Arausio, 105 BC: Rome's Worst Military Defeat (Documentary)
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- čas přidán 12. 01. 2024
- In the autumn of 105 BC, the Battle of Arausio unfolded between mighty Roman legions, led by Quintus Servilius Caepio and Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, and the migratory tribes of Cimbri and Teutons. Amidst the clash, the discord between Roman commanders cast a foreboding shadow over the fate of up to 120,000 soldiers.
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Your accent went a bit haywire in this episode. 6:40 onwards, you started using an American accent for some reason, for about 30 seconds. 8:43, you did it again ("commANders"), also the word "Roman" is Americanised too. 11:38 Another long stretch of Americanese. What's going on here, bud? Shenanigans afoot.
Rome's ability to come back from disaster was truly impressive.
They kind of didnt. They won the war in the end thanks to Gaius Marius but their force then only constituted 40 thousand men, much mess than half their first force.
we wont see something like it in history till Russia in ww2 and i say Russia considering all its Soviet satellites joined the Axis willingly by 41
your point just proves whats he said@@erikeliasson4739
They still had the demographics at this point. At Cannae, a week after the disaster, Rome was already recruiting fresh armies from the city of Rome alone. Slavery long term is the real cause of Rome's decline as the population drastically shrunked due to generational duration of low wages.
No army in history has ever recovered from such loses.
I think this is Rome's worst defeat. In ancient times, losing 120,000 men in one day must have been catastrophic.
Good point. Given overall populations of the era it must have been unfathomable.
I doubt those numbers are true
@@Ghostrex101 Why?
@@mbryson2899 Because army logistics wasn't as advanced at that time.
@@Ghostrex101 So...they couldn't have gotten that many troops there?
I find it interesting how classical armies in Europe and the Near/Middle East were significantly larger than anything they later put into the field for more than a thousand years.
Due to less centralized powers it was easier for those that were to conquer large sways of decentralized territory. Once established an opposing force would often only require a handful of military victories to inherit a large empire e.g Alexander the Great with Persia, Rome defeating Macedon, Rashid caliphate vs Sassinids etc
Armies of this size were possible (but not frequent) up until the Black Death killed 30-50% of the population. Army sizes in Europe did not recover until the Napoleonic wars.
I suspect the numbers in this battle were, however, inflated in the fragmentary ancient sources, such as they are. Certainly, on a strategic level both Cannae and Adrianople were more devastating to Rome. Significantly Ammianus Marcellinus wrote of Adrianople “The annals record no such massacre of a battle except one, at Cannae." - no mention of Arausio.
@@SteveClark-ob1kjThat’s a very interesting quote from Marcillenus. Yeah, Cannae and Adrianople were much more famous, as well as Actium and a few others.
But throughout the Middle Ages, even before the Black Death, there were no armies anywhere close to this size in Europe. The closest was probably Yarmuk between the Byzantines and the Rashidun Caliphate, and that wasn’t even in Europe.
Chinese armies during that period were often much larger.
According to Chinese sources that is. @@adamesd3699Most non-Chinese analysts believe the numbers are... somewhat inflated as it is really hard for a pre-modern infrastructure to keep more than a certain number of men and horses in the field.
I knows it’s nuts to think that hundreds of thousands of people used to get together and stab each other for hours on end
It's a testament to the power and resilience of Rome that she was able to absorb several crushing defeats and come back stronger.
In the end all the good strong Romans were dead and the dregs were left to be overrun and sacked.
Wouldnt survive if it werent ancient times
True, they were very resilient. They never gave up.
Marius' reformation of the Roman army was impressive. The reforms did lead to the civil wars of the 1st century BC but the armies were now professionally recruited and led.
Until Augustus's victory in 31 B.C., Rome's principal weakness was having itself controlled by competing families. You know how horrid competition within families can be, look at the current English one, but between families, it is war, e.g. the War of the Roses. It is always trouble.
But the Republic thrived under the competition of those families. Senators and Officials had to actually accomplish stuff for the State in oder to gain their families influence. They didn't just inherit their assets. Consuls competed fiercly for a chance at military glory. The wast majority of provinces was captured by the aristoctats hailing from the ancient nobility.
