottingham: bit.ly/nottscomputer
Computerphile is a sister project to Brady Haran's Numberphile. More at www.bradyharan.com
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This man is always dressed the same way his consistency is fascinating.
He is computer generated
He's the upgrade version of Max Headroom
He's run on the same program as Tom Scott
You have no power here!!!!
Unless a better clothing algorithm is found, there's no need to use anything else.
The man, the myth, the legend Dr Mike Pound
*Dr Mike Pwnd
In his honour, instead of #hashtags in future, let us have £poundtags.
I’m Sam pound, I’m number one, apologizing for what I’ve gone, if you’re wondering what that was I snuck into a bathroom and *beeeeeeeeeep*
@@lawrencedoliveiro9104 £We_should_do_that
Other CZcams Video: "hmm almost 10 minutes, I'll watch that later..."
*sees Dr. Mike Pond*: "damn, this is not even 10 minutes..."
^ Dr. Michael Pound
now I'm really looking foreward to that *_other video_* where we're gonna talk about all those other topics we couldn't in this one
Im always looking forward to the topics that they wont go into in the current video..
Happens to me all the time
yes! enough chitchat! to the maths!! ;-)
I had to screenshot that comment. That's beautiful.
This guy carries this channel, probably single-handedly responsible for half a million subs
He is very motivating -- I always feel like doing what he talks about as my next project :)
Sebastian Elytron Brailsford.
Hah. You can't be forgetting Professor Brailsford. I'm sure he's also responsible for a lot of subs.
Him and Brailsford are the most compelling speakers, who also have many very interesting things to talk about. However, as an avid comp sci geek, you'd be hard pressed to find a video on this channel that I wouldn't want to watch.
@@arik_dev I've found a few that didn't interest me, but they are few and far between.
"We'll talk about this in another video."
"Oh, and we'll talk about THAT in another video."
"...and that!"
Really looking forward to all these videos with one of the greatest guys on Computerphile (and there's some strong competition going on, make no mistake on that!).
I have been fascinated with the complexity of encryption algorithms since I was a teenager decades ago.
I was fortunate enough to get my hands on the original IBM publication that documented their DES. ( As proof, the only two inks used, were black and purple ) That documentation was incomplete. I managed to fill in the gaps and implement the DES in 6502 assembly language. It took 45 seconds to encrypt/decrypt 2048 bytes on a 1Mhz machine. I verified my implementation using the test data and expected results listed in the documentation. One of the main problems with DES, was that no one trusted it. The design goals/requirements were not made public. People felt it had questionable/nefarious origins.
Along comes AES. Definitely faster than DES.
It would be nice if Blowfish/Twofish was covered. There has been some controversy about its not being selected given its performance on 256bit keys.
This person is solely responsible for reigniting my interest in academic research. Hope he makes more videos.
1:33 Two keys, not three for triple DES. That’s what it says in Tanenbaum’s _Computer Networks_ text, 4th ed, page 740. You encrypt with key K₁, decrypt(!) with K₂, then encrypt again with K₁.
Lawrence D’Oliveiro yep, this keeps it backwards compatible with normal DES if you choose the same key for k1 and k2
@L. Kärkkäinen 3DES was broken by MIT students using parallel computing in a few weeks. If I remember correctly.
@L. Kärkkäinen AES is far superior to 3DES, aka TDES. But two fish is more secure than AES. AES IS faster and more... efficient, though.
Triple DES could be keyed either with two keys (encrypt with K1, decrypt with K2,encrypt with K1 again) or three keys (encrypt with K1, decrypt with K2, encrypt with K3).
I am always happy to see a video with Dr. Pound in my subscription feed :) keep up the great work!
Smh, I use double ROT13 encryption on all my files.
hol up-
haha :D
Same here. Although it may not be the most secure (quantum computers could probably break it), it’s extremely efficient 👍
@Stromboli I’m a master hacker. I can crack double-ROT13 encryption in my head.
I'd like this but its sitting at 69 likes... Nice
I see Dr. Pound, I watch the video.
Would you say you Pounded the play button?
@@PhoenixTubez not saying I didn't too. 🤣
Dr. #
NPC.
"One Encryption Standard to Rule Them All!" - Famous last words
He did mention ChaCha20 tho.
Always here to watch one of the only channels on YT that are worth it.
