5 Build Your Own Electric Car: DC Motor Basics

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  • čas přidán 16. 06. 2024
  • 300mpg.org
    In this video, we delve into how a DC motor works! For this project, we used a series-wound DC motor originally salvaged from an electric forklift.
    Please click SHOW MORE!
    For some great ideas on different vehicles converted to electric, check out the listing at the EV Album! www.evalbum.com
    This video is one segment of an instructional video I created in 2010 from a home-built electric car I made in 2008. Of course, battery and motor technology has advanced quickly since then, and affordable, commercially-built, Electric Vehicles are now a reality.
    This video series covers ONE low-tech and simple way of converting a car to electric. Many of these same ideas and techniques still apply to go-karts, motorcycles, boats, and lots of other projects. We hope that you enjoy watching these videos and learn a little something from them.
    A simple electric car conversion project like this one uses
    A 0-5k ohm potentiometer throttle: amzn.to/2PwMmoD
    A motor controller up to 144V: amzn.to/394QyUh
    A DC Series-Wound motor (9-inch diameter typical): amzn.to/2TlqYUv
    Battery Charger to match your pack voltage: amzn.to/2Toe0Fl
    On this car, we used a simple power inlet: amzn.to/3abNWnI
    But that also meant we needed to design a separate circuit to disable the ability to drive while plugged-in. That's a built in feature of the now standard J1772 connection used in modern commercially-built cars.
    J1772 Inlet: www.aliexpress.com/item/40000...
    You would then pair that with a standard J1772 EVSE: amzn.to/387ixRW
    I show the internal connections you need for the J1772 communications at: 300mpg.org/2015/03/31/the-diy...
    For a nice forum thread on what to look for in searching for a forklift motor to repurpose for an EV, please see the following link:
    www.diyelectriccar.com/forums...
    Yes, we know there's a spider in the video. People love to comment as though they are the only one who has ever seen the spider. You can now follow the spider on Twitter.
    / spidermotor
    For CURRENT electric vehicle, DIY, and renewable energy projects, please visit 300MPG.org.
    If you like what I do you can support me at:
    / 300mpg
    By shopping at Amazon anyways: amzn.to/2rkMTxt
    For more Information, visit:
    300mpg.org
    / 300mpgben
    Most Popular Playlists:
    Build Your Own Electric Car: bit.ly/2zMufmN
    Build Your Own Electric Motorcycle: bit.ly/2AT7eOF
    Solar Garage: bit.ly/2KgQpS5
    Contact Ben Nelson:
    Please just leave a comment for me at: 300mpg.org/about/
    and I'll get right back to you.
    Music Credit:
    "B-Roll" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
    Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
    creativecommons.org/licenses/b...
    As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Amazon links help support this these videos.
  • Auta a dopravní prostředky

Komentáře • 877

  • @BenjaminNelsonX
    @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 5 lety +48

    We are now on Patreon! We'd love your support as it helps us produce more videos like this! www.patreon.com/300MPG

    • @danielspage22
      @danielspage22 Před 5 lety +3

      Sir teach me

    • @charliebrownau
      @charliebrownau Před 5 lety +1

      Please check out subscribestar instead of pateron
      Pateron is removing people and censoring creators
      subscribestar is a payment platform that supports free speech for EVERYONE

    • @spondonzeex10r
      @spondonzeex10r Před 5 lety

      @@charliebrownau wheres the cleavage click bait though.. hehe. All the best.

    • @charliebrownau
      @charliebrownau Před 5 lety

      Please swap from PATERON to SUBSCRIBESTAR

    • @charliebrownau
      @charliebrownau Před 5 lety +4

      If you dont live in USA with 2nd hand fork lift motors in your country or REGION
      What else is available ?

  • @ranjulatanayak584
    @ranjulatanayak584 Před 5 lety +22

    You are really advising every one to try any work before prepare for repairing. That's actually should be the aim of every person. Thank you very much for such a detail analysis.

  • @rcdesmond
    @rcdesmond Před 4 lety +7

    I just had to pause the video to express my appreciation for your thorough explanation , I have no questions.

  • @DivPivShiftmaster
    @DivPivShiftmaster Před 6 lety +33

    cant thank you enough for this video! glad i found this channel!