@@dingbum8618 it was a double edged sword. The need to do something did make them achieve, but it also led to brash military decisions like the one during this very battle
@@dingbum8618aye, especially considering how consuls had only 1 year per term. This often meant that the leaders were gloryhungry and very aggressive.
I would disagree about not just inheriting assets, Caepio for example was from an old aristocratic family. Caepios had been consul before and the family was damn rich. @@dingbum8618
It seems unlikely that the tribes had 300,000 men because it would be impossible to feed such a force given the difficulty of transporting food at the time. Probably the two forces were more-or-less equal, with perhaps a small advantage to the Kimbri _et al_ .
One thing left out of the video is that Caepio refused to cooperate with Mallius because the latter was from plebeian stock, and Caepio was too much of a snob to sully himself lol.
This battle reminds me of Adrianople almost five centuries later, where Valens doesn't want to wait for Gratian to arrive and decides to do it all by himself. That one didn't work out very well either.
Lesson for today: be nice to your co-workers, and hopefully they'll be nice to you. 😎👍
For some reason I hadn't come across the class issue between Caepio and Mallius, thanks for pointing it out. If you're interested, I also created a video about the battle of Adrianople a while back!
and IIRC, Caepio as a Pro-Consul would have been expected to grant overall command to the Consul of the year Mallius, so he disobeyed long standing pratice as well.
Excellent coverage. Better context than any other vid ive seen on this topic. Loved the accurate visuals, context and the fact that you made clear that we didn't know how the division of the army impacted the battle exactly instead of just inventing how. Sometimes its better not to guess. Good one!
YAY! Your videos on rome are ALWAYS my favorites! thanks for all your hardwork and dedication!
This would have been the death of any empire, the fact they lasted as the eastern roman empire up until the XV is impressive
You have the most intellectually stimulating energy and content about battles and warfare etc etc on this subpar media platform, appreciate your work.
How does one evaluate the magnitude of a defeat? Is it the number of casualties, or the subsequent impact? Rome was able to absorb this and other similar defeats, yet continue its expansion. Later, smaller defeats would have greater impact on the geopolitical situation.
Well said!
I feel from a tactical standpoint the comparative size of both armies is important to factor in. I personally think losing to a smaller army is worse than loosing to a larger one
In terms of numbers. Worth pointing out that it took them several years in order to field an army that would eventually defeat the Cimbri & Teutones. During that time, the Cimbri & Teutones went around marauding in Gaul. If they instead had decided to march on Rome & opted (unlike the Gauls) to stay, there probably would never have been a Roman Empire.
@@John-un3lj very very unlikely, the Romans had already endured several other protracted wars and invasions like the Samnite, Pyrrhic and the Punic wars, and still managed to come out ahead and expand the empire. At that time, Rome had a significant population and fertility advantage over their enemies and could absorb these losses.
Contrary to what happened later when Rome had a population and fertility disadvantage and that's why even much less significant defeats had much greater impact
@@canemcave What do you mean by "fertility"? lol. That's not quite the reason Rome would have trouble recovering from far smaller defeats in the late empire, even though that empire was much more gigantic and populated and resource rich than their late republican territory. It's a matter of systems and economy.
Overconfidence and Disunity can potentially defeat any mighty military force. Great video. This is a battle no one seems to know about.
Great video as always!
Glad you labelled this 'the worst military defeat". Most people don't even know about it and think it was Cannae or even Teutoburg Forest.
Ive been awaiting this video since the late 1950s.
Seriously i know this predates the internet altogether . My interest is sort of a long term obsession.
But anyhow it was certainly worth the wait.
Thank you friends!!!
I have always been fascinated with this particular battle. I just had to watch this video.
YOU did not cite the reason why the 2 Romans Had Separate Camps.......One was Patrician and the other was a Plebeian.
Aye, and Caepio was a huge snob about such things.
More battles have been won thanks to the enemy’s incompetence than to general’s talent
your videos are always a pleasure
Great video as always! Did you guys decide to ditch the squares + rectangles approach? It did make your vids stand out but this also looks great. Cheers!
Thanks for the video and history lesson. I did not know of this one.
I remember reading about this in Colleen McCullough’s First Man in Rome. Wonderful stuff!
