Retroviruses: Microbial Supervillains
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- čas přidán 20. 07. 2024
- Forget your Hans Grubers, Lord Voldemorts, and Hannibal Lecters. It’s time to meet some real supervillains. They’re called retroviruses, and they actually change their host cell’s DNA.
Hosted by: Michael Aranda
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Sources:
www.wisegeek.com/what-are-retr...
science.howstuffworks.com/life...
www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAI...
aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-ma...
users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultr...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.genetherapynet.com/viral-v...
i recently had a test on retroviruses...according to what i just learned i failed 😅
At least it didn't come back positive.
*bah dum **_tiss_*
17inchcorkscrew HAYOOOO.
Oh, I thought "retroviral" was when an older video suddenly became very popular on CZcams.
Master Therion
I bet that just Rick rolled off your tongue.
Bruce Dunn Some songs are very infectious. Just the other day I had a dance fever.
Master Therion
I hope you picked up the phone and said "Doctor, doctor, can't you see I'm burning burning?"
Bruce Dunn No, but I did say "It's getting hot in here." And then I took off all my clothes.
Master Therion
I'm not sure that's medically advisable. I'd like to refer you to a few medical professionals I know of: There's Dr Teeth, he's with the Electric Mayhem Medical Group; there's Dr Feelgood but he works with a motley crew; there's Dr Funkenstein, his funk is the best; and my friend Gloria always calls on Dr Beat.
Oh, I almost forgot about Dre.
Imagine someone sneezing a bunch of tiny voldemorts at you though
Groovy!
But Voldemort can't sneeze... he doesn't have a nose!
Jordan Shank well its a good thing voldermort isn't the one sneezing then isnt it
Avada Katchoo!
"Oh, you're a villain alright, just not a super one!"- Retroviruses to Virus
"What's the difference?" -asks Virus
"Presentation!" -Retrovirus
This is the content I've come to expect from SciShow. Glad to see you guys are back on track with the quality episodes!
HE WAS LIKE FORGET ABOUT (INERT SUPERVILLIAN) IT'S TIME MEET SOME REAL SUPERVILLIANS AND THEN AN EXXON MOBILE AD PLAYED I'M DYING
Have an essay due friday about this this video is probably gonna save my grade thanks scishow✌🏻️
soo illuminating! Thank you Sci Show!!
It is amazing to me the level of complexity that exist within these cells, to the point that we use personifying words that imply intent, like "want to" use" "recognize and destroy" and "disable", when really, it is all automated and deterministic. It does so much, like a rube Goldberg machine, without intelligent though to assist it along the way, re actively fixing and improving itself, on its own. it couldn't happen any way other than the way it does, and 99% of the time, its exactly the way it is intended.
Well, it's hard to draw the line between life and non-life. The distinction is just an arbitrary definition we came up with. The universe is hardly ever as black and white as we make it out to be.
Zac Cravens it evolved that way through trial and error. The error here being diseases and disorders. And we've impacted human evolution (one might say even halted it) through the development of modern medicine.
0:52 Ribosomes don't make amino acids
that is correct
Felipe Clavijo yes the ribosome translates the mrna to amino acids .Ever codon of the mrna matches a specific amino from witch the protein is made
Exactly. They just bind the aminoacids to make proteins.
Let's be honest here: Using retroviruses to modify the nuclei of cancer cells isn't that far off from CURING CANCER WITH AIDS. (Not really, but I need to post _CURING CANCER WITH AIDS_ at least once in my lifetime.)
Or curing HIV with HIV...
Or you could just use CRISPR.
IIRC, that's exactly what was said some years ago, I didn't look into it at all, but I'm sure that whenever it was talked about way back when, they would have been referring to this.
xkcd.com/938/
Coolway99 lol I love xkcd
So can you combine retroviruses and CRISPR to modify/insert specific genes and modify the human genome ?
You actually don't need to combine them per se. Virus vectors were actually used in genetic engineering before the "invention" of CRISPr or TALENS (another gene editing tool similar to CRISPr). They essentially do the same thing but CRISPr does it much more efficiently, safely, accurately, and cheaply. The only thing preventing the modification of the human genome is regulation.
+Mark Nutt Not quite! We still need an effective delivery method. One such way is, indeed, viral! :D
FreshlyHere I would like to respectively disagree, according to this peer reviewed article here www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779913000875
there are many ways to insert genes into a cell. RNA IS one of the ways but, (at least in TALENs) the most efficient way is through a plasmid targeted towards a single or multiple genes. (read the Genome editing with site-specific nucleases section directly below the TALEs section). This is what I meant when I stated that virus vectors had been "replaced" by CRISPr and TALENS, the plasmid vector has made unpredictable and inefficient virus vectors a near obsolete technique. Sorry about any confusion my original statement caused!
