That Time The Ocean Lost (Almost) All Its Oxygen
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- čas přidán 28. 05. 2024
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This is the story of how our planet rescued itself from extreme conditions in the Cretaceous Period, at the cost of essentially suffocating the oceans for half-a-million years.
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1t... - Věda a technologie
I would love a video about how corals survived past mass extinctions. Given how sensitive they seem to changes in ocean conditions, it seems almost miraculous that any varieties made it through the K-T extinction.
This is just my speculation, but I would imagine they just moved to cooler more oxygenated waters near the north/south poles.
It's a shame we can't get DNA from fossils lol, I'd be curious if corals just repeatedly re-evolved to fill the niche? (as basically calcified cnidarians)@@TSZatoichi
Even today there are varieties that live in warmer conditions than most of the ocean.
If we aren't careful, those will be the only corals left alive.
Yeah they're just like every other animal, like sharks. When the water becomes inhospitable, they slowly move where the conditions are right.
Maybe what we have now are the descendants of the 'few' stronger species that made it.
Quite possibly, there were many, many more somewhat sensitive species that just didn't make it.
It's sad to think that we may have missed out on some truly exotic shapes and colours, that may have existed prior to extinction events - however, it's nowhere near as sad to think that we are 'knowingly' denying our distant descendants a great many animals we are wiping out simply by 'not doing enough.'
That ending reminds me of a George Carlin quote, "The planet is doing fine; the people ... are f----ked."
Our legacy will be a thin layer of plastic in the geological record. Less than a millimeter thick.
Because of this carcharodontosaurids, spinosaurids, pliosaurids, few of pterosaur families and etc. started to dying out😥
We should Start a memorial for this event instead of morning the Asteroid impact 😥 So sad! So true!
And rebbachisaurids. Don't forget the rebbachisaurids.
Ichthyosaurs were pretty important though
But due to that event, tyrannosaurid, raptors, ceratopsians, hadrosaurs, abelisaurs, megaraptorans, pteranodon, azdarchid, mosasaurs, and lamniformes could diverse and take the place. The world actually had its golden age in terms of biodiversity from 90 to 66ma. Search Cretaceous terrestrial revolution.
All toothed pterosaur went extinct after the event
Seeing how it took around 40,000 years for earth to fix itself….hurts
she just like me frfr
It took much longer than 40'000 years, that was just the time needed for the temperature to drop 4 degrees C ... the full recovery took about 500'000 years.
The Earth started out with no oxygen at all.
For the first 2 billion years of life on earth, there was no oxygen. Then came a lot of oxygen released by a new creature as a byproduct.
You see, oxygen is very reactive. It's corrosive. This caused a mass extinction like no other, terraformed the Earth, and caused a Snowball Earth. People are still not sure how life survived.
And the Earth still hasn't fixed itself as there is still lots of the extremely corrosive stuff called oxygen in oceans and the atmosphere.
Luckily, the earth has ways to remove that oxygen and return to normal (oxygen is very reactive).
Hopefully, the earth will be fixed soon and all that oxygen removed.
@@retrogradevector Sure but like, I've switched my plastic straws for paper straws and I don't flush after peeing anymore. Surely that's knocked some time off that ol' Earth counter.
@@literarynicknot flushing after peeing can cause minerals to build up in your toilet, causing issues.
I have heard of ocean anoxic events before, but you've explained it better than most. Thanks.
How do you know she explained it better than most if you had never heard about ocean anoxic events before?
Your comment makes absolutely no sense
@@johnwt7333 I think you either misread their comment, or they simply made a typo and then edited it after realizing their mistake. I suggest you read their comment again to see what they mean.
@@johnwt7333id suggest u reread because what
For anyone else who loves topics like this one, I HIGHLY recommend the video essay "The DEADLIEST Pattern In Nature" by Gutsick Gibbon! It's over an hour, but details what is essentially the history of life (and death) on Earth, and how Earth rebalanced itself after each cataclysmic extinction event threw the ecosystem out of whack. The part about the End Permian Extinction especially is my favorite. Thank you PBS, and thank you, Eons Team!
Great video
@@3nthamornin I'm so very glad you checked it out and enjoyed it!
@@fourleaves6877 yeah been following gutsickgibbon for a while, great page
Kallie is such a gem of her host. I can always count on a fascinating episode
she is the only reason i watch eons 😭😭😭
So much wonderful teacher energy. I laughed harder at her "round of applause" than the joke itself.
@@thezellman She honestly reminds me of one of the biology teachers I had in 9th grade. She has got that kind of positive energy that make everything interesting.