If only professors were all just like this man.. our lives would be so much easier...
7:11
Q: Is that job done then?
A:
The true code is the QUANTUM KEY CODE, it is your personal security key that only you will recognize when you get it. A quantum key is truly unbreakable any attempt to hack the key results in the destruction of the key. When you have the key you are working with very advanced computers so it is best to abide with the guidelines as best possible. Quantum key codes are sent via the smallest possible particle along a fibre optic line at a specific predetermined time. If the line is broken, the key gets destroyed because it is the most fragile thing. If the key is not received then the user knows that there was an attempt to hack the key. You can never know me, I hope you also get your key. You will know what it is.
@@timothycurnock9162 Are you possibly _VERY_ high right now? Like high enough to need to seek medical help?
@@timothycurnock9162 How does the key know the difference between a “hack” and a “legitimate decrypt”?
@@lawrencedoliveiro9104 the key is given only to 1 specific target. That target will know it is the quantum key, it will be as plain as day.
@@timothycurnock9162 How does the key know who it has been given to?
you mean that famous "military grade encryption" :)))))))))))
You can trust NerdVPN, where we drink military-grade coffee.
More like millivpn
millies lol
@@4.0.4 If anyone doesn't know what "military grade coffee" taste like, just pour some muddy water and turpentine together and add lots of sugar. Delicious!
interesting video, thank you for sharing these for free!
AES 2: Electric Boogaloo
8:15 "Jar Jar 20" An algorithm written in Gunganese. Unbreakable except when spilling water on the device.
Tim Larkin chacha20
@@Keneo1 No, JarJar20 is a new algo. It's from a galaxy far, far away.
I need another video like the timezones and colalization ones… I love how they give me anxiety by just watching them.
Dr. Mike Pound's explanations are the clearest and easiest to understand for the layperson that I have ever heard. Please do more videos with him.
You bring the story a bit like ‘Drunk History’. Love your style!
I could listen to him talk all day!
this guy is the best computerphile explainer-dude ..don’t matter what he’s talkin’ bout.. it’s just good talk.
Few things cheer me up like a new Mike Pound video
This man is genius!!! I like the way he explains cryptography and complex things.
always enjoy these videos thanks
So, what about the next step - triple rijandael?
(For those that don't know, triple-ecryption goes like this: Cypher == encrypt(key1,(decrypt(key2,(encrypt(key3,(plaintext)))), plaintext = decrypt(key2,(encrypt(key2,(decrypt(key1,(Cypher)))). It uses the same hardware, takes 3 times longer, and is not quite 3 orders of magnitude more secure)
I actually did that with AES in Python for a Corsera class, just for the lulz. Not taking the fact all three keys need to be in RAM, and other various implementation problems (you don't attack the encryption, you attack it's implementation), trying to bruteforce that would be laughably hard.
I wonder if triple-ROT13 is 3 times as secure as ROT13. 😏
@@JNCressey Better go for quadruple, just to be sure.
We all love Dr. Mike Pound
I'd love to see you cover ChaCha20. It's especially great for PRNG. Also, Galois Counter Mode (GCM) is really cool and worth covering (IMO).
looking forward for the AES video
Love these videos Dr. Pound. Currently I'm learning about AES in my graduate Cryptography class and your video make is easy to understand the concept. Keep up the good work and hope to see you often! Thanks!
My professor of Linear Algebra was Vincent Rijmen, the guy behind Rijndael, we never knew what he crrated, just that is was worldchanging
Joan Daemen is my professor at Radboud University, so awesome to be taught by one of the best :D
A Belgian is at the root of the world wide web; two Belgians have invented the present secure data algorithm. Wow, we are such a plucky little country!
Who are you referring to?
@Chris B Rijmen and Daelen are professors at the University of Leuven and they made rijndael @Karl Moens if rijndael did'nt exist serpent would just have been chosen
punty punty also, encryption isn’t the route of the internet. Much of what we do online isn’t encrypted.
Great stuff!
Speed and security considerations - ChaCha20-Poly1305 is faster in software than AES-GCM. AES-GCM will be faster than ChaCha20-Poly1305 with AES-NI. AES-CTR with HMAC will be faster in software than AES-GCM. Poly1305 is also easier than GCM for library designers to implement safely.
The fact that Mike Pound doesn't have a youtube channel is a crime.