  • @eddiedelahoz
    @eddiedelahoz Před 5 lety +8

    Thanks for the details and making things easily defined.

  • @georgechard4977
    @georgechard4977 Před 6 lety +34

    Great teaching skills, no profane expletives, solid information. Thank you and God bless you.

    • @veganpotterthevegan
      @veganpotterthevegan Před 4 lety +2

      How many people use constant expletives when talking about EV conversions? Also, God is useless 🙃

  • @dichromatic6003
    @dichromatic6003 Před 4 lety +13

    You give very detailed instructions when you are explaining Motors. That is very helpful and useful I really appreciate you for that because I was always wondering where those extra two wires come from out of the motor you should become a college professor. Keep up the perfect work..👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍..... I love it

  • @KevinSoupy
    @KevinSoupy Před 5 lety +1

    You are a great teacher. No extra information just straight to the point. Other guys on here just like to hear their own voices too much and I find it hard to follow. Thanks for this informal video.

  • @RigoStar1931
    @RigoStar1931 Před 5 lety +21

    It’s my first day learning about electric motors. You explained this well for me.

    • @nikolaschannel2622
      @nikolaschannel2622 Před 2 lety

      Aye bro same I’m 14 right now when I get my drivers license at 16 I’m planning to make an electric car from taking out the engine of a car and putting in an electric motor hopefully everything goes to plan in 2-3 years

  • @Nobody2463
    @Nobody2463 Před 5 lety +16

    Excellent video! Keep them coming!

  • @boss290bafalcon
    @boss290bafalcon Před 6 lety +12

    Very good, very clear explanation.. thankyou

  • @BenjaminNelsonX
    @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 5 lety +11

    The spider in the video started his own Twitter account. See it at: twitter.com/spidermotor

  • @tincoster
    @tincoster Před 5 lety +5

    You are a very good teacher. I enjoyed listening to you.

  • @JimRobb44
    @JimRobb44 Před 5 lety +5

    I converted a VW bug with a Raymond motor that had internal series connections like you mention. Indeed, when I first started the car I had 4 reverse speeds and 1 forward. I took the motor to a motor shop and the corrected the wiring for the direction I desired. These motors are powerful, heavy but easy to work with. I don't have the car anymore but it was a great learning "vehicle" for me. Thanks for making this video.

  • @CDinkle
    @CDinkle Před 4 lety +4

    Ah that great Wisconsin accent, takes me back home. Great video series

  • @alfriedar
    @alfriedar Před 5 lety +5

    Thank you for a clear concise and well laid out video you just got yourself a new subscriber I am very interested in building my own electric car

  • @Angelogilo001
    @Angelogilo001 Před 6 lety +22

    Very good information and very well made, very clear and simply explained

  • @cleber0001
    @cleber0001 Před 3 lety +2

    Thanks for sharing. People like you makes this world a better place. Keep up the good work! God bless you!

  • @kellybleeker4500
    @kellybleeker4500 Před rokem

    Very good explanation for a person who really hasn't worked with electric motors at all, talking about myself. I feel like you gave enough basic information on how it works to make my way through it.

  • @squidlings
    @squidlings Před 4 lety +2

    Watched this video at least 6 times over the last 3 months and im just starting to understand how it works. Got my first dc motor today. An 11" traction. Excited and thank you, your videos have been super clear and great to follow.

  • @garys5490
    @garys5490 Před 2 lety +1

    One of the simplest and most informative video's Iv'e seen. Thanks for the great video!!

  • @ibrahimayoussouftoure7854

    Thanks for your video, you encourage guys like us to do the impossible.

  • @EveryDayPetrolHead
    @EveryDayPetrolHead Před 5 lety +6

    This was a great video. So much information and it was appreciated. You just earned a sub!

  • @MrPraveenGeorge
    @MrPraveenGeorge Před 5 lety +3

    well explained and easy to understand. Thanks

  • @garyingersoll9349
    @garyingersoll9349 Před 6 lety +4

    Thanks Ben. You have a real talent for teaching....

  • @tommy-ij9nd
    @tommy-ij9nd Před 2 lety

    I just found this vid….great information!! Thanks so much for taking the time to share your knowledge!!