Regarding ichthyosaurs, what's perplexing about them is how rapidly they evolved. Whales first appeared in the fossil record ~15 million years after the KT event and weren't fully aquatic until 10 million years later. Meanwhile, Ichthyosaurs appear ~4 million years after the even more devastating PT extinction event and were fully aquatic by that time. It's a bit of a mystery pulses of marine anoxia of a similar scale which caused the PT extinction continued up until the mid-Triassic and the only reason that they didn't cause mass extinctions was because there was nothing left to kill. But when the oceans are anoxic, being able to breathe air would have given ichthyosaurs a decisive advantage and may explain why they were able to colonize the ocean so quickly and long before the ecosystem recovered. If this is the case it would be ironic if ocean anoxia caused their extinction as well.
If there is no food the species can't survive. Ocean anoxia killed off their food.
I am going to hazard a guess that the icthyosaurs died out not as a direct result of the anoxia, but from losing their food supply due to the anoxia, and that they started out depending upon a food supply that had persisted through the Permian-Triassic extinction event, but then later became dependent upon less resilient food supplies.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio This also seems likely to me. Many depictions are of them eating things that are deep sea based, like squid, and as they mention in the video many deep sea species suffered or went extinct during these periods. It'd be a potentially major source of their diet that was lost.
@@majnuker And they likely preferred the deep water stuff because the prey was safest there in the deep from extinction too.
I've heard speculations that competition with mosasaurs drove the ichthyosaurs to extinction. Mosasaurs started to show up in the fossil record predominantly around the same time of the ichthyosaurs extinction.
Why do rocks get so big? I blame their sedimentary lifestyle.
Blocked !
I live for the whole sci channel, eons, and microcosm channels. You all are such an amazing, great, strong, smart, talented, entertaining team. Always bringing your A game to deliver that amazing content. Thanks so much.
Silicate weathering: don't take it for granite!
😂 badumtss 🎉
Best comment 🎉
It's nice to see you Hank! Glad you are feeling a little bit better!!
Her name is Kallie
It feels kinda weird to see him on Eons after all those years, especially to bootstrap another show.
@@johnwt7333 9:21
@@johnwt7333you’re joking right
Flood basalts are my favorite geologic feature. I remember learning about our local Columbia River Basalts in college. My mind exploded to say the least.
I was just thinking about how anoxic events are the coolest extinction event - the shadow biosphere of life that was common before oxygen (which is poisonous to them) rises from beneath the ocean's sediment to fill the ocean and take back the earth.
The prehistoric past can be a great teacher about high greenhouse gases and its effects on the environment.
Only for those who choose to listen unfortunately 🙁
Thinking about the concept of green house gas . Taking into account the glass itself magnifying glass pointed towards each other
Of course, but the steps we need to take are debatable. All this effing about with solar panels is a distraction at best, and competition with countries that frankly don't care, means we can't just dive head first into more drastic measures.
@@ross6789yeah tell that to the citizens in Brazil. Cutting down trees in the rainforest is the culprit. 😔 Sad huh!
@@thunderbolts2438 There is no single culprit, it is a lot of smaller ones and a few huge ones.
Loved the joke 😂👌🏾
Especially when Kallie struggled to get it, that made it land much harder 😂😂😂
Kallie is so cool. unicorn status. i love all the eons/ complexly hosts, everyone is great in thier own unique ways, but i really love everything she does.
You're a bot
@johnwt7333 No I'm not. Bleep boop beep beep boop
Yeah. I couldn't agree more. She is great. I love her energy.
@@christianhunt7382 you sound like one. It's easy to tell because your initial comment lacks humanity or purpose. That's still difficult to replicate
@@johnwt7333the fact you're replying to everyone praising her is a sign you're a bot
I've never thought about the particulates from an underwater volcanic event. Like super thin toxic mud. Wow. Proves my land bias
No one's ever explained to me why the ichthyosaurs checked out mid-Cretaceous before, just that they decided to one day, so thanks for the update.
Did you ever ask somebody about it, or actively seeked out that information before?
man those animals that lived through it... did they constantly feel on the edge of suffocation? like the first few dozen generations at least?
I still miss Steve. Wherever he is, i hope he is safe
Pour one out for Steve 😅
@randomstuff6355 - Yes, in my mind's eye, I always see at the end of the list - - - Steve!
Kallie inspired the name I gave to a stray cat that comes around occasionally for food. She's a calico (the cat), so I named her "Callie" :P
News flash: if youre feeding a cat that you named, its no longer stray!
@@danielszekeres8003 Hahaha!!
"It was the final nail in the coffin" [7:42] for trilobites which had NOT evolved book-gills, allowing them to process oxygen from air and thus lay their eggs above the high tide line (if they were 'Crabs', Horseshoe Trilobites would not have their ancestors' copper-based blood).
Breathtaking episode. Thank you.
gotta love it when humans can almost rival the global environment impact with the literal earth.
