Quantum Gravity: How quantum mechanics ruins Einstein's general relativity
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- čas přidán 16. 10. 2020
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Einstein Field equations explained intuitively and visually: Isaac Newton changed our paradigm by connecting earthly gravity, with the movement of heavenly bodies. He formulated an equation that is still used today - the law of universal gravitation. But it had problems - action at a distance and the the rate of precession of Mercury
250 years later, Einstein, with the General theory of relativity, solved the riddle of Mercury’s precession, and showed that gravity was due to a bending of space-time itself. Today, we find holes in Einstein’s theory, such as its inability to explain the singularity inside black holes, and the big bang.
Newton’s and Einstein’s equation are similar . They both have Newton’s gravitational constant. In Newton’s equation, a force is on the left side, created by mass on the right side. In Einstein’s equation, the analog of force, the curvature of space-time is on the left side. And mass-energy-momentum tensor is on the right side.
A tensor can be an array of vectors, scalars, or other tensors represented by an N x N matrix.
Although Einstein's equation looks simple, it is actually 10 equations, and is very complicated. The equations describe curvature of space-time by treating it as being flat at infinitesimally small distances. So general relativity behaves like special relativity at these small distances. But overall curvature is taken into account. The Ricci curvature tensor tells us how space-time is deviating from flat.
The second term on the left side is composed of R, the scalar curvature, which is how much the space is changed at a point, such that you know how to correctly measure distances. Little g is the metric tensor. It tells you the geometry and structure of spacetime. Together this term defines how distances are calculated, given a curvature at a point.
Sometimes a third term is added, lambda. the cosmological constant. This describes the intrinsic energy density of empty space. It is the mathematical expression for dark energy - the accelerating expansion of the universe.
The right side has a constant which is the Einstein gravitational constant. It is a conversion factor to make sure we get the proper units.
On the right side - T is the stress energy momentum tensor, which tells us the density of energy and momentum at each point in space time. It is a source of the curvature.
The way these equations are formulated is by treating space-time in 4 dimensions. Three spatial dimensions, and one dimension of time. This is incorporated in the mu and nu subscripts.
When mu and nu are zero and zero, the left side describes the speeding up or slowing down of time at a point in space. The right side describes the energy at that point.
If the mu and nu are zero and one, the left represents the stretching of time within one spatial dimension. The right side is the momentum.
If mu and nu are one and one, the left side describs the stretching of space in one of the dimensions. The right side is the pressure at a point in space.
General relativity is generally true - it predicts bending of light around massive objects, which has been observed, and it predicts that time will run more slowly on the surface of earth than a mountaintop, which has been confirmed.
But it is incomplete. The problem is that it does not fit with an even more accurate theory - quantum mechanics.
For example, quantum theory says that the electron in an atom is in a superposed state, meaning it is in multiple positions from the nucleus at the SAME time. We only know the probability of finding it at particular radius, if we measure it. Since the electron has mass, general relativity says it must curve space-time. But if it is in multiple locations at the same time, then where is the curvature? Is it also at multiple locations at the same time? We don’t know. There is nothing in general relativity akin to superposition.
#quantumgravity
#einsteinfieldequations
#generalrelativity
GR also predicts matter and energy being compressed to an infinitely small point with infinite curvature in a black hole. But since the equations treat space-time mathematically as being flat at infinitesimally small distances, a problem occurs when space is not flat at infinitesimally small distances, at a singularity.
Mathematical infinities are usually wrong, so there is probably something else going on. There are two theories that are promising, Loop Quantum Gravity and String theory - the subject of my next video. - Věda a technologie
I love the fact that in this video you tried to present some mathematics, not just sheer illustrations! Mathematics makes videos about physics more comprehensible.
Mathematics is not physics and mathematicians are not scientist.
@@kitty.miracle what? Incomprehensible? Nothing can be proved by this same math. Yes a perfect proof is important for science and math is the method which actually give it.
Seeing the matrix of the four dimensions of space time made me miss linear algebra, and appreciate the hours of basic arithmetic it entailed
yeah i am also interested in learning the math, but no one ever shows it :/
@Jack Strawb like his room is messy in the background?
I really appreciate you breaking down the individual field equations and explaining tensors. This is the first video I've seen that does that.
Hey Sean, take a look at Nick Lucid’s Science Asylum channel.
Same, for me it's the first too
@@michaelfrankel8082 Gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites, AS E=mc2 is F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. A PHOTON may be placed at the center of what is the Sun (as A POINT, of course), AS the reduction of SPACE is offset by (or BALANCED with) the speed of light (c); AS E=MC2 IS F=MA; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. The ultimate unification of physics/physical experience combines, BALANCES, AND INCLUDES opposites. E=mc2 IS F=ma. This necessarily represents, INVOLVES, AND DESCRIBES what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. GREAT !!! GRAVITATIONAL force/ENERGY IS proportional to (or BALANCED with/AS) inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity; AS E=mc2 is F=ma IN BALANCE. BALANCE and completeness go hand in hand. It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense.
By Frank DiMeglio
@@michaelfrankel8082 I have mathematically unified physics. I have proven that E=mc2 is F=ma. Time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves (ON BALANCE) that E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy.
By Frank DiMeglio
I have mathematically unified physics. I have proven that E=mc2 is F=ma. Time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves (ON BALANCE) that E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS E=MC2 IS F=ma; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy.
By Frank DiMeglio
I’m not a physics student (I’m currently studying biology) but I have always loved math and physics and trying to understand these concepts is so fun and interesting for me! I love it, makes me tempted to switch my major lol
It's all fun and games as an observer. Trying to solve them is a very different species.
As a Molecular Biologist, I suggest you switch immediately.
@@josephgitau5000 Do not encourage that. Physics is the study of magic. Magic is impossible to understand. We only map it out.
Rationalizing any of this is impossible on a fundamental level. At the end of every discovery is a laundry list of questions whose answer is "it is because it is." In every degree besides physics, you will stop at that point because going any further down that question rabbit hole will means you are in physics territory.
In this sense, Molecular biology, by contrast, is simple, because you stop yourselves at "it is because it is". Understanding something is not usually necessary. You just need to memorize.
Admittedly, it is an extraordinary amount you need to remember, and that is a feat on it's own, but memory is something that can be worked with. If you don't understand, and you are half way through your physics degree, you are about to learn the physics of ropes and trees.
There is no way to teach yourself understanding. You can understand every word, every mechanism, every force, every molecule, but if you don't know how waves work, then it is over for you. We even have to leave some answers as "it is because it is" because we don't know. Like ask anyone what a magnetic field is, and they'll give you equations and analogies that describe the force, but you can't currently explain how it works, or why it happens. The difference is, you will be expected to try and figure it out anyway because its your job.
Keep this in mind, the best physicists are theists, because it is easier to explain.
@@josephgitau5000 I don't mean that molecular biology is easy, just that physics is far less reliable.
And physics has very few applications outside the context of research or coding, but then you need to learn to code too. Biology and other life sciences are actually used because they are required.
Nobody has ever been affected by general relativity in a meaningful way.
@@PunishedNegativeZer0 gps won't work without general relativity principles. Everyone of us are using gps. The background of all useful technological products including life saving medical equipment , cyclone warning systems , etc , without which we can't imagine our life today , is physics .
Thank you, Mr. Ash, for carefully choosing your stories/examples and visually pegging them to the parts of the equations to which they correspond. No one else connects the ideas to the equations in such a vivid way. It's brilliant pedagogy.
I think I've found every science channel on YT at this point but Arvin is my favourite, no contest.
Glad you enjoy it!
Not that I've found all science channels😂.... But still arvin is my favorite!
@@meganchalmers6564 Haha. I know what you mean.