  • @gordon1124
    @gordon1124 Před 3 lety +1

    Dude I love you. This is the page I've been after. You're a wizard..... an electric wizard.

  • @sreethampan
    @sreethampan Před 5 lety +3

    superb narration .
    Thank you my dear friend

  • @zusclhz
    @zusclhz Před 5 lety +6

    Thank you so much for Teaching!!

  • @atiqgee
    @atiqgee Před 5 lety +2

    Beautiful and detailed explanation.

  • @avinashkotwal4123
    @avinashkotwal4123 Před 5 lety +1

    Excellent demonstration. Almost a complete guide to convert an electric car.

  • @TheDesertwalker
    @TheDesertwalker Před 5 lety +3

    This is the good basic info I need to get started.

  • @BOBMAN1980
    @BOBMAN1980 Před 4 lety +4

    So so awesome! Thank you!
    Subbed the first minute in. . . .liked the video--only wish I could give it more likes!

  • @DavidGraingerEcoAffluence

    Hi Benjamin, this was a superb explanation and very entertaining.

  • @owenbird3652
    @owenbird3652 Před 5 lety +2

    Fantastic video!!! Thank you very much for this!

  • @northshorepx
    @northshorepx Před 5 lety +4

    Great tutorial - thank you

  • @theflyingdutchman787
    @theflyingdutchman787 Před 4 lety +2

    You’re a top notch instructor. Thanks a lot!!!

  • @jamiehooton6253
    @jamiehooton6253 Před 5 lety +2

    Great video. Thanks for sharing with us.

  • @InformationIsTheEdge
    @InformationIsTheEdge Před 5 lety +1

    You have a talent for educating. That was surprisingly fun for something I know almost noting about!

  • @pudseybear9910
    @pudseybear9910 Před 6 lety +3

    Very interesting, and well explained.

  • @MrFreddiew1
    @MrFreddiew1 Před 4 lety +1

    Hi, Thanks for the video, very instructional and informative.

  • @deadpiratetattoo2015
    @deadpiratetattoo2015 Před 3 lety

    im building electric skateboards for me and go carts for my daughter. finding this gives me new ideas. go bigger. but finding one of those motors isnt so easy. love the site and how you make it approachable for the hobbyist.

  • @alexreinhard982
    @alexreinhard982 Před 4 lety +1

    Awesome video! Thanks for posting!

  • @teachernotpreacher546
    @teachernotpreacher546 Před 2 lety +1

    Thank you for these videos!! Man I'm so excited its hard to contain myself..

  • @FilterYT
    @FilterYT Před 6 lety +15

    Nice video, thanks for sharing. I'm gonna check out your other vids!

  • @nikolaschannel2622
    @nikolaschannel2622 Před 2 lety

    Thank you so much I’m planning to make an electric car from scratch and this helped a lot you explained this so fantastic good job 👍👍👍

  • @zahran00wolf
    @zahran00wolf Před 5 lety +2

    thanks you helped me a lot in my project

  • @mmtruckingllc657
    @mmtruckingllc657 Před 5 lety

    Very good information! Easy to understand!

  • @anthonymarino4260
    @anthonymarino4260 Před 5 lety +1

    i been repairing motors for 30+ years you did a fine job explaining well done

  • @startcherif
    @startcherif Před 5 lety +1

    Nice video , very thanks for your time, congratulations

  • @waynepennington1
    @waynepennington1 Před 5 lety +5

    Beautifully done video and explanation. I'm an MS EE and CS. Practical, hands-on presentations like this are invaluable: from newbie genius scientists to folks in their garage working a project. You establish a physical basis of understanding and common terminology for elements and phenomena. Great job. (I wonder if this same approach could be used for our current US/World situations?) ;-)

  • @GianfrancoFronzi
    @GianfrancoFronzi Před 6 lety

    Excellent video well done and thorough.

  • @Professional-truck-driver-HH

    Wow very insparing. Thaks for this video. I think i need one electrik Car soon.

  • @DooryardEd
    @DooryardEd Před 6 lety +5

    Glad your revamping this subject.

