Spanish Civil War

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SPANISH CIVIL WAR
The Spanish Civil War was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 between loyalist forces called "Republicans" and rebel forces called "Nationalists". Loyalist forces supported the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, and comprised socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties. Rebel forces were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta ultimately led by General Francisco Franco . Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism. Rebel forces ("Nationalists") achieved a decisive victory in early 1939, and thereafter ruled over Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR - Timeline
Early 20th century - Historically conservative Spain begins to be dramatically transformed by many factors
1931 - A leftist political party comes to power, forming a republican government
1936 - In general elections, a coalition of leftists, socialists, and communists emerges victorious, which begins to transform Spain; consequently, Spain’s traditional political elite, which comprises and defends the interests of the upper classes and Catholic Church, are greatly alarmed, as the changes threaten to destroy long venerated Spanish institutions and traditions; Spain becomes polarized into two opposite, mutually hostile forces: the left versus the right, which further escalates into violence
June 1936 - High-ranking rightist army officers plot to overthrow the leftist government, their motivation being the perceived need to save Spain from self-destruction and communism
July 17, 1936 - The coup is launched, with rebelling military forces seizing about one-third of the country and the government holding on to two-thirds; as neither side is able to quickly defeat the other, the emerging crisis heads for a long civil war; rebel forces are known as “Nationalists” and draw the support of landowners, urban elite, monarchists, rightists, fascists, and the Catholic Church, while loyalist forces are known as “Republicans” and draw the support of leftists, socialists, communists, and anarchists
July 1936 - Germany and Italy intervene in support of rebel forces, which proves decisive in the war
August 1936 - The rebel southern force, led by General Francisco Franco, seizes much of southeastern Spain
September 1936, - The rebels’ northern and southern forces link up; rebel northern forces also capture Gipuzkoa, stopping weapons deliveries from France that are entering in support of loyalist forces; at this stage of the war, widespread atrocities are committed by both sides
September 1936 - The Non-Intervention Agreement is signed
October 1936 - The Soviet Union begins sending weapons to loyalist forces; also aiding the Spanish government are the International Brigades
February 1937 - Rebel forces capture Malaga
October 1937 - Rebel forces capture northern Spain
May 1937 - The unity of the Spanish government becomes fractured when loyalist forces suppress the anarchists
March 1938 - Rebel forces capture Aragon
April 1938 - Rebel forces reach Vinaros in the the Mediterranean coast
July - November 1938 - The Battle of the Ebro takes place, where loyalist forces launch a final offensive to turn the tide of war; however, fierce rebel resistance and later a series of counter-offensives beat back loyalist forces
September 30, 1938 - France ends military support to the Spanish government
August 1939 - The Soviet Union also ends military support to the Spanish government
January - February 1939 - Rebel forces capture Barcelona and Catalonia, forcing loyalist forces and civilians to flee to France
March 1939 - Anti-communist loyalist forces overthrow the pro-Soviet government and then form a military-civilian junta, which order all remaining loyalist forces not to resist the rebel advance
March 28, 1939 - Rebel forces enter Madrid without resistance and capture the remaining parts of loyalist-held territory by April 1, 1939, bringing the war to an end

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