@@ArvinAsh please cover Connes noncommutative geometry. thanks
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN 5G,CORONA VIRUS AND DONALD TRUMP
Welcome to the golden age. Since the beginning of mankind, information and knowledge has been used as a tool to control The human population,By controlling our thoughts and what we can think about. There are so many examples in our short history that can prove this. For example Kings, Queens, Corporate and state run media, And in most religions across the world. many leaders have been using censorship in order to gain power and Control in order to pass it down to its sons and daughters. Not saying that this is a bad or good, But maybe in some cases it was necessary to keep us from killing ourselves into extinction. But I believe that these powers have corrupted many leaders in history by using it to gain wealth and power. But since the beginning of the Internet this power has been turned around on them. By making it easy access to information and knowledge to the population. It has given people the ability to learn and hear The opinions of others, causing much panic to the corrupt beings who have been using info to gain wealth and power to steer the population into their agenda. But there was one mistake they made when designing this new world of cell phones, social media, and the ability to communicate info and knowledge across the world in a few seconds, Buy allowing video live streaming and other methods to get the latest news across the earth in seconds Has Been preventing others from suppressing the truth. Sharing has opened Pandora’s box and it wasn’t disease and other despicable viruses that was inside that box. it was sharing knowledge and information to others. They are panicking and desperate to shut the lid before too much gets out. It’s too late, it already Has escaped. This New Age will be much different than we have been accustomed to. Welcome to the beginning of the Golden age.
So I ask myself, is there a connection between coronavirus,5G and vaccinations?I believe so,let me explain. Since the beginning of diseases many died but we discovered how to take a little of it,Then inject it into our bloodstream creating our ability to build up antibodies to fight various illness,creating a generation of children immune to many diseases.Like any cure there are side effects and sometimes bad ones causing many children to become crippled and nonfunctional in society as we know it.Vaccinations have been known to cause autism in large number of children and among all other various side effects. So I ask myself why, is this a bad thing or has it been necessary. In 2019 one out of every 80 children were born with autismIn. this started after vaccinations were distributed through the population. So what is autism? It is caused by an overactive brain function that causes children not to be able to cope with so much neurological activity, not being able to function in today’s world as we know it, what about tomorrow’s world? and what will it look like in the future,so much about technology is changing, 5G, NeuroLink giving our brains the ability to link wireless to a computer, no more controls to push, to communicate by thoughts, controlling all forms of technology and communication with our minds.I know this sounds like a sci-fi show,but this is actively being developed as we speak by the likes of Bill Gates,Elon Musk and many others in high-tech spending billions if not trillions to develop this technology. So is there a connection between 5G in the coronavirus?I say yes, just look at what has happened in 2020. Since the implementation of this new technology,the world has gone upside down, between countries locking down and crashing economies,Creating fear and panic, all over a virus that is just the flu 2.0. as more statistics come and prove the real mortality rate is minuscule. So why is the earth freaking out? Why the big push for our children and young people being affected by the lockdown to get the vaccination. Life won’t be back to normal until we get this New Age vaccination. Why don’t we just use the old vaccination that we have been using for hundreds of years? Why alter our DNA to prevent a virus,especially to young people? is to alter the next generation of children to become functionally autistic?Just think about it,many children with autism have abilities that we don’t have,such a savants in others with abnormal brain function. So what is Normal brain function? With normal brain function we only use 10% of our brains capacity and I believe it by watching today’s news and other crazy things going on in the world,but what about the other 90% just maybe that Dormant part of all our brains were put there for a reason. In the future we will be able to activate sections of our brain that are currently inactive. Welcome to the dawn of the Golden age. Why has the Pentagon released the existence of UFOs, basically acknowledging the existence of advanced alien life? It is because they are here and have been here for a long time and will be here a long time after. The thing is they have been watching us and played a big part in our technological and biological advancement ,helping humans To become a part of the galactic community. So why haven’t they shown themselves? In order for us to evolve to space race we must build the infrastructure for this advancement first. They cannot bring the infrastructure with them they must make it here for example,Computer technologies, Pharmaceutical industries,mining Industries,the Hydron collider, and many other advancements that we don’t even know about yet. so if humans want to become a part of the space community we must evolve into it by means of the Corona vaccinations and other technological advancements. Trust in their plan For humanity,after all they made us in their image. Who is Donald Trump and how the hell did he win in 2016? To first answer this question you must go back in time when Donald was young boy, He had an uncle, a very special uncle. He was very smart man, a leading figure in the scientific community, guess you’d call him a genius, and it’s so happens he was put in charge of all teslas research after he mysteriously died and all his life research and development was confiscated by the US government. He spent the rest of his life developing Teslas drawings and papers that he made during his amazing life. When Donald was young ,he had a very dear friend named John Junior Kennedy. They remained close friends up to the day his airplane crashed in the ocean killing all aboard. John Junior vowed he would never stop fighting to bring the Assassins who killed his father to justice and he died trying. now comes Donald Trump, devastated and driven to take over where his best friend and confidant left off. This is when the world split into Globalism and nationalism. They needed a champion for the average people. One who could stand up against constant barrage of hatred and ridicule. Not just for the champion but all relatives related and Known to be his friends. Surely this is a monumental task that will only work if history of him and all connections are pure of any lies and deception. and so began Donald Trump’s long and illustrious career. The People’s champion has come. So sit back,take a deep breath,relax and enjoy the show,trump 2020.
Twizard2017@gmail.com
I’m so happy I stumbled upon this channel. My mind is blown but I can kinda understand what’s going on. Thank you so much !
You think you understand...
@@carknower no, this video let's you really understand. He actually goes through and describes the math... This video answered so many questions for me.
God told us all of this as well. God holds everything in place. The Earth hangs on nothing.
@@iamwhoyousayiam6773 no
Integral problem
czcams.com/video/cjaUvlFSurI/video.html
See for fun
- Is the General Relativity true?
- Yes, in general.
Relatively true.
Absolutely wrong (variable time is incompatible with quantum mechanics)
See also: czcams.com/video/3Pktu7WmM1Y/video.html (English subtitles available)
@ no
@@speciamdoesntdraw1052 no what ? no, it is not absolutely wrong, or no it is not true ?
It's a well-named theory then.
This has got to be the best explanation of general relativity out there. The explanation was very elegant and Arvin has done an amazing job explaining this complex topic in a very intuitive way. Hats off, sir!
When I was a kid, my favorite TV programs were Cosmos by Carl Sagan and Connections by James Burke. Arvin, you rank up there with the best explainers and storytellers of science! It is a true gift! Keep it up!
My favorite shows as well! ha.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality!
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by conserving this duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is therefore dual, gravitational energy is dual!
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein
Dark energy is dual to dark matter.
Space is dual to time -- Einstein.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics.
Shannon information theory:- entropy is converted into mutual information (syntropy) by removing doubt and uncertainty (conditional entropy).
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Mind is dual to matter -- Descartes.
Mind duality: the intellectual mind/soul is dual to the sensory mind/soul -- Thomas Aquinas.
Matter duality: Active matter (life) is dual to passive matter (atoms, forces) or Bosons are dual to Fermions. Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, forces) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, atoms).
Mind duality is dual to matter duality.
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic.
Conceptualism (universals, idealism) is dual to nominalism (universals do not exist) synthesizes realism.
Realism (reality) is synthesized by duality, duality creates reality!
@@hyperduality2838 took you long enough to write this and it took long enough for me to understand this 😔
@@harshadadagale4253 Energy is duality, duality is energy.
Pure energy (photons) = electro is dual to magnetic -- Maxwell's equations.
Positive charge is dual to negative charge -- electric fields.
North poles are dual to south poles -- magnetic fields.
Electro-magnetic energy is dual. Gravitational energy is dual, potential energy is dual to kinetic energy.
The conservation of duality (energy) will be known as the 5th law of thermodynamics -- generalized duality.
Attraction is dual to repulsion, push is dual to pull -- forces are dual.
"May the force (duality) be with you" -- Jedi saying.
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
@@harshadadagale4253 Mind (the internal soul, syntropy) is dual to matter (the external soul, entropy) -- Descartes.
According to Descartes the soul is dual.
Concepts are dual to percepts -- the mind duality of Immanuel Kant.
According to Immanuel Kant your mind is dual.
Duality creates reality.
Its my belief that we are seeing the BEST and most effective popularizer of science on CZcams, and I've watched plenty...Like most, this episode had several LEVELS of accessibility to challenge any viewer, and done in a thoroughly entertaining manner..Thumbs UP..
Also 3brown1blue
I'd put him in number two just behind Science Asylum. Nick and his clones are hilarious and give the most intuitive explanations of various scientific topics you're likely to hear anywhere.
Sabine Hossenfelder is nice too
It's hard to pick a single "best". But I'd agree Arvin is equal among the BEST along side Matt O'Dowd's Spacetime. Arvin's use of visuals combined with relatively simple explanations for us average people is absolutely brilliant.