    • @trebombs4life
      @trebombs4life Před 6 lety

      i was hoping he was redoing it too but i think this is the same video from years ago re-uploaded

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 5 lety

      @@trebombs4life Check out some of my newer videos. I upgraded a Vectrix motorcycle with lithium and I'm also now working on a FACTORY-BUILT Ford Ranger Pickup Truck! czcams.com/play/PLmHss3DBZUinic8TbuaNqRsyZnxhM0svj.html

  • @markream2011
    @markream2011 Před 5 lety +14

    What a frickin' greatly explained video...I'm subscribed!

  • @seanschwab9715
    @seanschwab9715 Před 5 lety

    This sparks so many ideas!!!

  • @nunyabizness7013
    @nunyabizness7013 Před 5 lety +10

    OMG its a Geo metro! 😍 Allready double cool.

  • @aliboy7320
    @aliboy7320 Před 5 lety +3

    Awesome job bro love it 😍😁

  • @alasdair4161
    @alasdair4161 Před 5 lety +11

    Good information. I used one of these motors to power an electric farm utility vehicle and a useful small mod worth doing
    while the motor is apart, is to glue a thermocouple sensor to the stator winding. I just used a cheap digital thermometer and
    it gives me good warning about motor temp before any risk of winding damage occurs.
    Thanks for posting.

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 5 lety +2

      Good tip! Always nice to know the temperature of things!

    • @danieljones9463
      @danieljones9463 Před 3 lety

      Great innovation "Alasdair". Is it still functional?

    • @alasdair4161
      @alasdair4161 Před 3 lety +1

      It is still going strong, just repacked second set of batteries after 10 years of daily use.
      $600 worth of batteries but we're still way in front over regular fuel cost for that same time.
      The only noticeable difference now is that its quieter, the commutator and gear train is completely smoothed out.
      Cheers

  • @terriecotham1567
    @terriecotham1567 Před 5 lety +2

    Thanks for posting well done video

  • @Gabriel-mg6om
    @Gabriel-mg6om Před 6 lety +1

    Damn, what a nice video! Good Job!

  • @dhirenderkumarcarandgadget5520

    best information that is simle and useful thanks a lot keep going

  • @benrittenhousedotcom
    @benrittenhousedotcom Před 4 lety +1

    Great well spoken inforamtive video! Thanks!

  • @seasong7655
    @seasong7655 Před 4 lety

    Great explaination of DC motors

  • @murb2586
    @murb2586 Před 5 lety +4

    !thank you! mobility is so important to progress and expansion of options for so many. if we could find a way to easily produce super simple cheap and easy to maintain "giant go-karts," if you will, it could change so many lives. sharing knowledge is love. keep spreading knowledge and more "power" to you my friend. =)

  • @DJGive1
    @DJGive1 Před 4 lety

    Genial video man. Great job keep up the great work avid thanks for thoroughly schooling me on all this stuff. 1 new subscriber **

  • @FREE_WILL_AAHhhhhhhhhhhhh

    Thank you for your contribution.

  • @tufanirfan
    @tufanirfan Před 5 lety +1

    Super explanation.

  • @itwasntme6186
    @itwasntme6186 Před 6 lety +23

    This is my first view of your channel but . New subscriber!

  • @Judge_Jon
    @Judge_Jon Před 5 lety +10

    Great info man. I'm thinking about adding electric drive to the two "inactive" wheels on a performance oriented vehicle. I think the most fun but also the most fabricating would be something like adding electric motors to the front wheels of a manual transmission rwd car (example a camaro) to essentially make it AWD, and another great thing would be that the electric motors would act like a dual clutch if you have it wired to a button on the wheel when you let off the gas to shift.

    • @harinandan6557
      @harinandan6557 Před 7 měsíci

      If I wanted to make a simple car with a motor and speed controller (accelerator) will I able to do that? with just a motor like that?

  • @zanabean6651
    @zanabean6651 Před 3 lety

    this is amazing so much knowledge thank you

  • @danielramirezcruz.2209
    @danielramirezcruz.2209 Před 3 lety +1

    Great information l love it thanks for posting...

  • @gillesd.2277
    @gillesd.2277 Před 5 lety +1

    Very informative, thank u very much.

  • @PM-yn9hh
    @PM-yn9hh Před 5 lety +2

    Great video!