Great video though
I'm a simple man, I see Dr Mike, I click.
In physics, a chain is only as strong as its weakest link.
However, in cryptography, the inverse is true. The message is as secure as the strongest method used. Yes, I am talking about "daisy chaining" crypto systems.
1. ROT 13
2. AES.
You can't get to the super simple ROT 13 unless you first break AES..
So for 'something would have to go really wrong for us to reinvent the wheel', what about the sycamore chip?
I hope a video is done on the current Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards competition.
RCS is becoming more and more common, thoughts on talking about it at some point?
Chacha20's design wasn't just to make it faster in software using conventional hardware. It also designed to avoid side channels in software implementations.
Due to fast implementations of AES needing lookup tables the key can be inferred due to timing differences. (Also the sound the CPU makes which is freaky)
Chacha20 is also seekable, if you have encrypted a 20GB block and you want to read the end of it. In AES-GCM you'd decypt the whole block. In ChaCha you can decrypt any part of the sequence.
(Also XChaCha20 is now used in TLS 1.3)
AES-GCM actually works similar to ChaCha-20. You give it an counter value to use and it spits out a keystream to use. AES-GCM is therefore seekable as well, as you can decrypt only the end of the block.
At 1:30 he is saying that triple des uses 3 keys. Triple des uses a encryption(key1) decryption(key2) encryption(key1) pattern so it uses 2 keys. It also has the weakness in the case that the 2 keys are equal because it then decrypts the encryption with the same key so that part cancels out. making triple des equal to des in that case.
0:20 That depends on the cipher suite negotiated during the TLS handshake.
This guy has passion, I wish he was one of my teachers
Imagine having the co-designer of Rijndael as your teacher
(That man is an absolute legend)
@@DantevanGemert Rijmen = best linear algebra teacher.
I'm waiting for a Dr. Pound video about quantum computers and the future of encryption.
I vaguely remember this back in 1990's. Once the US eliminated the restriction on encryption key length and the internet become more popular there was dire need of a new encryption standard. As stated this was driven in the US by NIST so there was some concern the selection process was weighted in favor of the NSA - to allow them to more easily break the cipher. Given AES is an open standard that does not appear to be the case. It certainly has become pervasive.
This guy deserves a statue one and only Dr. Mike Pound!!!
AES is my favourite encryption. Make video about DES encryption too.
How would quantum computing effect the security of AES?
I think it's been proven that quantum computers won't ever be able to break a N bit key with less 2^(N/2) operations.
Doubling the key length would do the trick as a first step, but keep in mind that we are very far from entangling enough qbits and even further from achieving sufficiently low error rates.
AES has been proven to be quantum resistant when using more bits for the key
It reduces the complexity by "half", that is as if the key was half the length. When using a 256 bits key, then as he said in the video even a 128bit key is hard enough.
@@raphaelqueiroz7925 Thank you for the reply. I had heard quantum computers could tackle some jobs that were for all intents and purposes unsolvable in under a billion years on today's digital computers. I was wondering if this was one of them.
@@laurendoe168 You're welcome, I also forgot to mention that what I said is only valid for symmetric ciphers like AES. There are some asymmetric ciphers that will become unusable if they are based on integer factorization, but even then we are far from having strong enough quantum computers, plus there are alternative asymmetric ciphers that aren't based on integer factoring !
So yeah, quantum computers are very cool, they will break RSA one day, but that's pretty much it, at least concerning cryptanalysis.
Dr. Pound looks like an older normal-weight version of Jared Dunn from Silicon Valley
Normal weight version, love the PC.
New stuff is ChaCha20/Poly1305 and Ed25519 - not susceptible to side channel attacks and shorter assymetric keys.
AES specifically called for block ciphers. ChaCha20 is a stream cipher. So yes, it's newer, but it's not the same class of algorithm and has different design goals.
This and Miles (the AI guy) are my favorites.
Please do a video on CHACHA20, since it's one out of the three "standard" TLSv1.3 ciphers.
And please make it a video where you compare the algorithm to Rijndael.
Coincidentally TrueCrypt uses the three of AES, Serpent and Twofish chained together to encript its data
Im a simple man, I see mike pound, I click the video
Can we look at post quantum encryption standards please
Suggestion: could you do a video on elliptic curve cryptography, i.e. public/private key cryptography based on elliptic curves? (such as ECDSA which is used in Bitcoin)
Older public key cryptography such as RSA (based on large prime numbers) is explained in depth in many videos, and is relatively simple. But I haven’t seen anyone ever properly explaining ECC.