This was my first time experiencing an explanation of General Relativity. I knew the basic concept of the curvature of spacetime and that it doesn't work on quantum levels but now I know how and why that is. Amazing presentation!
PBS SpaceTime has a leg up.
There is a huge fall-off where we find lots of introductory stuff leading to the highly technical stuff. It's a really great space to fill where so many well educated seekers are looking for the inspirational path for that advanced material and looking especially for that 'survey' of the advanced material that isn't too generalized or simplified. You nailed it. Thank you so much.
This video is false
If space is truly quantized, as quantum theory suggests, then doesn't that mean gravity ceases to exist at these small scales?
It's like temperature. It makes sense to talk about temperature when you're referring to the average kinetic energy of a few quintillion molecules, but temperature doesn't exist when you have a single molecule, and it's hardly practical for even a few dozen.
From this perspective, it's as if loop quantum gravity and string theory are attempting to find the "temperature" of a single particle. But perhaps these endeavors -- fun and interesting though they may be -- are destined to irrelevance. What do you think?
If it does, we need a theory to explain it. If gravity only comes in chunks, general relativity would have to be redone. And efforts to reformulate general relativity have not worked thus far.
@@ArvinAsh Gravity coming in chunks is interesting. I suppose that would be a version of quantum gravity. Thanks!
I was referring to the density of space-time, and the fact that this density changes in the presence of matter/energy (or "curves"). The illusion of gravity is a natural consequence of energy/matter passing through the density-gradient. But it's not really "passing through" -- it's a part of. I believe this is already described by general relativity, with the exception being that Einstein assumed Euclidean space. But if space is comprised of subatomic "quanta" rather than infinitely small subdivisions, then that could be an accurate and elegant geometrical description of gravity. I wish I understood the math well enough to experiment myself.
Btw, I first heard about these ideas from others. Thad Roberts goes into details in his book, "Einstein's Intuition." He also compiles a ton of research and theories to show that they are building towards a similar conclusion. I can't recommend it highly enough.
@@ArvinAsh P.S. Thanks so much for your response! And for these amazing videos. On a separate note, I do some audio engineering work, and I found myself wishing I could enhance your audio. Please let me know if you'd like me to help with this. I love the work you're doing!
@@aarongrooves Yes, indeed, I could use help on the audio. Send me a note at info@arvinash.com, and let me know what you might be able to do. Thank you.
@@ArvinAsh hey, i have a question, this doesnt change the fact that the universe had a beggining, right? And that energy and matter go together, right?
Arvin, This is one of the best, clearest presentations I have ever seen on this subject - depth from simplicity. I look forward to your next videos. Thankyou.
Wow, i have never seen anyone describe general relativity this nicely and accessible. Even showing some of the actual equations is usually omitted. That was a great video and I will link it to everyone who wants to know more about general relativity!
Then u should watch the general relativity video
I love your calm style of speaking, Arvin! And you're a great explainer, too. Keep up the good work.
I am really liking this series! You guys have done a great job of taking these complex theories that I have heard many times before and explaining them in a way that makes sense intuitively. A lot of presenters lose me at some point and I find myself asking what they are talking about, but this has been so easy to follow. Thank you for your excellent work!
This is the best description on GR that I’ve seen without getting into the math ! Well done !!
I learn and understand more in these 15 min videos than I have in 10+ years of school, college and even uni. Great stuff!
Arvin, your videos are the best. I usually check notifications for your newest updates, anxiously waiting to watch them.
Glad you like them!
Finally I can get a glimpse about the discrepancies between those two theories. I kept hearing "relativity and quantum mechanics are opposed" but anywhere did they explain why (not in a general and and public-friendly overview). Thank you very much sir!
This channel is doing a great service to humanity.
As an alien from Aldebaran currently plotting an attack against humanity, I regretfully concede you are correct.
One of the most underrated videos of 2020.
This is an excellent unpacking of very complex concepts. I'm looking forward to the followup videos.
Going through random videos on you tubes , came across one of videos of this channel .
Now going to watch every video of this channel.
Understanding it logically is a lot different than understanding it mathematically
A lot different.
mathematics is trig vs. linear algebra and it’s hard to see how they relate
You have to understand the math first in order to understand how it logically translates to reality. This is why physics is hard and why quantum mechanics seems like dark magic to most laymen. Trying to explain theories like General Relativity *accurately* without the math is useless because all the implications and inferences you've made are the direct result of the math. What logical intuition do you find is missing here?
@@ThatCrazyKid0007 tahts just gatekeeping, QM isnt even hard, QFT is.
@@bobfake3831 How is it gate keeping? It's hard because you have to learn the math if you really want to see why it makes sense and many laymen struggle with high school math, let alone college level math and concepts, so they just think it's dark magic. Yes you can learn the implications and results without the math, but if you wanna understand why we conclude the things we do, the math is unavoidable. That's a simple observation, everyone is free to try and learn it, I myself did, it's just that many want it explained to them with either zero or very, very simplified math, which often is just not possible. That's why so many people misunderstand various concepts and think it's made up bullshit or that we are horridly mistaken.
@@ThatCrazyKid0007 Trying to explain General Relatively to anyone who isn’t a physicist is extremely. I know this because my professor spend the last day of Physics 2 lecturing about how Einstein derived Special Reality from Maxwell’s equations there some algebra sorcery going on there that still don’t understand and this after I took Linear Algebra and Calculus III.
BTW: I am a senior studying Mathematics and Computer Science at a new college.
That was hands down, the best explanation I've ever heard about the math behind relativity! Thank you Arvin!
Okay... After seeing Veritasium's videos about quantum physics and parallel realities and recently about gravity and now this video, I am starting to get really hooked up into this and I'm really glad for youtube recommendations for once :D Great video, can't wait for the followups.
Great Video. Thank you. I'm don't have a background in this and it simpified it so I could understand more of what all is going on.
Super high quality content and great delivery. Another masterpiece from Arvin Ash!
Thank you. Glad you enjoyed it!
Long time not watching this channel, I was intimidated by the maths at first, but having explained it so intuitively, I'm now intrigued.
Just found you this morning. Time to binge watch your whole channel lol Thanks for the vids dude
Welcome! Thanks for watching.
Superb key frame graphics and animations...greatly appreciated.
A 60K subscriber increase in just a month,indicates how simply he explains things!
Edit: 2K more!
Edit:1K more
Edit:5K more!
Best science channel ever! This is the first video to explain the actual mathematical equation of the general theory of relativity
Big fan of the way you can explain things so clearly. Educating the people. Keep it up!
Great graphics describing spacetime curvature integrated with the math of Einstein's equations, it seemed I understood the concept of tensors after that. Nice one!
i wish more people like you existed in the world, if we give up temporary things like ego, jealousy etc. and look into what science has got us, the world will develop in exponential speed........ appreciate your hard work
As an astrophysics major at university right now, this was extremely well explained and made easier to understand. Well done!
*-But meh electro-gravity model-*
Magical explanations,
I only wish that soon I will make an audio version in my mother language, Spanish,(reading so many subtitles is tiring) to have a better understanding of the topics that you pleasantly explain!
Arvin's videos on complex topics are the easiest to understand for lay people. Simply awesome!
Cool video! I'm looking forward to see the next one. You mentioned that mathematical infinities like the black hole's singularity are usually wrong. I have heard this in a lot of other videos. I imagine it via a computer program analogy. Let's suppose a computer program crashes. It happens because an event happens that was not planned in the code. From inside the program it's something that can't be interpreted but from outside of the program the error can be tracked and fixed. So I think in case of a singularity something like that happens. It's some sort of a limit of our universe. I might be completely wrong tho :P
05:41 I got goosebumps watch this explanatory, the first idea of it make a clear definition of what is genius thinking
It would be interesting to see your explanations on more mathematics and logic. Stuff like the banach tarski paradox, the continuum hypothesis and turing's halting problem for example
Thank you Arvin for your videos..even during difficult times I follow your videos to feel how small our problems are compared to deep and vast concepts you explain in your videos, in a very concise way..Its weird but gives me hope..lol
I understand what you mean by difficult times, my friend.
Great video!