  • @cathalsurfs
    @cathalsurfs Před 5 lety +2

    @BenjaminNelson Man I think you're a talented teacher, even my wife likes your mode of information delivery. Thanks dude!

  • @Rico-Suave_
    @Rico-Suave_ Před 5 lety +1

    thank you very much for the video, I really appreciate it

  • @kwafoisaac4133
    @kwafoisaac4133 Před 2 lety +1

    Wow 😯 this easy
    Thanks for teaching me

  • @Maisonier
    @Maisonier Před 4 lety +1

    Amazing video!!!

  • @vishakhkumar37
    @vishakhkumar37 Před 4 lety +3

    Thanks for explaining the content clearly!!!!

  • @arlinchaapel4616
    @arlinchaapel4616 Před 4 lety +2

    Good video
    Good explanation and information useful video ,,

  • @dagnowodajo603
    @dagnowodajo603 Před 10 měsíci +1

    perfect instructor

  • @sreejithshankar5163
    @sreejithshankar5163 Před 5 lety +1

    thank you for nice information

  • @dogtree1000
    @dogtree1000 Před 6 lety +1

    thanks for sharing loved it

  • @Equiluxe1
    @Equiluxe1 Před 5 lety +6

    Many years ago now, (1968) I had the electric drive motor from a milk float, a sort of small truck used for delivering milk here in the UK. The motor was arround 4 times the size of the one you have there. It was a compound motor that converted to a generator by reversing the series winding relative to the shunt. I have no idea of how many apms it could put out but the first time I tried charging a battery it boiled it and then blew it up inside of thirty seconds and it was not a small car battery but a very large tractor battery, I was 15 at the time and the idea was to provide power in a shed at the bottom of the garden to use as a lab.

    • @warrior--poet5418
      @warrior--poet5418 Před rokem

      do you still explore the inevitable horizon of known hazards - when i was young, it was "Gilbert Chemistry" in my 'danger if you stand too close' laboratory..
      splash damage can be
      very unpredictable

  • @ForPropertyInvestors
    @ForPropertyInvestors Před 6 lety +12

    Thanks for a well-explained video. Made understanding what to buy and so easy. Is the same principle for a larger folk lift motor for a 3-tonne campervan DIY campervan project? Any suggestions on what size motor i should look out for? Thinking of starting with an old 1984 Toyota chassis and building a custom camper on the back. I hope to find something that is 4 x 4. I'm looking at doing one with a roof full of solar panels and the goal is to let it charge in the sun on leisurely journeys and get a 100mile range or so. In a state of Australia that has a lot of Sun but charging stations or a generator could be utilized. Have purchased nothing yet so still in researching stages! Thanks again for your good videos. Very helpful.

    • @bradsmith1934
      @bradsmith1934 Před 5 lety +1

      You will need to fill every empty space with spare Batteries, as large RWD vehicle will drain them quickly. I well imagine any Crawler or Counterbalance unit will have a sufficient sized Motor. The larger the Motor..the more current it pulls...(going "overboard" will suck the charge down faster)

  • @mtlvlgmnfishing
    @mtlvlgmnfishing Před 3 lety

    Thank you! I loved your video

  • @johnnypoppyhead4116
    @johnnypoppyhead4116 Před 4 lety

    great video..i learn a lot

  • @alexanderrepollo1024
    @alexanderrepollo1024 Před 5 lety +1

    Thanks for all te info mate, it’s really important to have people to teach us all about electric motors, thanks!

  • @federicomaisch6812
    @federicomaisch6812 Před 3 lety

    Very informative, thank you

  • @georgegautier372
    @georgegautier372 Před 5 lety +2

    2:43 To me, this video is what I was looking for about initiate learning process about electrical motors, Thanks, great video! But the spiders dislike, she don´t want see her home spinning

  • @PrivatePilot66
    @PrivatePilot66 Před 4 lety

    Great video. Now to find a motor like the one you show

  • @jamesexploringonline872
    @jamesexploringonline872 Před 5 lety +1

    Great info, did anyone notice a spider walking from right to left ?
    Thankyou for explaining the workings of that motor.

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 5 lety +1

      I still find it amazing that the number one comment on a video I shot ten years ago is about the spider.

