Scientific approach | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienti...
00:00:24 1 History
00:00:48 2 Overview
00:01:12 2.1 Process
00:01:36 2.1.1 Formulation of a question
00:02:00 2.1.2 Hypothesis
00:02:24 2.1.3 Prediction
00:02:48 2.1.4 Testing
00:03:12 2.1.5 Analysis
00:03:36 2.2 DNA example
00:04:00 2.3 Other components
00:04:12 2.3.1 Replication
00:04:36 2.3.2 External review
00:05:00 2.3.3 Data recording and sharing
00:05:24 3 Scientific inquiry
00:05:48 3.1 Properties of scientific inquiry
00:06:12 3.2 Beliefs and biases
00:06:36 4 Elements of the scientific method
00:07:00 4.1 Characterizations
00:07:24 4.1.1 Uncertainty
00:07:48 4.1.2 Definition
00:08:12 4.1.3 DNA-characterizations
00:08:37 4.1.4 Another example: precession of Mercury
00:09:01 4.2 Hypothesis development
00:09:25 4.2.1 DNA-hypotheses
00:09:49 4.3 Predictions from the hypothesis
00:10:13 4.3.1 DNA-predictions
00:10:37 4.3.2 Another example: general relativity
00:11:01 4.4 Experiments
00:11:25 4.4.1 DNA-experiments
00:11:49 4.5 Evaluation and improvement
00:12:13 4.5.1 DNA-iterations
00:12:37 4.6 Confirmation
00:13:01 5 Models of scientific inquiry
00:13:13 5.1 Classical model
00:13:37 5.2 Hypothetico-deductive model
00:14:01 5.3 Pragmatic model
00:14:49 6 Science of complex systems
00:15:13 7 Communication and community
00:15:37 7.1 Peer review evaluation
00:16:01 7.2 Documentation and replication
00:16:25 7.2.1 Archiving
00:16:50 7.2.2 Data sharing
00:17:14 7.2.3 Limitations
00:17:38 7.3 Dimensions of practice
00:18:02 8 Philosophy and sociology of science
00:18:14 8.1 Analytical philosophy
00:18:38 8.2 Post-modernism and science wars
00:19:02 8.3 Anthropology
00:19:26 8.4 Role of chance in discovery
00:19:50 9 Relationship with mathematics
00:20:26 9.1 Relationship with statistics
00:20:50 10 See also
00:21:02 10.1 Problems and issues
00:21:14 10.2 History, philosophy, sociology
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SUMMARY
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The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and measurement-based testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.Though diverse models for the scientific method are available, there is in general a continuous process that includes observations about the natural world. People are naturally inquisitive, so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear, and they often develop ideas or hypotheses about why things are the way they are. The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways. The most conclusive testing of hypotheses comes from reasoning based on carefully controlled experimental data. Depending on how well additional tests match the predictions, the original hypothesis may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection. If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported, a general theory may be developed.Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, they are frequently the same from one to another. The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. A hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question. The hypothesis ...