How’s the basement treating u?
hol up
Massive bodies do not distort space.
The general theory of relativity only obscures the real situation. From the variational principles and the solution of the problem for brachystochron we know that the trajectory of motion of a material point between two extreme positions at different heights and not lying on one line is the cycloid, ie. is not a straight line. Under the same conditions, the light is located next to massive objects. Ie it does not distort space, but manifests a variational principle.
Hey I saw the video of yours where you explained special relativity using the Pythagoras Theorem! czcams.com/video/MKPg11fCHAg/video.html
You sir and Arvin Ash are amazing teachers!
Holy shit it’s the phd student
I am so hyped about this videos! It just so happens that I'm taking quantum physics AND relativity this semester and oh boy am I gonna milk those subjects 8)
By the way Arvin, are you broadcasting in MagellanTV ?? I'm seriously considering to subscribe!
By far (on the order of 10^3) the best video on the subject. You've compressed dozens of hours of Leonard Susskind into the space of a few minutes. A veritable neutron star! Can't wait for your next one!
Glad you enjoyed it!
What really does my mind in is the nice, strong, sensible world of general relativity somehow being rendered irrelevant by the witchcraft of quantum mechanics at small scales. That hydrogen atom demonstration is just a perfect example of the quantum world thumbing its nose at our notion of reality. Wish I was back in Year 9 Physics, it all made perfect sense back then...
Well put! This is something that even physicists struggle with.
@@ArvinAsh I've found the solution! All the quantum knowledge I need without getting bogged down in unnecessary truths which may or may not stand the test of time... www.barnesandnoble.com/w/quantum-physics-for-babies-chris-ferrie/1117498997. And to think I bothered actually doing Year 10 Physics!
It is not “rendered irrelevant”. Only that general relativity is unmeasurable on quantum scale.l
Quantum mechanic says nothing against general relativity. Only it cannot explain how individual quantum particles with mass are warping spacetime. We only know that large quantities of these are warping it.
Well if you were smarter, it would still make sense.
Just joking ofcause. 😁 👍
How many years does it take for one to understand that the conceptual CANNOT be physically bent, dilated or warped?
I want to tell you something, Sir.
Sometimes when I watch a video, I can completely feel the presenter still isn't ready, and he or she just present.
Vice versa you Sir;
You Sir ..... I can completely feel, you, at the first step, get the point and then make a video. And I'm appreciate that, it's your respect for yourself and your subscribers. For that reason I like your channel (And also Dr. Becky channel, Fermilab channel (professor Don Lincoln)).
Thank you, Sir.
So happy to see these extremely complex equations with simple explanation thanks
That was a brilliant video - in that you didn't completely lose me. Its the best simplified explanation translated from mathematics into English that a brain like mine can absorb and make sense of. I am hooked - subscribed
Glad you enjoyed it!
Arvin, this was an amazing video. I can't believe you explained such a complex concept in a very elegant way. I have always been searching for videos on why GR and QM do not work well together, and this is by far the best explanation on that topic.
And boy, Einstein has to be one of the smartest minds in Human History, like i am talking about number 1, the smartest person to have ever lived. I can't believe he came up with General Relativity through thought experiments, i am having this explained visually and i still have a hard time understanding it. Granted, he had a lot of help from the mathematicians, but, those mathematicians would have never been able to apply their math the way Einstein did.
Just to come up with such a theory, that still holds true in lots of cases to this day, is beyond amazing. Quantum Mechanics came to its modern form around 1924, while Einstein published Special Relativity in 1905, and General Relativity in 1916, during those 10 years, we didn't have as much understanding of quantum mechanics as we did after 1920s.
I am sure, if quantum mechanics was established in 1890s, then Einstein would have definitely been able to come up with an even better theory to describe Gravity. I know Einstein was against many notions from quantum mechanics, because it contradicted his theory, but, if he was born after QM was established, he might have come up with a more accurate theory for sure.
No doubt, he was a genius. He is Einstein after all! He and Newton were the intellectual giants that changed out paradigm.
I mean, he came up with special relativity, but that's the thing? Quantum mechanics doesn't allow for his goal to unify all of physics into one equation. And even quantum gravity theories, those which unify big things with small things, at least right now, are untestable, which is why people tend to dismiss quantum gravity (and related concepts like the multiverse) out of hand.
These videos are so good, I happily let the ads play
Thank you for your patience...and your appreciation!
@@ArvinAsh need some help. First of all congratulations on this wonderful channel you have created. I don't think there is any channel on social media such as your explanation demystifying such complex subjects. Your talk can make a dumb like me feel so so gratified for understanding the higher realms of existence. And the best part is none of your videos are long. With such short times, you bring out simplicity of teaching in such easy remarkable ways... just beats me every single time I watch your video. Once again profuse thanks.
Now a question that is haunting me Sir, if you may please take time and answer it for me. I have asked this to quite a few professors and even a Nobel laureate, who could not give me an easy convincing answer. I know you will. Here is the question -
What is the obligation for a mass to move in Spacetime? If there is NO Force, how does mass then move? There is NO gravitational force, so what pushes the mass to move in spacetime curvature? Let me rephrase it again: Spacetime curvature has NO obligation to a mass, because it is not a force. Spacetime curvature is only a mere "geometry". So a mass resting in the Spacetime curvature has no obligation of physics that tells it "should" move...is it not? How then (or better WHY then) mass moves on spacetime curvature? Why can't mass simply rest on the Spacetime curvature? And if you are saying Spacetime curvature is the force, then this isn't different from Newton (other than the fact that Newton's forces were oriented towards core of the mass). Can you please help understand this please.
Thanks
Sreesha
Between PBS Spacetime and SFIA, you have just completed my "holy trinity" of science channels!
Great content and awesome presentations!
What an excellent explanation of quantum gravity and general relativity, without going too deep into the maths! Thank you Ash!
This is a lifesaver of a channel. I’ve an assignment, that’s the biggest in my year and my topic is general relativity, so goddamn thanks for all of this
NO WAY YOUR SCHOOL ACTUALLY TEACHES PHYSICS??? mine sadly does not and I love physics.
This makes me feel like I might be able to understand PBS spacetime soon.
hopefully.
maybe.
Though I was not good in physics... And nowhere near to the studying physics again... But, still I watch almost all videos in this channel...
Many times I have asked some fundamental questions... and still I got the ans in reply from Arvin...
Best CZcams channel with a classic teacher ...
LOVE THE CHANNEL SO FAR. My second vid after Gen Relativity. Must say though...the increase in Complexity is VASTLY Understated. Had to pause a couple times to reduce the firing of neurons in my brain from all the information. DAMN. Carry on though... As Dexter would say..... #science
My brain is absolutely BLOWN by this. I actually understood it, I think. Wow.
When you discuss String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity, can you talk a bit about some of the testable predictions they make? Even if they're "hypothetically testable when we get the technology" kind of predictions like the Higgs Boson was in the 50s.
The big answer is the theory of prediction itself or teleological physics.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality!
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by conserving this duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein
Dark energy is dual to dark matter.
Space is dual to time -- Einstein.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics.
Shannon information theory:- entropy is converted into mutual information (syntropy) by removing doubt and uncertainty (conditional entropy).
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Mind is dual to matter -- Descartes.
Mind duality: the intellectual mind/soul is dual to the sensory mind/soul -- Thomas Aquinas.
Matter duality: Active matter (life) is dual to passive matter (atoms, forces) or Bosons are dual to Fermions. Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, forces) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, atoms).
Mind duality is dual to matter duality.
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic.
Conceptualism (universals, idealism) is dual to nominalism (universals do not exist) synthesizes realism.
Realism (reality) is synthesized by duality, duality creates reality!
Loved this video. Can’t wait for your videos on string theory and that loop thing
Awesome videos, please keep up the good work 👍 🙏
In most of the visuals of spacetime curvature, a "flat sheet" is used like in 5:42. I assume that is not a fully accurate representation of actual spacetime curvature. I am wondering if the following visual analogy is a better representation: consider a mattress that is being pushed in on both sides, but only visualize the inside of the mattress.
I mean, it's to illustrate the idea. The strong equivalence principle basically means that a point space time reduces to flat Minkowski space. Furthermore the Ricci tensor describes the deviation from flat space, thus if it's zero you have a flat spacetime.