My precious
I took my Sec+ today, I got it!
I like this channel, I will subscribe immediately.
Why wasn't NIST mentioned along with post-quantum?
I hope one day we will see a video about DES
now waiting for "how rijendael works"
You changed the title! I noticed it
first visit to computerphile.. can you in theory break these with a quantum computer? Perhaps you have some content on this?
Is the ring in the thumbnail a reference to digital fortress?
There always seems to be a metric of, one super computer working on this problem. What about if it's spread across thousands of cpus, each attacking a different segment of that 2^128?
Video on quantum resistant public key cryptography methods like lattice based methods?
Meu amigo gosto muito do seu canal que Pena que não tem a legenda em cima português???
My dad is a journalist and he interwiewed Rijmen en Daelen and they said that they made the name do that english speaking people would'nt be able to pronounce it and ...
Thank you
Beautiful. Two members of the cryptographic community get together and create an algorithm that bests the efforts of tech giants like IBM.
Why are autogenerated subtitles always so slow to come to your vids?
I thought he was talking about Ryan Dahl, the nodejs inventor
He is busy with Deno.land
I can't find the video of "how aes works"?
In addition to security and performance, NIST has to deal with political pressure from NSA (make it strong enough, so that the community adopts the standard, but not strong enough, so that NSA cannot break it, for national security reasons). Former led to the selection of Rijndael and the latter led to the elimination of 256-bit state (only 128 bits allowed even when key-length is 256 bits). This was not public knowledge until the latter over-shadowed former, with standardization of Dual_EC_DRBG. AES is great for pretty much everyone but for the super-paranoid, use Rijndael with 256-bit block size or preferably switch to using CHACHA20 (256 bit key with 512 bit state). The new TLS 1.3 standard requires CHACHA20 as a mandatory algorithm to support strong encryption. The crypto industry has learnt a lot since 2001 (when AES was standardized).
Can someone explain to me what Mike refers to at 07:46? Thanks.
"DES was made by IBM, with the help of NSA"
Oh do you mean when NSA tried to shorten DES key length to 48 bits while IBM tried to stand still on 64 bits, with the spice to the story that some guy brawling over like a child in between?
Ooh do please elaborate on the drama.
I don't recall that, though I would like to know more. I DO recall the NSA secretly _strengthening_ DES, not weakening it, by suggesting a new set of S-boxes to use. They never said why at the time(which obviously made people think they weakened it), but research into it years later realized that the NSA's changes made the algorithm more resistant to a special type of attack that wasn't even publicly known at the time DES was first standardized, meaning the NSA knew the technique all along, and buffed up DES against it.
I always think we're probably never gonna see the videos they say they'll talk in some other video.
Will AES be effective, considering the very recent(just last month) developments on quantum computing by Google?
What does it mean for encryption to be able to work on a hardware level? I'm confused how that works
@5:37 the link is competitions.cr.yp.to/aes.html
i thought that he was going to talk about "ryan dahl", the creator of node.js
The thumbnail looked a bit like Spoony had gotten his act together xD
AES/Rijindael is just Belgian waffle!
Please interview Sophia Drossopoulou from Imperial College London about concurrent actor programming!!!
When he says "sp networks", all I hear is "yes peanut works". I might just be hungry.
Can you than talk about competitors?
Well done pronouncing ”Nokia”!
Des got broken, but did you try Troy?
To be fair: DES can be computed blazingly fast in *hardware* which is what was important at the time (1970s) when it was developed. Unfortunately all the bit-operations made it dog-slow in software.
RINJDAEL IS BOTH OF THEIR NAMES!!!
..., one encryption to find them. one encryption to bring them all, and in the darkness bind them.
I can't believe how similar his facial expressions are to Brad from Bon Appetit!
well this is a crossover i didn't expact! mind elaborating on the similarities?
I'd like to see a video on the CAESAR crypto competition one day. And the SHA-3 process as well.
AFAIR (from classes taught by the man himself, though it's a handful of years ago), Lars Knudsen (from the Serpent team) agrees with the choice of Rijndael as AES. Not so much with Keccak as SHA-3.