  • @Vgk36
    @Vgk36 Před 5 lety +4

    Ben ! Found your videos and you have inspired me to convert my 1992 300zx to electric! I want to keep my manual trans and air conditioning! Would you be able to give me your thoughts on feasibility / ball park cost !?

  • @adamskinner5868
    @adamskinner5868 Před rokem

    That was great, cheers. Informative, logical n easy to follow, just what I was looking for. I hope you have done many more vids to help me explore my (not at all original) idea to put an electric motor into my old 1960s British 4 cylinder car. I'm hoping I can just remove the motor and petrol tank and replace it with an electric motor running through the car's gearbox and then fit some kind of battery box in the back, we'll see ;).

  • @johnveroutsos
    @johnveroutsos Před 6 lety +7

    Wow Benjamin, you are awesome! You have inspired me to go ahead with converting my 1992 Volvo 960 to electric. Old car but low mileage and zero rust. I think it will be relatively easy (ish) to convert due to the larger-than-average engine bay and rear wheel drive! Thank you so much! Your experience and insight is worth gold!

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 6 lety +2

      Depending on where you live, an older car can sometimes be licensed as "Classic" or "Hobbyist". These can offer an advantage of being less expensive to register, only have to pay a fee once, (instead of annual) etc. Check with your State or other appropriate government. Older cars are also often exempt from pollution control testing. Although an electric car makes no emissions at point of use, it can be a bunch of hassle and red tape to prove that to a government official!

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 6 lety

      Here's a little about when I took my project car in for emissions testing. It was an interesting experience, to say the least.
      300mpg.org/projects/electro-metro/emissions-testing/

    • @johnveroutsos
      @johnveroutsos Před 6 lety

      Hey thanks for the reply Benjamin. Yeah, although I don't live in the US. I live in Montreal and I assume laws differ here somewhat but I'll look into it. On another note though, I plan on removing the engine and transmission including the radiator allowing me to couple the DC motor directly to the drive shaft that connects to the differential in the rear end. Then I'm worried about weight... my Volvo is a solid steel beast weighing in at around 3500 lbs. To move that weight around I'll need more batteries... more batteries means more weight and more cost. The engine has an aluminum block (2.9L inline 6) so not as heavy as a cast iron block but certainly some weight can be saved by removing the engine and transmission. This might allow for more batteries. The other thing now is where to place all these batteries... the car's engine bay is enormous especially when the power train is removed but placing all those batteries in the engine bay will make the car very front-heavy and little weight to the rear-end. Use the trunk for battery placement and engine bay as a trunk perhaps? Anyhow, I'm looking into solving all these issues before starting to gut the car. Any suggestions? I very much value your experience.

    • @BenjaminNelsonX
      @BenjaminNelsonX  Před 6 lety

      Keep in mind that if you go straight to the driveshaft, you lose the gearing in the transmission and you only have the gear reduction of the differential. You will also need to add revers ELECTRONICALLY, by physically spinning the motor the other direction. (In my Geo Metro, the motor only spins the one direction, and I used reverse gear for backing up.)
      Because of the loss of gearing, vehicles with an electric motor going straight to the drive-shaft usually have used high power motors and higher voltage systems. Take at look at the EV Album (EVAlbum.com) to see some conversions people have done direct to driveshaft.
      As for weight and bulk of batteries, yes, more batteries you have the more weight there is. At this point, lithium batteries are a better choice than ever. I'm a big fan of used lithium batteries from salvaged vehicles. Cells from Nissan Leafs and Chevy Volts a readily available, and offer good power in less space and weight than lead acid ever did.

    • @johnveroutsos
      @johnveroutsos Před 6 lety

      Oh man, what a story! I'm very glad things worked out in the end. Unreal the bureaucracy that infests everything.

  • @leoclarkin5944
    @leoclarkin5944 Před 5 lety +2

    well presented

  • @myoutubecom-gg7sb
    @myoutubecom-gg7sb Před 4 lety +1

    Good educational video thanks

  • @jdnrotterdam2150
    @jdnrotterdam2150 Před 3 lety

    Thanks for this information

  • @mohamedsheikh2502
    @mohamedsheikh2502 Před 4 lety

    Thanks a lot for the great video

  • @jayrich9240
    @jayrich9240 Před 3 lety

    thank you very informative!!!