Great question! Yes, the flat sheet is a visual representation. The mattress analogy perhaps would be a bit more accurate, but both would be visual analogies. For illustration and intuition, the sheet analogy seems better to me. And as Online Blackboard points out below, the equations reduce to flat space in the math.
I’m not into the GR math, but in general math, Infinitesimal means arbitrarily small, ie as small as possible and/or needed. Like everyone knows that 1/0 is forbidden and undefined, but you can make x as small as you want and 1/x is well defined as long as x is not 0. And you’ll quickly realize that 1/x approaches infinity as x approaches 0. Read more: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal
For an Easter egg, Try asking Siri about 0 / 0 ;)
Thank you as always Arvin! Great video on the subject. General Relatively is just incomplete on the Quantum scale that's all. Also Einstein's equations break down at a black holes singularity because his equations were meant to describe our physical universe, not others. In my opinion black holes are rips in our universe's space-time fabric that are essentially gateways to other universes or dimensions. An example that l use for myself is poking your skin with a pin from the inside-out. Where the pin is the black hole and your skin is the fabric of space (our universe). Before poking your skin, your blood behaved a certain way inside your body, but the blood that seeps out has essentially entered a new universe that no longer works in the same way. You've changed it to a completely different environment where it no longer works or functions the same way or at all. A Black hole isn't information lost, it's information changed. Also is it possible that Dark Energy is the long, lost graviton particle we've been searching for? The fabric of space itself is the graviton. I could be spewing rubbish for sure, just trying to think outside the box a bit 🤔
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality!
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by conserving this duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is therefore dual, gravitational energy is dual!
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein
Dark energy is dual to dark matter.
Space is dual to time -- Einstein.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics.
Shannon information theory:- entropy is converted into mutual information (syntropy) by removing doubt and uncertainty (conditional entropy).
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Mind is dual to matter -- Descartes.
Mind duality: the intellectual mind/soul is dual to the sensory mind/soul -- Thomas Aquinas.
Matter duality: Active matter (life) is dual to passive matter (atoms, forces) or Bosons are dual to Fermions. Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, forces) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, atoms).
Mind duality is dual to matter duality.
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic.
Conceptualism (universals, idealism) is dual to nominalism (universals do not exist) synthesizes realism.
Realism (reality) is synthesized by duality, duality creates reality!
Best video I've seen on the mathematics of general relativity. Thanks for sharing your knowledge!
Where were you when I was in high school 😭
I had such a hard time with physics that I quit, but watching your videos have suddenly made topics I once thought were difficult fun and exciting 😔
Am always amazed that Einstein thought this way during the early days.
Great episode. Important to mention that there is nothing that makes QM more correct than GR. There are open questions in both theories. QM is very questionable on larger scales.
Sure, I don't disagree. But the sheer volume of predictions QM has made and continues to make is staggering in my view. It is incomplete, but pretty darn accurate.
@@ArvinAsh Well, both theories have equal accuracy in their respective order of magnitude (although QM is much more useful for us, due to our own size). But they describe the things they were meant to describe (sub-atomic particles and cosmic phenomena, respectively) reasonably accurately. The cracks mostly start to show when you move outside those territories.
@@ArvinAsh yeah, but every news article in the general media states "Einstein Proved Right Again " after some new astronomical discovery, and when was the last time that you read "quantum mechanics proved right again " ?
Hi Arvin Ash, I'm a huge fan since a few months and I love every one of your videos!
Can you please do one on how Particle Accelerators work?
Regards from Holland
That's a good idea. I might just do one explaining the elementary particles and their significance, and maybe a bit about how they were discovered. Thanks for watching.
I believe that this is one of the best physics videos i have ever seen. Thanks for this amazing explanation, i loved how you showed the ecuations and explained the reasons Eintein´s ecuations have troubles with some things (I am an engineering student, so i really aprecciate the way you managed to do it) . Of course i suscribed to the channel, waiting for more content
I have a question. We are concerned with how spacetime curves around the electron's wave function, ie, does it curve space time at just one point or all possible points... correct?
My question is about the electromagnetic field around the electron... does that field radiate from just one point or all possible points? Would knowing this somehow be able to guide us to an answer about the curvature of space time at small scales?
I'm not a physics expert, the only physics I've professionally learned is from what was needed for my major in undergrad (about a year of physics) and from videos like yours. I don't even really know if my question makes sense.
So as per quantum mechanics, the electron is in a superposition until you observe it. Then according to some probability, it's likely to be in one or another spot. The issues with gravity is that, electrons are described with a quantized discrete field as per QM and it's therefor probabilistic. But the general relativity is deterministic. Now can't you just quantize gravity and make it discrete, thus making a quantum formulation of gravity? Well maybe... The issue is that the usual methods of tackling such problems have all failed. Loop quantum gravity does successfully quantize the space-time, but it's not been shown to give you the correct physics. This could be because it needs more development, or it could be because that theory is also wrong. Check the next video on Loop quantum gravity.
@@TheOnlineBlackboard Thank you for the explanation. I think my main problem with understanding these things is that at some point I need to work out the math to understand the math behind these things. I'd love to have a real handle on these equations, but my field is more physiology (I'm a physician) so the most advanced math I've learned wouldn't get me too far. I have a basic understanding of calculus and that's about it. Do you have any suggestions on a reliable resource that might help me in this regard?
@@lks7357 What exactly do you wish to achieve? Physics is very math dependent, so you will have to read up a lot :)
From field theory we understand the dynamics of the electron and electromagnetic field and their interactions quite well. We even understand the dynamics in curved space-time. The issue we have is how gravity originates in such a theory. Partly we do not understand the representation of gravity in such a theory as of yet!
@@lks7357 Leonard Susskind's "The Theorectical Minimum" series of lectures would help you with the math of both QFT and GR, all it takes is a basic understanding of calculus, linear algebra and a wee bit of tensor analysis. Try them!
i watch these videos more often than I go to my zoom calls
Great videos ! Keep the up the amazing work :)
This kind of videos is exacly what i needed, something that goes deeper but still learneable
Very interesting! I understand that general relativity claims that time slows down for objects in a strong gravitational field (relative to our time). Thus, seen from our reference system, a fully developed black hole should not exist yet, right? Because the time at the event horizon stands still, the collaps freezes and thus there is no singularity yet (and for very very long time to come), right? So where is the problem with the singularity and the infinite space curvature?
That's a very very good thought.
The answer is not quite. You have to remember that there are two perspectives. The event horizon is unobservable to someone outside the black hole because time as measured by the outside observer, stops there. However, from the perspective of a particle or observer falling into a black hole, he will go right on through without any problem. There is an information barrier at the event horizon, so as an outside observer we can never know what is going on inside, and anything inside the event horizon cannot sent information outside it. However, particles do fall in, blackholes do gain mass and they do form.
@@ArvinAsh Many thanks for you kind answer. However, again, seen from us.... For the one being at the event horizon or within, it looks different of course. But we would never get to know. So for us, it is not there yet and will not be there for quite some time. If this assumption is correct, my question is answered, otherwise I miss a point...
A clock failing into a black hole will indeed appear to freeze for an observer outside the black hole. The issue is that you get divide by zero, and then you cannot learn anything from the system as it's ill defined.
GR tries to describe what happens at all parts of the spacetime, not just one incomplete slice that we consider "now" as an external observer.
Sir Ash , how do we come to know that the curvature of the space time in the singularity is infinite ??
GR predicts it as there is no minimum volume that a collapsing mass would stop at. But like I said in the video, this is probably wrong.
@@ArvinAsh There are two dual singularities, you forgot to mention the white hole singularity or the big bang.
Divergence is dual to convergence.
The big bang (white hole. divergence) is dual to an infinite mass classical black hole (convergence) -- the extremes of Einstein's theory.
The big bang is a point or singularity of infinite negative curvature (dark energy).
singularity is in fact cognizant person
I really enjoy your physics videos. Can you discuss the idea of replacing the "infinitely small" dimensions in General Relativity with the plank minimum time and distance limits?
Great video, you make it easier to understand
Question - You place two objects in space outside the gravitational influence of any other object and they are perfectly motionless (at rest). Then you nudge one object a tad closer to the other object and observe. You repeat the process of nudging one object closer to the other and observing. At some point would you see both objects start moving towards each other?