Great video!!!
Another amazing rome video! Thanks! Suggestion: Constantine the Great biggest triumph, the battle of milvian bridge😊😊😊❤❤❤
Excellent lecture👍👍👍
It was an informative and great historical coverage video about Cambrian tribe's attacking Roman empire armies in 105 BC .. They defeated two Roman armies.. Thank you 🙏 ( house of history channel for sharing
This presentation, despite its admitted lack of trustworthy sources, provides insight into a largely neglected catastrophic battle in Roman history. It's also a timely reminder of how personal pride leads to overconfidence and split command. Thank you House of History!
Yes, its unusual to have two commanders like that. Usually one consul commanded the army, and the other stayed behind to keep charge domestically.
@@user-kv1lp8ih8gMy understanding was that they sometimes took turns commanding on alternate days. IIRC that's what happened at Cannae. OTOH there apparently wasn't any specific law concerning it.
@@jonshive5482 Ok, good information. ; ]
I can’t wait to see The battles of Aqua Sextiae, and Vercellae that’s if you are going to do those battles and I can’t wait to see them because Gaius Marius would defeat the Cimbri and the Teutones however the battle of Vercellae is interesting since some of the children of the surviving captives may have been among the rebelling gladiators in the third servile war aka the war of Spartacus.
Very, very interesting, great !
The more important part of this defeat - was what it did to Rome structurally.
It should be noted that the Romans had had a number of battles where in they suffered tremendous loses - especially during the wars with Carthage. So these losses over the decades had a cumulative effect.
Rome's Army had been made up of Farmers who were required to purchase their own arms and equipment. Each Land Owner was required to furnish a certain number of men to the Army - frequently including the owner himself (if they were small enough to only have to furnish one soldier and his attendants).
I would not term these men - amateurs - most City States had such armies and they could be very well trained - as were the Romans. There were required training sessions that the members had to attend and other campaigns they had been on. So - these armies did not lose because they were ill trained. The loss at Arausio was entirely due to being out numbered and the two Generals not cooperating.
One other contributing factor - was that the Cimbri Alliance had been roaming about nomadically for some time - and during this migration - had (as mentioned) fought a number of battles against other tribes as well as Roman Troops themselves. So - these were not untrained Barbarian Mobs - but Veterans of previous actions.
When all these Farm Owners got killed - there was an impact on their farms. The Losses Rome had suffered had gradually depleted the Man Power of these farms and left the women and their children trying to manage them.
Here - they had scrapped the bottom of the barrel and run out of self equipped farmers to fill their army with.
What happened then - was that moneyed people began buying up these Farms which (I believe) were combined and turned into large _Latifundia which were worked by Slave Labor. The women and children of these dead farmers - would take the money they got for their farms - and move to the cities - increasing the city populations.
Part of the Marian Reforms
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_reforms
had to do with the way troops were raised. There were plenty of poor people in the cities - they just couldn't afford to equip themselves as the Farmers had. Marius - was a very rich man - and he equipped the troops he raised - *_HIMSELF_* . This set a pattern for later armies that were raised and equipped by their Generals. This led to leaders with the funding to pay for these armies and armies that were loyal not to Rome - but to the Generals who had raised their Legions.
One aspect of the later Roman Armies - was that the Legionnaires did not have a career to fall back on - and tended to stay in the Army for decades. Here - their Retirement - was achieved by their General acquiring Land Grants for his Legions - which led to communities of retired Legionnaires creating Roman Enclaves in captured territory. There had to be Captured Territory though or some other method of finding land for these retiring troops. This was a factor (among others) in Roman Expansion.
Hannibal had killed a lot of Roman Soldiers but he had not yet depleted the Farmers the Roman Legions were made up from. So - the Romans persisted and eventually Carthage was Destroyed.
Here - Arauiso - was the ten ton load that broke the Camels Back - in putting an end to how the Romans had raised their Armies and played a large part in a change in Roman Society from being a Culture of Farmers and Nobles to Rich People and Poor People.
The Roman Senate was a collection of Patrician Oligarchs ruling over a city of Plebeian workers and poor people.
