Standing Wave Demo: Organ Pipes
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- čas přidán 19. 08. 2016
- This is a demonstration of standing waves in organ pipes of different lengths, with both ends open and with one end closed.
This demonstration was created at Utah State University by Professor Boyd F. Edwards, assisted by James Coburn (demonstration specialist), David Evans (videography), and Rebecca Whitney (closed captions), with support from Jan Sojka, Physics Department Head, and Robert Wagner, Executive Vice Provost and Dean of Academic and Instructional Services.
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This is a clever way to make pipes for the pedal division on a small organ where space/money is limited. A small organ will usually have just one stop in the pedal division, a 16 foot Bourdon (French for bumblebee!), of which the pipes are typically made of wood and are stopped (closed) at one end. The '16 foot' actually refers to the 'speaking length' of the pipe, ie. the pitch that would be heard on a specific note of an open pipe of said length, but the pipe in this case is actually 8 foot long. This means you can get the sound of a 16 foot pipe using only an 8 foot pipe, saving space and money. The sound created is a nice bass sound that reinforces the fundementals and minimises overtones, however those can be reinforced too by coupling the manuals to the pedals.
Also, if space is even more limited, for example an organ that could fit in a standard house(!!), an organ could be built using 4 foot stopped pipe to create what is usually referred to as an 8 foot Gedackt (German for covered) which again creates the 8 foot sound from a stopped 4 foot pipe, it is again strong in fundementals and lacking in overtones and creates a very dull sound but works well with a 4 foot principal (open metal pipe) which would be the same physical length but create a sound an octave higher, reinforcing the fundementals
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f=nv/2l for open pipe, f=(2n-1)v/4l for closed pipe
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Sir, can you tell whether there will be any change in tone/volume of an organ pipe had the cross been circular with same inner volume?
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I now understand why the recorders we played at school sounded so awful. We were blowing too hard.
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Yehhh....the video needed...
An explanation as to WHY the pitch changes by an octave when you stop the end would have been nice.
I suspect it has to do with how the waves are reflected in each case -- in-phase vs inverted.
It is because the fundamental mode that forms in a pipe closed at one end has a wavelength twice that of the fundamental mode that forms in a pipe open at both ends (due to a node forming at the closed end). This results in a frequency half that of the pipe open at one end (ignoring end effects).
How long is each tube????
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I had completely forgotten watching this video, and seeing it again I notice a basic error in the explanation:
The pipes shown are *not* open at both ends. The end closest to the mouth is closed, with only the fine slot through which the air travels as the only communication between this lower end and the main body of the pipe. The opening which is pointed to is there to allow air to flow into the 'throat', or chamber at that end. From this chamber, the air passes through the slot.
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What if cross-sectional area of the pipe was held constant as we scaled the pipe with length as the variable?
Not sure what you're asking, but the sound of the pipe would get lower as the pipe got longer.
Why is it that the shorter your pipes, the smaller their cross-sectional area? Your shortest pipe is narrow. What would it sound like if your medium and short pipes had cross-sections equal to the long pipe? What would be the effect of having pipes of equal length but varying the cross-sectional area, wide to narrow?
That's a great question. If you had two pipes of the same length but different cross sections, the wider pipe would have a lower fundamental frequency because the effective length of a pipe is the actual length plus, approximately, the inside diameter of the pipe. So only in the limit of a very narrow pipe will the effective pipe length equal the actual pipe length. I suppose that the timbre, or sound quality, of the pipe won't depend very much on the width, but I don't know for sure.
Physics Demos thank you! As an engineer I should have remembered "effective length"
A larger scale pipe (i.e. a 'fatter' pipe) will, indeed, sound a lower note, but also a duller note (i.e. one with less upper harmonics.)
Looked at another way, fatter pipes are shorter, for the same pitch.
What a simple explanation like this usually fails to point out are the other factors which influence pitch, such as: the air-pressure, the scale (as just explained), the height of the upper lip, the width of the slot through which the air is directed, and the shape of the pipe.
I thought organ pipe would be made out of some organ but I was wrong:(
But nice explanation!
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I think he has mistaken the term "open". Flutes are only open at one end. Organ pipes are only open at one end and sometimes stopped at the end as he demonstrated. His description of the pipe being open at both ends is incorrect. The air inlet is not considered "open". The mouthpiece on a flute is not considered "open". The mouthpiece end of a flute is stopped. Both flutes and clarinets have open ends. The clarinet is different from a flute as it is a reed instrument and can play lower due to harmonics from the configuration of the vibration of the large reed in a "half length" resonator. This trick is sometimes employed in the reed stops in pipe organs to get an octave lower sound from smaller reed pipes resonators.
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Sorry to break it to you but a flute isn't open on both ends.
Actually, it is. It's a much better approximation to treat the mouth end as open than to treat it as closed. The clarinet is the opposite. The mouth end is effectively closed.
@@boydedwardsfamily4163 Biber0315 is actually right. The mouthpiece is not considered "open". He also incorrectly states that the organ pipe is open both ends. It is not. The mouth or air entry point are not considered openings from a physics or organ building point of view.
@@boydedwardsfamily4163:
I'm afraid I must disagree with you.
The organ pipe, like the flute, is always closed at the mouth end, otherwise, it would not sound.
The significant fact to realise is that the pitch of the clarinet is influenced, partly by the effective length of the body, but also, very largely, by its reed.
In the case of organ-pipes, some of which have brass reeds, the pitch of the pipe can be altered by adjusting the effective length of the resonator (i.e. the body of the pipe) but it is usual to adjust the pitch (in tuning) by altering the effective length of the reed. Tuning the pipe in this way, it is possible to alter its pitch radically - sometimes by as much as an octave - and yet the length of the body remains the same.
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actually, in this demonstration, they are a major seven lower than the original tone...
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parker ?
@@basozaraz4996 nah there's another video of this guy showing standing waves in a rope, parker is under spotlight in that video's comments.