From my perspective, yes and there is a force involved. Cause and effect involved. I don't think you can distort space or time and even if you could; this distortion would not cause a body at rest to move. This requires force.
Sadly Space-time distortion is mainstream understanding now. I wish more are critical and honest with their own thoughts.
Well yes. General Relativity also predicts that case. Both objects curve space up to a certain distance. When they get close enough, they start moving towards each other.
But why would that mean there is a force instead of a distorsion? It's just like moving a boat into a whirlpool : the whirlpool doesn't need a force to attract the boat.
If you're not convinced, just take any of your clothes and stretch it. Put a massive ball in the center. Then put a much lighter ball at the edge of the distorsion the heavy ball is making on your cloth. You'll notice the light ball has a motin despite the cloth not giving it any force.
Do you really believe an invisible force at distance (instantaneous on top of that) would make more sense? Frankly, Newton's laws have always felt wrong to me, even when I was a kid that was being taught them.
@@Dante02d12 The stretched cloth or trampoline with bowling ball (example that I have seen) is getting its force from gravity. Go out into outer space and try that experiment in zero G.
@@dbod9815 Yes. It's called a _representation._ The point is that's what happens in our 3D space. *Things aren't pulled: their trajectories are changed.* That's what happens on the cloth, without any force FROM the cloth or the ball at its center. And that's what happens in space.
You also utterly ignored my biggest point : do you really think an invisible force at distance is more believable than space distorsion?
A mass deviates other objects' trajectories, just like a ball on a cloth deviates other balls' trajectories without actually pulling these other balls.
Also, distorsion is literally a visible phenomenon. Look up gravitational lenses. That's something Newton's laws can't explain, because the visualization of gravity as forces is plain wrong.
I don't understand much but feels very genius at the end of it. Just Imagine how Einstein would have felt when he solved all these equations. GENIUS for a reason!!
Einstein never solved any of these equations, he got help from his friends (eg Marcel Grossman, Michele Besso and others) to use approximate methods, the first exact solution to these equations was given by Carl Schwarzschild in Jan 1916.
Highly complex equations Explained in such an informed way, your graphics were spot on. The best “short” explanation of ultimate incompatibility between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Brilliant!
At 11:28 a very nice animation of a black hole and the bent glowing event horizon disk around it, The thing to consider is that the roller coaster shape of the glow is actually due to the strong gravity of the black hole that lets the distant observer see half of the disk as if bent upward 90 degrees,this is actually the part hidden behind the black hole. In my opinion a fictional near observer riding the EH like in "Interstellar" will only see a flat disc and no bending.
I'm not sure there is a problem with information loss in a black hole.
Let me explain what I'm seeing. It's interesting, at least to me.
Let's run a thought experiment.
We have a distant observer and a traveler and a second traveler.
IN THIS THOUGHT EXPERIMENT the traveler and observer are both point particles.
The second traveler heads off in a random direction intending to reach the boundary edge of the universe. We don't need to worry much about him because we're just going to define his path as not encountering any black holes or other particles. His journey will be entirely defined as the entropy of a particle being lost to the system as normal.
The experimental 'first' traveler leaves the observer behind and heads toward the black hole and as he gets closer, as expected the observer sees the traveler's clock slowing down.
The traveler sees the observer's clock speeding up.
Both see their own clocks behaving normally.
The traveler sees generation after generation of observer, born and die of old age, while he ages normally.
The closer he gets to the event horizon, the faster this rate of change accelerates.
The observer watches the traveler get a little closer to the event boundary, a little more slowly until his progress slows to a dead crawl.
What the observer is seeing is the traveler accelerating through a constantly increasing local expansion of the spacial metric... the space, has more space in it... and it takes the traveler longer to traverse that space.
The traveler sees the observer speeding through time. The further into the black hole's gravity well he falls, the faster time passes for the observer.
The traveler reaches the event boundary and still sees his own clock ticking along as usual but the observer's universe speeds toward heat death at the end of its life.
The observer's distant descendant's watch the traveler finally reach the event boundary eons later.
The observer sees the traveler rushing toward a singularity.
The traveler sees his region of spacetime expanding at C.
As he progresses further into the black hole, he sees space expanding faster than C.
So, from the observer's frame of reference the traveler has entered what he can only describe as an anti-desitter space, while his own space appears quite flat to him.
The traveler sees his own space pretty much flat as well, but sees the observer's space begin to deform hyperbolically.
Our traveler isn't being 'squished,' or spaghetified. He is after all, a point particle. A larger observer would be affected by the rapid expansion of the spacial metric, but our traveler doesn't have this problem.
During the vast stretch of time that the observer is watching the first traveler, the second traveler has exceeded the hubble limit. He's gone.
He will never have any interaction with the observer ever again.
His information exists only in the historical records of the observer as the sum of his interactions up to the point that he passed beyond the observers own system boundary.
There doesn't appear to be ANY difference between the two travelers other than that the second traveler remained 'within' the observer's universe throughout the universe's lifespan. Lost to entropy in heat death.
The first traveler is also lost to the observer for exactly the same reason. He became too distant in an expanding spacial metric to remain in the observer's system.
One appears to be a global event where we can just shrug and agree that it was inevitable that over the lifetime of the observer's universe that every particle would cease to have any useful work potential with any other particle in the observer's universe.
The other appears to be a local event because our intuitive bias insists that the first traveler is traveling toward an event with a location... we think of the black hole as an object even knowing that it isn't an object.
Relativity suggests that for every black hole, there exists, a white hole and our expectation bias demands that this be a local event observable within our universe, when it clearly can't be.
What exactly should a white hole look like?
Let's send our traveler home and see if he can give us a clue..
There is no trajectory along which we can send him in 3D space that will return him to the obsrrver's universe, but ANY trajectory that includes the direction backward in time will eventually return him to that universe... but where exactly?
The traveler heads on a course backward in time.
He sees the spacial metricvaround him become gradually curved as the expansion he experienced on entering the black hole in the observer's universe is reversed.
He reaches a time when EVERYTHING that has fallen into the black hole, emerged into this new expanding space, now in reverse.
He doesn't exit at the point in the observer's spacetime where he entered the black hole... he exits the space he was visiting at the moment the black hole was created in the observer's universe. Hope he brought some serious sunblock.
He arrives back in the observer's universe millions or billions of years before he left the observer behind on his journey.
And, what of the other traveler we sent off to find the the edge of the observers universe?
If we send him on a course back in time, he retraces his path in 3D space to end up at the point were he left the observer behind... but let's continue his journey further.
He continues traveling back in time.
He watches as his fellow traveler emerges from a massive star on the brink of collapse. He sees that star age backward and watches the expansion of the obsrrver's universe reverse... growing smaller and hotter until it becomes the same or similar event he witnessed on returning to the observer's universe from his adventure into the black hole.
He watches as the universe becomes a highly condensed event.
Rather than a conclusion, this experiment ends with a question.
Are we seeing a white hole right now?
or, are we seeing the billions of year old remains of a white hole from within an anti-desitter space so vast that it defies our attempts to measure its curvature?
Are black holes, or at least some black holes, the same boundary event as the boundary of our own universe as seen from the "what happened before the universe," phase of the white hole on the other side of a black hole event horizon?
And, this implies, or at least suggests a relationship exists between the space inside, and the space outside a black hole that MIGHT BE MEASURABLE.
Time, it seems, makes a right turn at the event horizon, but since the radius of a black hole event horizon is non-zero and increases with mass, that "right turn" isn't quite a 90° turn.
The mass that falls into a black hole is ejected into the same 3D space it left, but along a timelike dimension that corresponds to the radius of the event horizon... same space, but different timeline.
Not a timeline so distinct that it has no influence in our universe though.
Could the galactic procession effect be, not a halo of "dark matter" but a gravitational influence of an entire universe expanding at faster than C WITHIN the blackhole, but reduced to a crawl in ours.
Overlapping space, connected by the blackbhole event where time has taken on the appearance of a manifold with different rates of passage and different direction joining two adjacent universes.
With this, the loss of mass/energy to the black hole isn't lost.
It returns as work performed on the galaxies that are hosting supermassive black holes.