The Oligarchs dominated Rome - until - people like Marius and Caesar - mobilized the poor against them. Marius lost his war against Sulla who restored the Senate to what it had been - but - Caesar's mobs supported Octavian when Caesar was killed and he became Rome's First Emperor as Augustus.
One curious bit - was that Sulla was going to kill Caesar - but - was talked out of it. Sulla's last words on the subject were something like _"I'll spare him but - You'll be Sorry."_
.
Wonderful,great history lesson.
Incredible comment, thanks for the background info
More detail with follow-up of gaius marius’s impact on Rome’s defeat of the kimbri and the rise of Sulla.
Wow you do good work you will go far in this tubeworld
Thanks!
Thank you Michael!
I amazed tat he numbers involved in the battle with the population densities during that time
I find it hard to believe these numbers. The logistics to keep these troops in the field would be staggering and well beyond the capacity of a barbarian tribe.
It wasnt an army from a tribe, in the case of the Cimbri, at least - it was the entire tribe. To the best of my knowledge, it's thought that some natural catastrophe made their homeland untenable (possibly inclement weather causing large amounts of flooding, and wiping out their crops) thus forcing them to move out of their territory to seek new territory, as if they'd stayed where they were, they would have starved en masse. Hence their wandering around Europe, and ending up fighting a lot of other tribes, as they had little option but to steal food from others in order to survive themselves.
@@esmenhamaire6398I think you are correct. And after reading several of Adrian Goldsworthy’s books, he feels that when the ancient sources say migrating tribes brought ~300,000 against a Roman army, they probably were counting the entire migrating tribe and not just the soldiers. So if you take out the females, young, disabled, and elderly, might be closer to 100-125k actual fighting men. Or something along those lines.
@@prestonchrisman7382Still, how the heck can 300,000 people survive on the move for years? They would strip everything edible wherever they went. Unless they settled down for a while and practiced agriculture at least part of the time.
@@adamesd3699 yep, probably why they just kept moving. Couldn’t take the time to settle and start farming because they’d starve by the time the crops were ready for harvest. So just a giant blob of roving hunter-gatherers I guess (and also attacking tribes in their path to take what they have, and accepting tribute in the form of food from other tribes to agree to leave them alone)
Also, don't think of it as an organised single group, but more as multiple bands roaming across a wide territory (wide here can easily be a few 100 km across). When threatened or there is a battle brewing, they'd pull together again in 1 location (at least the warriors)
Rome knew how to win big and lose big 😬
Another great video
Can you please do a video on the battle of the Lycus since it’s the battle that finally settled the third mithridatic wars and since it’s never talked about or done a video on
More about Kimbrian wars plz!
Live in China now. Could not watch your videos for 3 months. happy i am able to again watch your videos.
Will you cover Marius' subsequent campaign?
The thing about this is that these were all free citizens of Rome, not professional soldiers, and this brought about the professional army under Marius. Then the soldiers became allied with the general instead of Rome bringing about the end of the Republic. BTW; Sulla captured Jugurtha not Marius, but he took credit for it.
Godó point
Army were loyal to whoever pay them as more plebs joon army
AWESOME!
It would be interesting to know what happened in the upcoming Kimbriam wars under Consul Marius
Witch program are you using to do this videos? Thank you!
Would be great if you covered the Peloponnesian War
These Rome 2 battle animations still looking good. I wish that someday a clever modder will add them to Rome Remastered
its fascinating that so many of the famous and most successful germanic tribes seem to have originated in scandinavia. im guessing they had very fertile crop fields in denmark and southern sweden that could support large populations?
Like the Eurasian steppe It's a Womb of Nations, nobody knows why. Probably it's not so much the population but the fact that they often migrated away from there, and also picked up people on the way for plundering. Often large coalitions
Not only the most successful but all Germanic tribes originated out of Scandinavia. Central Europe was still mostly Celtic at this point.
germany was certainly not celtic in 105 bc@@panzrok8701
Strange battle. Germanic forces always strike me as being a little more disciplined than the Celts of that time but the Roman tactics against 'Barbarians' usually prevailed and you'd back a well organised Roman defensive line even of 'just' 40,000 or half the army to hold against just about anything (Jugurtha found this out).
roman "historians" always exaggerate the enemy numbers. I thought that would be common knowledge
@@zurgesmiecal Just think of the incredible figures written by Caesar in De Bello Gallico.