I've seen some papers recently that suggest viral vectors may be applicable in certain instances, and may harbor some advantages (www.nature.com/articles/srep05105, www.nature.com/mt/journal/v24/n3/full/mt2015164a.html). I'll have to look into the review you shared, though it is a bit older- thanks for the added info! I hope we do continue to explore viral vectors just in case there are added benefits we're not yet aware of.
FreshlyHere One area I have heard a lot of talk about recently with viral vectors is the antibiotics industry. With the rise of the "superbugs" and the decreasing effectiveness of traditional antibiotics retroviruses engineered to destroy those same superbugs have been explored in lab trials. (Although due to their unpredictable nature these engineered viruses are still a long way off)
I was cracking eggs in the kitchen when he said "bunch of dumb babies" and almost made such an atrocious mess, my lady would have killed me! I love this show!
Are gnomes related to genomes?
Can you do one on cerebral aneurysms? I had one rupture at 19 and would love to learn more!
phantasm1234 Still at it huh?
I've seen several people post this exact same thing? What's with that??
phantasm1234 +
This makes me want to watch Stargate atlantis. =p
I'm a wraith!
How?
Such a good show 😍
Thank you for the video. Doing my Postdoc in a virology HIV lab. This is helpful
*Every single account on CZcams should be subbed to this channel*
Wouldn't lentiviruses be more dangerous? Retroviruses and lentiviruses both can hold about 9 kilobases. Unlike retroviruses, lentiviruses can traverse the nuclear membrane. That means they can infect nondividing cells like neurons.
meme boi Lentiviruses (HIV-1/2, visna/maedi virus) are the genus of retroviruses family, orthoretrovirinae subfamily. Retroviruses are also spumaretrovirinae subfamily (don't infect humans). Another dangerous virus is from orthoretrovirinae subfamily, deltaretrovirus genus - HTLV 1, 2 and 3, it causes T-cell lymphoma in humans
god i love this channel .
How is this possible? Im just preparing for a microbiology exam and was reading about retroviruses cause i didnt really understand how the work. Thank you SciShow for the awesome timing!
Ps. animal viruses dont inject DNA/RNA in the host cell. They enter it by endocytosis or fusion. Bacteriophage (bacteriaviruses) inject their hosts.
Jean Baptiste Emanuel Zorg... thank you for that. Stuff like that is why I became a patron.
Wow! A four minute video explained retroviruses so much better than my microbiology book did. Thank you!
Wait, isn't that what CAS-9 is for now? It targets a specific section of DNA, removing the "what if it shoves the new gene into an old gene?" scenario.
Teth47
It's actually what Bacteria use to defend against Viruses like that
Teth47 +
CAS-9? Is that the same as CRISPR, or similar?
CAS-9 and CRISPR are the same for that matter
Fitti No. CAS-9 is the exact protein used, CRISPR is the process.
In a hypothetical scenario, could a virus develop symbiotic mutualistism with a host and to an extent where it would always pass on to the host's offspring? In a way, it would be like rewriting DNA, but not really
For retro viruses, yes, and I think there is evidence that it has happened in nature, or I could be confusing it with the story of mitochondria which are thought to have started out as separate organisms which got eaten by larger cells but were so useful they stuck around but I think I've heard of retro-viruses getting passed on in the host's DNA as well.
So appropriate for my micro quiz tomorrow!!!
Was hoping to hear Robbie Rotten mentioned as a super villain :'(
dilux He has cancer
who?
dilux , He's not really super.
Stephanie & friends always have to save him.
+Massimo O'Kissed he's number one
Hawkecrail He will teach you to be the super villain number one
So that's what Doctor Beckett means when he talks about developing a retrovirus to turn the Wraith into humans.
What show?
Stargate Atlantis
wow i really should've gotten that =/
Yep, that's an another case of "the bad guys was a good guys all along"
Actually, I think integrase is the supervillian enzyme. It's what inserts into cell's DNA
I love this video... I'm tired of explaining this
Came for the 5th Element reference, stayed for the RugRats reference.
+1SciShow.
Fascinating
retroviruses can be recognised by their love for horned rim glasses and poodle skirts
Finally, someone made retrovirus’ easier to understand.
You mentioned Zorg!! 💕💕
"If you want something done, do it yourself! Nyah!"
Skeletor Jopko TBH
Ricky Bodmer ?
Retroviruses have already been considered as a way to edit genes. A study was done with twelve kids who had a deadly genetic allele combination, and were given a modified retrovirus to fight them off. It did work, but two of the twelve kids developed leukemia and I think the others suffered from other cancers. Retrovirus are uncontrollable, and the new CRISPR already works so well there's no point in using them.