That mass, spreads outward with the expansion of the spacial embolism of the black hole universe in the same space as our universe, but on a temporal manfold that intersects ours but only interacts indirectly with it by subtlely changing the curvature of spacetime in the proximity of the galaxy hosting a central, supermassive black hole.
That effect could be observed and measured and should be evident in differences in the apparent affect of "dark matter."
It would expose itself in a gradient of gravitational influence around galaxies that should be different in younger galaxies than older ones.
As the under-universe expanded (as an anti-desitter space) it would have greater influence at greater distance from the black hole.
While that space would be expanding at a rate greater than C 'inside,' the black hole, from our universe that rate would be a dead slow crawl.
That suggests that very young galaxies might be observed with anomalous precession rates in which the 'dark matter halo' appeared to have its greatest influence within the interior of the galaxy.
This would also alleviate the need for a 'dark energy' pushing the universe apart against gravity if that force were just the force of actual gravity drawing everything toward the 'center' of a 4D anti-desitter space... its edge boundary.
Gravity then, would just be a manifestation of entropy in a not quite flat closed but expanding spacetime and the arrow of time would just be mass caught in the current of space, flowing across a temporal manifold.
Talk to some physicist , the way you explained it is quite good
@@bhuvaneshgandhi1142
Thanks.
Not sure about that as a possibility.
It isn't at all intuitive.
Science has had to abandon intuition in the face of time dilation, but the bias remains. It's one thing to think of time changing in tiny subtle ways. It's another to try to imagine it changing entirely.
We look at something like a black hole and see it as an event with a finite volume and insist that things falling into it must be falling a relatively short distance from our frame of reference to a central point, and we ignore that we know that light doesn't become trapped because photons have mass, but because black holes are literally bigger on the inside than they appear on the outside.
Bigger, and expanding at the speed of light.
Nothing can fall into some singular infinitely dense point at the center because the further it falls into the black hole, the faster space is expanding.
We know this... yet our bias insists that space and time behave in a specific way.
We can't imagine that our universe could be, "inside-out" relative to a different universe that may have spawned it. We don't see ourselves as living in an "inside-out" space, or imagine that the center of the universe is an actual thing... in 4D space time.
We could be all... the entire universe... falling toward the center of a black hole. A fall that will never end because that center, is receding from us in every direction at the speed of light, creating more space in its wake.
That fall then, ends not in a crunch, but in heat death, trillions of years in the future.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality!
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by conserving this duality.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration -- Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is therefore dual, gravitational energy is dual!
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein
Dark energy is dual to dark matter.
Space is dual to time -- Einstein.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics.
Shannon information theory:- entropy is converted into mutual information (syntropy) by removing doubt and uncertainty (conditional entropy).
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Certainty is dual to uncertainty -- the Heisenberg certainty/uncertainty principle.
Mind is dual to matter -- Descartes.
Mind duality: the intellectual mind/soul is dual to the sensory mind/soul -- Thomas Aquinas.
Matter duality: Active matter (life) is dual to passive matter (atoms, forces) or Bosons are dual to Fermions. Symmetric wave functions (Bosons, forces) are dual to anti-symmetric wave functions (Fermions, atoms).
Mind duality is dual to matter duality.
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic.
Conceptualism (universals, idealism) is dual to nominalism (universals do not exist) synthesizes realism.
Realism (reality) is synthesized by duality, duality creates reality!
@@hyperduality2838
Dunno... Sounds a bit metaphysical to me.
Work increases entropy.
Energy seeks its lowest potential.
An apple falls because spacial curvature creates a potential that falling realizes into work.
This video station is second to none on the internet for its insights and didactics. However, Einstein is not critiqued enough. Einstein stole the relativity hypothesis from Poincaré (Einstein worked in the patent office where Poincaré patented his theorem) and Einstein plagiarised the general relativity equation from Paul Gerber, a German school teacher of maths. A commendable critique of Einstein’s work is the book, The Incorrigible Plagiarist by Christopher Jon Bjerknes.
Einstein was not smart. Just a puppet for the controlling science industry
@@m.f.djaffar5317 Wrong! I never said he did.
@@mrhawkyoudown6333 ._.
it is true that he had made advances on the subject prior to Einstein's work, but he never took the mental leap necessary to assimilate the new theory in its entirety, he did not completely “believe” in it. That happened to Copernicus and Kepler, Hooke and Newton and Huygens, or Schrodinger and Heisenberg... The reward is not for the first place, the reward it's for the real work. You must follow many conditions for a recognized job to be considered, something that is not easy to do. Unfortunately in internet Always you're gonna find things like "Einstein's is not more than a plagiarist" the same you can find for a lot of scientist but as a physic student Im proud to really understand the work of every mathematical/scientist, and How in a lot of way the world as we know it's not one person work, it's hard work collaborative progress haha... Anyway as Newton said "It's one thing to make a good guess and another to find a mathematical truth and its consequences"
@@clova8079 Einstein took NO mental leap. Einstein stole Poincaré's work lock stock and barrel. Einstein even claimed he invented all the maths to the theorem while Poincaré cited his sources. Only a fool is fooled by Einstein.
This presentation is absolutely masterful. I return to it now and then just to straighten my head out whenever I get lost thinking about GR. You have a rare gift for making complex matters as clear and simple as possible, but not simpler. Bravo!
What a truly truly fascinating and awesome video describing these equations
Very illustrative video. Thanks for sharing.
This hurts my head, I love it.
I find two issues with this...
The first is that is presupposes an ontology for quantum mechanics. But quantum mechanics doesn't even come with a predefined ontology, which is why we have so many different interpretations of the theory. You seem to be presupposing a Copenhagen interpretation, or perhaps some objective collapse interpretation, onto quantum mechanics, which isn't necessary. Depending on one's interpretation of quantum mechanics, one may think very differently about how spacetime works at the quantum level. Saying that a particle can be in two places simultaneously certainly raises difficult questions for what the gravitational field generated by such a state could look like, but if you use a different interpretation, such peculiar questions might not necessarily arise (though others are sure to replace it).
The second is that physicists often treat quantum mechanics as if it's somehow "deeper" or "more fundamental" than general relativity. But neither theory has experimentally failed in its own domain, so far. So, I see no reason to think one theory must somehow subsume the other. It's true that general relativity suffers from singularities and does not fit within quantum mechanics. But quantum mechanics isn't without its issues. The measurement problem remains unsolved. Various unanswered questions regarding the scale at which quantum mechanics is applicable remains. Also, if you're following the recent theoretical research, then you know that the principles of quantum field theory clash violently with general relativity's principles even at large scales (see Susskind or Maldacena). It might be more accurate to say (unless you're willing to drastically rethink the meaning of both theories) that both theories ruin each other.
No matter how you interpret quantum mechanics, the two theories give wildly different predictions
The measurement problem is one of interpretation, ie its in people's heads, not the theory. Many people put the cart of philosophy before the horse of science.
@@ozzymandius666 that doesn't mean interpretation is not important unless and until you mean 'shut up and calculate ', even schrödinger was worried after that cat thought experiment.
@@Ghost-vg6iq Interpretations are chosen. One can choose an interpretation where there is no measurement problem. if someone chooses an interpretation where the measurement problem exists, that's on him, not on the theory.
The key difficulty is this: all of the other forces of nature are described quantum mechanically. So either you try to describe gravity quantum mechanically, which has its own problems, or you let gravity remain classical... but how do you reconcile the sources of energy and momentum being quantum mechanical (encoded by quantum operators) with the curvature of spacetime being classical (encoded by real-valued numbers), when both appear on different sides of the same equation?
Thank you so very much for bringing this information to us on a level that we can begin to understand.
Keep up the fantastic work of making science fun and interesting.
Cheers Arvin. Succinct AF and inspiring. Reignited an old flame to understand the beauty. Thank you.
this is university level of education ,we are getting it for free in such a comprehensible way, great job man ..
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Edit: That's how small we look from Saturn, yet we are knowing what did the universe look like 13.7 bn years ago, how we evolved, how to control other species and we have split the atom. That's Amazing.
Amazing isn't it?
@@ArvinAsh yes 😃😆
the power of human brain is immeasurable.
@@mythxqzth8444 Because we can do what no other known organism can do- Imagine.
@smita singh yes and the fascinating thing is that there is only 1% difference in DNA btw us and the chimps. To imagine that 1% of intelligence made us this far makes me feel utterly speechless.