It's funny you mention it as even today people are divided on whether the Cimbri were Celtic or Germanic in the first place.
@@TheWildManEnkidunorthern Jutland wasn’t Celtic land.
Celts were more advanced than germanics
I think the Battle of Arausio maybe the bloodiest single day battle in history if one considers 120,000 dead in one day
Hi there. Can you talk about the battle of Viriato again the Roman army in Hispanic ( Portugal and Spain) ?
A full account of the battles described here along with the political repercussions is discussed at length in the book The First Man in Rome by Colleen McCullough
Could you do the Battle of Cape Bon (468)?
As a dane and jute from Jutland... this always impress me, that the Cimbri from were i live, went down and collided with the might of Rome.
Wow! Never thought Cannae could be topped!
Can you please continue on the series with the Roman victories at Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae please
I would have loved to have seen an attempt to recreate the 3 battles between the Legions and the Cimbri before Arausio, as well
Looks like people from Jutland have always been rowdy
after disease, glory seeking is the greatest killer in military history
I wonder if the brutal chaos of the Cumbri helped paved the way for Caesar to conquer Gaul about 50 years later.
Excellent video. Finally the myth of Cannae as Rome's worst defeat is debunked.
Pain
Is there any explanation for the fact, that armies were so large in Antiquity compared with the Middle Ages ( at least in Europe ) ?
Around 100 BC neither the Chatti nor the Markomanni lived even near to the places, at which they are shown on your map.
Cannae and Carrhae: Excuse me?!
Could you cover the Siege of Jericho?
Hi, Can you please cover wars of Nadirshah Afshar with Ottomans and Mughal empire?
Song starting at 5:16? plz
I believe his legate, Lucius Cornelius Sulla captured Jugurtha with a ruse. Am I mistaken?
What about Cannae?
5:11 lmao no wonder, would be better if they didn’t attack everyone they meet xD
Cimbri: **looks for Nice place to settle**
Also cimbri: **attacks every Tribe they meet**
Cimbri: why cant i find a Nice and peaceful place to settle?
Finally some who gets that it is not Cannae nor Carrhae or Adrianopolis. I have been commenting this for years under such creators as Lindybeige.
Excellent video. I never heard of this battle before this video.
But I heard Cannae, Carrae, and Tuteberg Forest would be Roma's worst military disasters. Why do you say this battle was Roma's worst defeat?
We start with Cannae:
Rome (86,4k) vs Carthage (50k)
Casualties, Rome: Livy (ancient author) tells us 48,2k killed, 19,3k captured, 14k+ escaped, while Polybius says 70k killed, 10k captured, 3k escaped
Carthage, casualties: according to Livy 8k killed, while Polybius 5,7k killed
Carrhae: Rome ( 36k-43k) vs Parthia (10k)
Casualties, Rome: 20k killed, 10k captured, 5-10k escaped
Casualties Parthia: unknown but not much
Teutoburg forest: Rome ( 14k-22,752k) vs Germanic tribes (18-30k)
Rome casualties: 16-20k, nearly the entire army
Germania casualties: unknown but less
Battle of Arausio: Rome (120k) vs Cimbri + Teutons (200k)
Casualties Rome: 120k possible
Casualties Cimbri + Teutons: 15k
So you see that Rome lost here in this battle the most soldiers, so it was Rome’s biggest defeat
Ok thanks@@Roman_History_fan
To think there are plenty of modern day armies that have less troops than this just shows how collosal these numbers really are.
How the heck were three average german tribes supposed to have fielded 200.000 warriors. That number is completely unrealistic.
We don't know how large the average Germanic tribe was though. And they were folk migrations.
@@ConradAinger Only a fraction of a tribe can be fielded as warriors. Even if an entire tribe is travelling together, most children and woman weren't sufficiently trained for combat. The sick and elderly couldn't fight.
@Thomas_Name
I take your point, though that fraction may have been a large one. In the Laws of King Ine (England, 6th or 7th Century), 12 year old boys were deemed fit to bear arms. And in the Iron Age, among both Germanic and Celtic folk, there may not have been a very high proportion of, say, over 60s.