Less impressive when you know bacteria do it all the time
@@darcieclements4880 lemme see bacteria do calculations, create machines and start an Industrial Revolution
Thanks for the awesome video! :)
Excellent video thanks
great video! I just want to point out that at 8:02, Earth is spinning the wrong way. It looks like the sun is coming from the west and going east.
you beat me by 2 wks
I love these so much! Thank you Eons crew!
So love this series! Thanks.
I love the comparisons and visual aids in these videos, they really help with gaining any sort of real perspective of the information
Hey, Hi Hank. Glad you are in remission and back. Best regards from Mexico.
The planet might be able to adapt, but can we?
Especially given our comparatively tiny attention spans. Even our civilizations have much shorter attention spans than many common natural processes.
Our ancestors survived some glaciation cycles...
Nope we won't, civilization won't survive this, a return to hunter gatherers seems like the best possible scenario barring extinction.
F us. What about the other species!
@@useodyseeorbitchute9450
They were more skilled at basic survival and smaller in number.
Alternative title: The Earth sold Ichthyosaurs out to save itself and the other species.
Good Videos. keep up the work!
Very nice sharing. Great video and full watching
One of your best videos, from a long time fan
Excellent video! OAEs are fascinating.
A precautionary tale about geohacking like fertilizing algal blooms by dumping iron into the sea. The last thing you want is to create a dead zone.
I still mentally add Steve to the list.
Its nice to see the channel doing well
Literally amazing
Fascinating stuff!!! 🌋🌊
“History doesn't repeat itself, but it often rhymes” - Mark Twain
So we don’t have to worry about climate change? That’s nice.
@@untergehermuc Nature will fix the issue by itself. The downside, it most likely solution is to kill the parasites known as humans...
I love this channel so much.
Wonder if we can use the weathering chemicals to remove our own carbon? Thousands of years are blinks in Geo-time so "industrializing" them might be fairly simple?
People are talking about that, yeah. The problem is that it costs money, and we're burning fossil fuels to make money in the first place.
Thank you Eons for yet again for teaching us what we can learn from deep time, and how we can apply those lessons to our modern problems.
The ending corroborates with what George Carlin said. The planet will be fine. We're the ones who are screwed.
Earth took 40.000 years and some marine sacrifices to bury all that carbon, and now we're digging it all up and putting it back in the atmosphere
Kallie Moore is back! I love this womsn! Woo hoo! ❤🎉😊
Imagine if something like that happened again in our timeline. We would be unprepared for such catastrophe.
Now consider that this is why we have coal and oil (at least some of it). And we are depleting reserves that collected after not one, but several of these events.
And the volcanic eruptions took several centuries to increase CO2 to these levels, the same levels that we will probably reach in about one century.
thanks for yet another interesting video Kallie!
Ngl, Hank caught me off guard. Glad to see him!
Breathtaking vid, btw. The storytelling is fire, as always.
Awesome. Eons is a key to knowledge of paleontology
That herbivore joke also works on another level- meat eaters can't eat until meat is.. made.
Thank you.
Thank you
Any day when PBS releases a video, it’s a good day 😊
So good to know that apparently all leaves have tiny creepy little mouths all over them. Neat!
I love the eons team
3:14 I cannot imagine how hot the weather was 500, 400, and 300 million years ago.
F for our pals, the trilobites
@8:09....you got Earth spinning backwards, yo.
You're just going backwards in time.
My favorite host is back!!!!!!!!! ❤
And when the world needed Aang most, he disappeared...
I'm glad Eons is aware enough of YT thumbnails to make the title not overlap with the video time icon
8:00 it makes me irrationally annoyed that the earth is spinning the wrong way
At least half a mil year to cause near mass extinction event in prehistoric period. But now it only took a couple century to almost reach the lowest number in previous event.
Well done 👍
LET'S GOOOOOOO!!!!! MORE EONS!!!!!!!
NGL the thumbnail made this a must watch. I love eons but "too much lava" with a panicked fish? Yes
I miss Hank, good to see him even if it's just a promo!
your hair looks amazing!!
Fascinating🌟🌟💯💯
An ancient catastrophe wrecks havoc on life, only to be quelled after thousands of years by the planet's own natural defenses. Millions of years later, humans, in quest for money and power, dig up the remains of that disaster and foolishly wake the cataclysm once again.
If that was the premise for a fantasy novel, it would get written off as trite, but here we are. :P
It's not just about money and power, it's to help our species evolve. Otherwise we would go extinct. Eventually we will solve our energy problem, but for now it's necessary to burn fossil fuels.
@@NatureGuy18 we wouldn't go extinct without coal, gaz and petrol. We conquered the globe without all of that during millenniums.
What if we add a realistic plot twist? Like unleashing ancient disaster being a side not, while unless civilization collapse due to unrelated reasons, humans go into terraforming business?