I appreciate this effort on trying to explain a little bit the Einstein equations of the general relativity. You have a new subscriber.
@Arvin Ash need some help. First of all congratulations on this wonderful channel you have created. I don't think there is any channel on social media such as your explanation demystifying such complex subjects. Your talk can make a dumb like me feel so so gratified for understanding the higher realms of existence. And the best part is none of your videos are long. With such short times, you bring out simplicity of teaching in such easy remarkable ways... just beats me every single time I watch your video. Once again profuse thanks.
Now a question that is haunting me Sir, if you may please take time and answer it for me. I have asked this to quite a few professors and even a Nobel laureate, who could not give me an easy convincing answer. I know you will. Here is the question -
What is the obligation for a mass to move in Spacetime? If there is NO Force, how does mass then move? There is NO gravitational force, so what pushes the mass to move in spacetime curvature? Let me rephrase it again: Spacetime curvature has NO obligation to a mass, because it is not a force. Spacetime curvature is only a mere "geometry". So a mass resting in the Spacetime curvature has no obligation of physics that tells it "should" move...is it not? How then (or better WHY then) mass moves on spacetime curvature? Why can't mass simply rest on the Spacetime curvature? And if you are saying Spacetime curvature is the force, then this isn't different from Newton (other than the fact that Newton's forces were oriented towards core of the mass). Can you please help understand this please.
Thanks
Sreesha
There isn't a good answer for this because GR only tells us HOW a mass should move, hot why. GR is incomplete, and so this is a question that is not well answered yet.
What GR shows is that anything with mass/energy will be at a lower energy state in certain locations of spacetime, depending on the geometry of that spacetime. All objects have a tendency to be at their lowest energy state, so that is what's driving the behavior of objects in curved spacetime.
@@ArvinAsh thank you.
If spacetime curvature is gravity, does that mean the graviton doesn’t exist? No force carrier particle is needed if gravity is only space time curvature
Not necessarily because General Relativity may be incomplete.
I believe it could be kind of how a photon (light particle) or electron are really both describable as elemental particles and oscillations in the corresponding quantum fields (electromagnetic or electron field). Both interpretations are right and make perfect sense, but one interpretation excludes the other from making sense: light can be wavelike and make interference, or be particle like and give electrons a punch. But not both at the same time.
@@ArvinAsh I thought last week we had a nobel prize winner who solved einstein equation to explain black holes.
My understanding is that quantum field theory requires a boson to transmit a fundamental force. Unfortunately, a graviton will be so weak we can not ever observe it directly. A working theory of quantum gravity would feature a mathematical object called a graviton, regardless of the physicality of such an object. If that theory matches data and explains results that are currently unexplained by the standard model, then the question of a physical graviton versus a mathematical placeholder will likely be left for philosophers of science to debate, while the physics community moves ahead with other questions. All in my opinion.
@@rc5989 i'm sorry but the video say that gravity dont exist without space?
THE LACK OF TIME DILATION IN THE EQUATIONS...
What is Quantum Gravity?
Time is the interaction of Matter and Space - Matter is Energy and Space is Dark Energy, this combined with Gravity creates a tick rate, which is the passage of time - Gravity is Quantized at the different scales of the Universe
- There are 10 States... Space has density, and here are 10 distinct densities within each Universal Structure
The First State of Quantum Gravity is the Crystal Core we are entangled in - The Crystal Core of the Black Hole in the Universe "Above Us"
The Second State of Quantum Gravity is the Wormhole from this Universe to the Universe "Above Us"
The Third State of Quantum Gravity is the Void. The Void is referred to as the Dark Energy State - Dark Energy is Space - Space is not empty nothingness, Space is basically a Superfluid Liquid Crystal Structure that forms up one half of the Universe - The Universe is a Binary system, You have "Space" or more precisely "Dark Energy" that is the Electric Force, and you have Matter/Energy that is the Magnetic Force - their interaction is the foundation of the ElectroMagnetic Universe; Time, Gravity, Etc
The 4th State of Quantum Gravity is the "Dark Matter State" - This is the State where the Galaxy creates a "bubble" around itself within the Void, where there is MORE Dark Energy outside the bubble that inside the bubble - All Matter/Energy is actively "PUSHING" on the Dark Energy Field with its Electromagnetic Energy - the Galaxy "pushes" against the force of the "Void" or the "Dark Energy State" with its Electromagnetic Radiation Energy - This Energy eventually decays and actually turns into more Space/Dark Energy!
The 5th State of Quantum Gravity is the Crystal Iron Cores of the Cosmos, the Stars, Planets, Moons and Protoplanets, the "Cores of the Cosmos" are Crystal Core Quantum Computers, These Cores use their Electromagnetic Energy and create a "bubble" around themselves, where there is MORE Dark Energy on the outside of the bubble than inside - the Cores of the Cosmos form up the "Surface" or the "Surface of Life" - Man, or the Humanoid is the Primal of 5 - the Evolutionary Descendant and form the Cores chose to create as their "vessels of flesh"
The 6th State of Quantum Gravity is the Surface of the Atom - There is More Dark Energy on the outside of the Atom than inside the Atom
The 7th, 8th and 9th States of Quantum Gravity are the Shells within the Atom, with 9 being "Local Entanglement"
The 10th Quantum State of Gravity is the Black Hole or the Cross as in X, which leads to a new set of Quantum States of Gravity! The Crystal Core of the Black Hole leads to a new Universe - Universes within Universes
To understand this, how the Universe creates Gravity and Time, you need to understand that "Time" is the Interaction of Matter/Energy and Space/Dark Energy - so the MORE Dark Energy interacting with Matter, the More Time can occur
Gravity is the Electromagnetic Force Matter exerts on the Universe, on Dark Energy that creates a "Dark Energy Field Effect" or Gravity - what that means is that Matter pushes Space away from itself and Space pushes back, as each piece of Matter gets close to each other, their "Distortion Fields" touch each other and so this creates a "Path of Least Resistance" and Pushes Matter together - Dark Energy is Pushing all Matter together!
"Does Space have Density" - YES - That's why we have "Gravity Waves" - So, the Denser the "Space" (which is really Dark Energy) the more Time can occur, the less "Space" the less Time can occur
Motion of Matter Equals Gravity Equals Energy (Plus about 10%) - It's the very motion of Matter over the Dark Energy Field that creates the Electromagnetic Energy - so the FASTER MATTER IS MOVING THE HEAVIER IT GETS
The FASTER Matter moves, the the MORE Electromagnetic Energy it produces - therefore the more it pushes on "Space" and therefore the harder space pushes back - this is Gravity
The FASTER Matter moves, the MORE Electromagnetic Energy it produces - therefore the more is pushes on "Space" the LESS "Space" is interacting with Matter, and Therefore THE LESS TIME!
(Motion of Matter Equals Gravity = Energy plus ~ 10% - And a whole lot more!)
the what now? this made my brain a pile of goo lol
The difference between physics and not physics is physics doesn't care how we interpret it. That said, electromagnetism is not the end-all-be-all force. Thats like saying without the apple there would be no cow and hence no gravity.
Now onto reality; Electromagnetism is a locality based stat that has nothing to do with dark energy. Space-time itself doesn't even care about electromagnetism. Compression force has nothing to do with electromagnetic discharge, and more to do with electromagnetic stability. or lack of charge state change resulting in electric discharge.
honestly, that sounds like less physics and more of a conspiracy theory. Why not put God in it! And then also introduce some time travelling paradoxes and maybe you can also mposter forces as Lucifer, Beelzebub, Mammon and a hell lot of mythological creature. Then why forget demon's like Maxwell's demon, Laplace demon. And yes, bring the topolgy in, that would provide you with lots of shapes. Bring some Landau Pseudo tensors and more hochpochs of tensor living on the uncaniest surface of a Serpeinski fractal and boom! here we go . And why not give a crazy fractal like equation studded with matrix and operators like jewels studded in king Arthur's sword. Yes, you can also summon the ghost of Dan Brown to write a new novel. It would be a way lot better.....( that is how I feel, whatever, I am fascinated if the quantum loop gravity is really that much exotic and based on mathematics)
Very good presentation. I look forward to watching other videos you've made.
Great video.. thank you. Very helpful.