A lack of unity in the Carthaginian senate, failing to support Hannibal with reinforcements at the critical moment of opportunity, ultimately led to their defeat.
Daily Dose of the Roman Empire Complete
Marcus Livius Drusus survived the battle as did his friend Quintus Poppaedius Silo who led the allied legion of the Marsi. These two between were key in the coming Social War.
As for Servillus Capeo he too survived unfortunately. Probably by fleeing. Maximus was killed honorably.
Interesting how the Veneti started out in Northwest France and ended up in Northeast Italy. Those were the people who founded Venice after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
awesome video man love it . The Romans stood a really good chance and would've had consuls commanding the left and right flanks of the army if they had joined forces. logistically Maximus was wise enough to send a envoy to caepio who didn't even bother to communicate . & i love how the senate cracks down on these imbeciles and attempts to prevent these features in the future.
Thanks for the effort, but the depiction of the battle is not without serious mistakes and the map does not reflect the local terrain at all. First, the town of Arausio (Orange) did not exist then; in fact, Caerpio's camp was on Saint Eutrope's hill positioned in the center of today's Orange. Maximus' camp was on a cliff called Lampourdier about 6 km southwest (largely destroyed by a modern quarry). The Cimbri were positioned around a hill near modern Piolenc, being separated from the Romans by a small river called L' Aigue.
Arausio did not exist at that time. Caepio positioned his army on a hill, where this city was later founded.
Cimbrian war series?
Was Boiorix Welsh?
What about Cannae and Lake Trasimene, as described in the Roman records (Livy etc). It’s pronounced simbrian not kimbrian
It is possible that only such disasters could temporarily bridge the divide between the classes of Rome. Bleak survival surely chrystallized their purpose, though it never did eradicate their class distinctions. The Social Wars would, once again, force Romans to recognize that they, alone, could not rule so many. Caepio was an ass, but, he was an ass of great privilege and unwilling to recognize Maximus as his equal, despite their kindred status as Consuls. Rome bore the disastrous cost of its deep divisions for a millennium.
What about the Battle of Cannae ? Many say that was Rome's greatest defeat .
I think the battle of canae was at least as devastating…..
But Marius got revenge at the battle near Aqua Sextiae (Aix en Provence) crushing 100 000 Cimbers and Teutons
When were the Celts and Teutons still the same people?
Well, this defeat does rival Cannae.
How many battles have we watched as the Roman's worst defeat? too many...
Nice video. So that is the Marius who invented the Marian reforms for roman legions. In the end, rome won this war. Rome learned from this defeat while the Cimbri and Teutons didn't. Later Cimbri and Teutons seperated from each other and were defeated one after the other.
Tactically, the reforms changed the Legions from consisting of 30 maniples( 120 men each) of heavy infantry, fighting in three lines, each line three men deep. To 10 cohorts of heavy infantry(500 men ) fighting in blocks 8 men deep. It was felt that these larger deeper Cohorts could stand up better against massed Barbarian assaults. Not really sure if these reforms were in effect for the Battle of Arausio.
Marian reform is a myth. The changes started in 2nd punic war after rome mobilized as many men as they can to cope with battle losses up to other campaigns prior to Cimbrian war.
The senate personally armed freemen and some wealthy romans freed slaves and armed them with hastati level equipment.
There's also Scipio being denied by the senate to levy some legions for his African campaign and was forced to ask for volunteers from cannae and other battles survivors in sicily and financed their armamanent aandd training with wealth he gained from Spain.
Other practices linked to marian reforms also have roots decades prior from other generals changes made to cope with their situation.
Varus! Give me back my legions.
Resilience is the key. Arausio did not stop Rome. 500 years later, the Romans suffered a much smaller defeat (Battle of Adrianopel) and the whole Danube frontier collapsed. It was the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire.
Read Colleen McCullough’s Masters of Rome series. The Late Republican era, including Arausio is expertly told in historical novels.
00:39 MAXIMUS
Marius please??
I always think there's only 40,000 true romans that died in this battle. The others are 40,000 allied troops and 40,000 foreign slaves. The impact is spread out.