@@NatureGuy18Are you sure about that? Also why is necessary? Who decide that? Governments and mega corporations?
@@ExtremeMadnessX Burning fossil fuel is stupid nowadays, especially for heating and personal vehicles (and no, EV is not a real solution). But if we don't want to technologically regress to proto-industrialisation ages, we still need a minimum of diesel and heavy fuel engine for public transportation and backup generators. And things like medicine improved drastically because of the chemistry discoveries resulting from crude oil exploitation.
bruh it's like nobody even thinks that human Co2 production can combine with other castastrophic events that also release Co2 to the ocean
Trapped methane erupting from deposited under the seafloor is aggravating it as well, among other things. We're in for a miserable century that will make the 20th Century with all the many atrocities and disasters look like a walk in the park if people don't force the stop of coal and petrochemical burning within the next few years.
At least I have hope that, if push comes to shove, the people suffering the most from climate change will cause a big enough push-back to actually force that change. It can't be scapegoated and blamed on the average person forever and corporations and governments will be held accountable. Here's hoping the loss of life and human suffering in the mean time is kept as low as physically possible.
Well I thought it was about the pace of the warming, not the magnitude
Anyway, guess we finally have an explanation for this anoxia event and even an extinction event I'd argue; Ichtyosaurs and Pliosaurs went extinct, Nodosaurids became minor players in the environment as Ankylosaurids began to dominate, Allosauroids (I'm leaving Megaraptorans out of this as it's uncertain whether they were Allosauroids or Coelurosaurs even tho more evidence is pointing towards them being Tyrannosauroids, thus Coelurosaurs)) and Megalosauroids went extinct, Ceratopsians and Coelurosaurs began to truly establish dominance, Hadrosaurs pretty much replaced Iguanodonts at the time
Maybe we could even consider splitting the Cretaceous up into 2 separate periods (or maybe correct the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary)
@GEOGIRL new video idea maybe? 👀
The planet can survive with or without us
In short, the Earth will heal from human activity, but it's not likely humans will survive that process.
Speak for yourself. I gotta bunker and my descendants will evolve into large Grays.
@@silverbackag9790 Don't forget to travel back in time and pretend to be aliens.
Human civilization*
Isolated groups of humans will survive, living a miserable life not knowing if they'll survive tomorrow.
Cosmic irony it is
This and gutsick gibbon's video about the carbon silica cycle are just 👌chef's kiss
Any video on this channel starting with "That time when" is gonna be a good time
Thank you for such a good explanation of the silicate weathering process! This video really helped deepen understanding of past videos featuring these extinctions 👍🏻
The videos you use are beautiful. The one at 6:40 is my favorite in this one
We hear about extinction events plenty, but not the cycles of how the Earth balances back out.
Ichthyosaurs breathed air so lower O2 levels in the deep ocean were not a direct factor for their demise!
The lack of fish probably didn't help...
Enough oxygen for you doesn't help much if your food suffocates!
Cephalopod is icthiosaurus main food
The end video jokes are really good sometimes lol especially when the host has to decipher them to understand em hahaha
Another excellent presentation of the irrefutable evidence for our planet's complex prehistory!
Studying the paleocene-eocene thermal maximum is crucial to understanding just how messed up the coming centuries are going to be IMO.
Classic episode
Wow that was such a bad dad joke at the end 😭😂
Zooniverse hosts a Planet 9 themed citizen science project “Backyard Worlds: Planet 9.” It’s currently out of data, new sets of images are being added. It’s an interesting process of checking old images.
I really enjoyed this! (HI HANK!)
We could just put a giant whisk and incorporate oxygen into the water like we were fluffing some egg whites. 😂
Seriously, seeing the title of the video, I didn't realize this wasn't about the Permian-Triassic extinction until I saw the thumbnail with the ichthyosaur. I had no idea extinction (through sucking oxygen out of the ocean) via flood basalts happened more than once.
I haven't yet been able to watch the video, but this is the best thumbnail ever.
Show a politician how close we are to end-of-the-world levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, and they'll say "oh but that's just 0.7% of the atmosphere" and pretend they aren't boiling their future grandchildren alive while getting a 6-figure position on the board of directors of some petrol corporation 6 months after their term. It's amazing what people keep voting for.
Mahn it’s wild to me that “remnants of catastrophes” ended up powering the vehicle I drive to my mundane job 😭
Oh yeah they're back!
...um...PBS Eons...
The video clip of Earth as viewed from near space -- inserted @~8:00 -- has our planet rotating 'backwards'...with 'First Sunrise' occurring on the WEST coast, & progressing Eastward...
Gosh I so wish the world get a mad Maxx reboot I can't make it 100 more years
I'm putting this on my 2024 bingo!