I really love this channel. but if I had to complain about anything it's that your intro jingle is sooo much louder than the speakers voice for the rest of the video. Unless I remember beforehand I always have to jump to crank the volume down at the beginning as to not disturb those around me. Just my 2 cents on that. Otherwise you guys are amazing and keep up the good work.
This video reminded me that I hadn't taken my antiretrovirals today 😘
Thanks 😂
is time is changing in the energy
I'm just way too distracted by the fact that your voice and mannerisms are IDENTICAL to Hank Green from Crash Course to hear or retain anything you are saying :o.
Can you do a video on the research of whether viruses are alive or not?
That is simply a question of definition. They aren't alive according to most definitions, since they don't have any metabolism whatsoever. They are more similar to plasmids and transposons. All "life" on Earth discovered so far falls into 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.
as soon as i heard "it adds to our DNA" i thought: there, that's the way to immortality
Was I the only one thinking "That's a really cool jacket. Where can I get one?"
Jean-Baptiste; theres a name I havnt heard dropped in a long while. I may be thinking of a different Jean-Baptiste then the one stated, as I only know of one, but now I need to watch that movie again. Odd that no one else in the comments I have read has mentioned it. Ive seen comments for all the other names....
We need more money to be pumped into this area of research, so that future humans are immune to all diseases, including cancer.
For example, if you are immune to cancer, you don't need a cure/ treatment for cancer anymore. More money then can be pumped into other areas of research.
You can't be immune to cancer that not how your immune system works. It can't identify and successfully fight off your own bodies cell seven though it can help suppress cancer to a certain extent.
"We need more money to be pumped into this area of research"
HAHA
torrqueable not true, cancer is the result of cellular damage due to oxidation and free radicals which result in genetic mutations due to error in cell repair. With error free repair, we are technically free from cancer.
Borrowing the same idea of advanced cellular regeneration from Marvel character DeadPool but not to that extent as it will be pure fantasy and impossible to achieve that level of super regeneration but we can use it as a ballpark to work towards it.
For instance studies shown that naked mole rats and water bears and certain kinds of sharks are cancer immune.
As human cells age their DNA becomes degraded and we can't stop that, so as we age we become more susceptible to cancerous growths. The only "cure"in the animal kingdom that we know of is octopuses, which are incompatible with human DNA. So if you find a new way to prevent aging contact the CDC immediately otherwise we will need to continue surgery, chemo, and radiation to treat cancer
Vincent Jack Actually, 10% of Europeans have a mutation called CCR5-Delta32, making them immune to HIV/AIDS. And that's the only way as of today that we've cured AIDS. Google "the Berlin patient". He had AIDS and leukemia, so he was irradiated and his bone marrow destroyed and he got a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a CCR5-Delta32 mutation, so the new CD4 T cells were immune to HIV. After a few months, the HIV virus couldn't be found in his blood. He remains the only person as of yet to have been cured of AIDS.
Well this is terrifying.
The power of science is amazing!
I always watch sci show so that I can learn and see Michael Aranda. #crush3
A powerful treatment? Is this how we get zombies, Other Barry? This is how we get zombies.
There is something weird happening with your sound. I heard it before with Olivia but now I definitely am hearing it now with Michael.
Super villains turned savior? They wanna make a retrovirus suicide squad...
How to modify your own dna, even only on very specific cells: Create your own "gen virus" to bind to specifically the cells you want and let them insert specific chemicals.
I wish they had discussed virion vs. virus for this one
Make a video about the origin of HIV. That must be interesting.
Nightraven26 thx
Minecraft & Roblox saying something that radically different from common knowledge would be helped a lot by providing some source.
MORE MICROBIOLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY PLEASE
amzing video! I wonder, does anyone here can help me find the illustrating entry process within the video (which is credited to Mike Jones, @2:10) ??
For the honor.
3:46 hands doing the weird waving motion
It looks like Michael ran out of hair gel the day this was shot
Ah yes, I'm having my Biology paper today, perfect for the occasion
Is there an invisible beach ball that he is holding?
Just a shot in the dark, would it be possible to use a retrovirus to slow down or even reverse the process of cancer cells?
Ian Larkins how is that a shot in the dark when he said that is currently being researched?
Ian Larkins not all cancer cells are the same.
Cancers are caused by disfunction in the protooncogenes or tumor-supressor genes, and there are thousands of possible causes.
First! Love your channel!
Good point! Just excited! Excited
so if we could make our own but like a anti virus for it we can affect our selves and have it possibly fight them off and maybe help dispose of other problems in the human body and it may allow us to do more
Up graded from death sentence to 2:38
So we are making progress!
Don't let robbie's inept clones take a lesson from retroviruses :V
What about the use of the CRISPR system to cure genetic diseases?
Basically the Hail Hydra of Viruses
"The Academician’s private residences shall remain off-limits to the Genetic Inspectors. We possess no retroviral capability, we are not researching retroviral engineering, and we shall not allow this Council to violate faction privileges in the name of this
ridiculous witch hunt!”
Points to anyone that gets the reference.
WOOT! Tap up a vein, I need me my SMAC!
Still my favorite game of all time. Played it regularly for about ten years.
There is a very good civ4 mod of SMAX called Planetfall and an mod mod of it called Conflict on Chiron.
Both are great.
keep saying host i keep thinking of Bernarnold
So, could I become Spider-Man with a retrovirus?
+SciShow Why do cats go limp when you pick them up from the skin on top of the neck, and is it not nice for the cat??
Well two can play at that game!
Didn't mammals hijack a retrovirus to enable live births by stopping the mother's immune system from attacking the featus?
I love viruses
cant wait for the new chinese retrovirus supercorona, block 2
See also: RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics figshare.com/articles/RNA-mediated_physics_chemistry_and_molecular_epigenetics/3505913
Cited works:
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[2] Climate warming is predicted to reduce omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton
[3] Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans
[4] Electrolytes induce long-range orientational order and free energy changes in the H-bond network of bulk water
[5] Serial interactome capture of the human cell nucleus
[6] Pado, a fluorescent protein with proton channel activity can optically monitor membrane potential, intracellular pH, and map gap junctions
[7] Dissipation Bounds All Steady-State Current Fluctuations
[8] Physicists prove energy input predicts molecular behavior
[9] Metabolic Regulation of Histone Post-Translational Modifications
[10] Architecture of the symmetric core of the nuclear pore
[11] Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA
[12] The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus
[13] Characterization of a Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass Die-Offs of Tilapia.
[14] Force distribution in a semiflexible loop
[15] Mammalian elongation factor 4 regulates mitochondrial translation essential for spermatogenesis
[16] The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression
[17] Human milk miRNAs primarily originate from the mammary gland resulting in unique miRNA profiles of fractionated milk
[18] From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus
[19] Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiles of Streptococcus mutans UA159 Map Core Streptococcal Competence Genes
[20] A Tunable Mechanism Determines the Duration of the Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans
[21] Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota
[22] Wolbachia Blocks Viral Genome Replication Early in Infection without a Transcriptional Response by the Endosymbiont or Host Small RNA Pathways
[23] Ancient horizontal transfers of retrotransposons between birds and ancestors of human pathogenic nematodes
[24] Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions Supporting Antigenic Change of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses;
[25] Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
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Kinda wrong to put the picture of a cell as a virus but other than that, great video.
...so, can retroviruses be cut out from the cell's DNA with crispr?
Kvarok yes, technically.but the process is too complicated, costly and worst of all we dont understand it well.
Anyone know what band he has on his apple watch and where i can buy it?
You get a "like" just for the Zorg shoutout.
if we could ever control this mutant maker virus with nanotechnology or sometime.is it a good idea??
Changing a virus to make it a treatment was the plot to the new I Am Legend, so no thank you
Retrovirus also know as the future of gene therapies.
Lol I had this when my family in the us and my family in the UK decided to visit centra america! I ate some bad chicken I'll tell you that! I guess I am just a dumb tourist lol
1:23 lmao
Tfw CZcams unsubs you from scishow.
3:14 What are with those alien hands on the right?
Uncle Ben I was checking to see if anybody else was going to say something about those. Kinda freaked me out a lil I must admit.
Oh, love your rice by the way!
Maybe a leaf print or something.
A leaf with a wrist?
hand of RIV infected reptiloid
Dont we have crispr for gene editing already?
When and how is water created
How effective is Reverse Transcriptase against something like Crisper?
I have seen this before in a movie about using viruses fighting cancer but it turned most around the world into angry night walking Zombies.... Oh yeah! I am Legend!
Where's Mr. T cell when you need him? I PITY the fool who expresses Non self Antigens
mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
anmapaf f I still remember that after 5 years dam
anmapaf f
[03:14] Where'd you get the faked retro-cave-painting... ('heh')
But how does this mutation work?
Superbugs Vs Retroviruses
Who will win? U guys comment!
1:20 the voice thing
Thanks for explaining this in such a simple way. But does this mean that retroviruses can also be put in vaccines? & Why? Are retroviruses man made viruses?