What Is the RNA World Hypothesis?
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- čas přidán 29. 08. 2016
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All living creatures today reproduce and evolve using a complex gene-enzyme cycle. If we look at a cell, for example, information encoded in its genes is used to produce functional proteins called enzymes. Some of those enzymes then turn around to make copies of the cell's genes, allowing the cell to reproduce.
Because the gene-enzyme system forms a closed loop, it presents us with a classic chicken or egg conundrum: Which came first, genes or the protein enzymes they code for?
While the details are still not fully worked out, discoveries over the past few decades have lead researchers to a surprising possible solution: What really came first? Genes that act as enzymes!
The RNA World Hypothesis is the idea that before living cells, the genetic code, and the gene/protein cycle ever existed, chains of a chemical called RNA were forming naturally. Once formed, some of these chains were able to function as enzymes, and were even able to evolve by making copies of themselves with slight, accidental modifications.
While there is little doubt that RNA played a crucial role in the early development of life, the complexity of RNA is casting doubt on the idea that RNA was the first truly replicating and evolving chemical system. For this reason, alternatives to the “RNA first” view are also being investigated. Most notable is a proto-RNA hypothesis being studied by the lab of Nicholas Hud, and several metabolism first hypotheses which got their start from the work of Robert Shapiro.
At this time, all serious investigations into the origin of life are being done under the overarching idea that life emerged from chemistry.
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
RIBOZYMES
The first RNA enzymes were discovered in 1982, now known as ribozymes. Here’s is a wonderful review of what we now know about ribozymes (well... as of 2002):
Scientific Paper: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...
Diverse and highly functional ribozymes can be evolved in the lab. Selection experiments have shown there are many pathways that evolution can take to produce a ribozyme with a given function. This means the evolution of function is much simpler than previously thought!
Scientific Paper: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...
Nucleotide building ribozymes have been evolved in the lab from random starting chains (this is the experiment discussed in our animation):
Scientific Paper: www.sfu.ca/~punrau/pdfs/Lau_JA...
INITIAL RNA NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS
RNA nucleotides have been shown to form without enzymes under conditions that might have been plausible on the early Earth. That said, the reactions we’ve discovered so far do not appear robust enough to claim that the problem is fully solved:
Scientific Paper: www.nature.com/nature/journal/...
Nature News overview of the discovery with objections discussed: www.nature.com/news/2009/09051...
RNA REPLICATION BEFORE EVOLUTION OF ENZYMES
8 problems with RNA replication and likely solutions to them (note: number 8 now has two independent solutions demonstrated in the lab):
jsystchem.springeropen.com/ar...
What experiments in non-enzymatic template directed replication currently look like (experiments that don't use babysitting technologies like PCR): onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/f...
ALTERNATIVES TO THE RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS
Here is an article reviewing the metabolism first hypothesis in contrast to the RNA first view:
Blog post by professor Laurance Moran: sandwalk.blogspot.com/2009/05/...
Here is an article reviewing research into a possible proto RNA World Hypothesis:
Media article by quanta magazine
www.quantamagazine.org/201402...
Learn more about evolution and the origin of life at statedclearly.com and at centerforchemicalevolution.com
#originoflife #chemistry #Evolution
The age of high quality youtube videos has dawned. What a wonderful time to be alive.
R.I.P in pieces
Rest In Pieces in pieces=
Maybe it's more accurate to say the age of professionally produced CZcams videos has dawned. Monetization as implemented by Google has all but destroyed the free-wheeling creative days of CZcams, and Google continues to censor and push small artsy content creators off the site though tactics as demonetization and "You Tube Heroes," but has ushered in a new age of professional educational videos like this. I guess it's a trade-off.
+phthisicy What is this "outside" you speak of?
Or possibly just a chemical reaction.
This is probably the best explanation/animation of how simple chemistry can give rise to complex molecules.
Great job.
phthisicy RNA breaking apart molecules to make nucleotides is chemistry
he should keep it longer so that more questions in mind are answered.
Good video really but then obviously nobody could answer how these nucleic acid can form chains on their own and then develop 3D forms that could manufacture proteins which would require everything to be in the right sequence. Earlier the theory was amino acids randomly joining to form proteins but now they have realised it is just impossible to happen, RNA is thought to be responsible since you cannot really form protein without RNA. But this makes it even more complex. How can they randomly form functioning rRNA and mRNA etc and all for protein synthesis? Like winning a lottery again and again.
@@parrotbrand2782 The early soup boiling under violently erratic, bubbling, and spewing conditions, doused with water and meteors (bringing heaven knows what along with them) for over a half billion years offers more than enough combinations to hit the lottery.
Still, it is rather perplexing from the perspective of our "enlightened" minds;)
Events that have a very small mathematical probability, still *do* happen sometimes. See "infinite monkey theorem".
Also, some people *do* win the lottery multiple times.... It just happens. Here are some of these people:
www.multilotto.com/en/lotterynews/has-anybody-ever-won-the-lottery-more-than-once
It is a fallacy to think that events with small mathematical probability do not happen. They do. You'd think it's impossible, but there's a guy who was struck by lightning 7 times.
This is absolutely mindblowing to me. I'm a 40 year old and I'm understanding this for the first time. Thank you so much.
There are so many problems with abiogenesis its not even funny. I don't know how it even qualifies as science.
@@Pyr0Ben do tou jave evidence ro Disprove It ?
@@ayhanuzun4821 He has a 2,000 year old book.
@@Pyr0Ben Such as? care to share? Other than the 2 things outlined in the video.
@@Olterior did you not see the playlist i sent?
I also need "a little bit of assistance" to replicate.
Don't we all my friend, don't we all.
Oh shit I'm an RNA
Yee
But you don't need "a little bit of assistance" to pleasure yourself :))))))
Benjamin Hershey yes when was alcohol and smooth jazz introduced. Into evolution 😁
This just blew my mind. Why did I become a business major all those years ago? This is fascinating.
because it's way better money i guess
@@maaarcel15 I think you'd be surprised...
@@TairyHesticles i'd say it's a fact that you earn more money in buisnesses than in research or science in general
@@maaarcel15 I have an MBA and I make pretty shitty money. Although, on average, you are correct. Millennials and younger are in trouble either way; not many of us are making money regardless of the degree.
@@TairyHesticles oh yes i see! Where are you from?
This one video completely altered my understanding of the natural world. It’s remarkable how simple it really all is.
licma its simple enough to understand but complex enough to create advanced organisms and life. Its crazy
Only if you were given the ability to comprehend the simplicity of understanding the complexity is an imparted capability from the Creator of the complexities and the ordering of their function.
Or its just a bunch of random sh!t you can at least be thankful you came out on the evolutionary end with an assembly of neurons able to comprehend. Who says "evolution" is not a purposed process? Then again is purpose necessary for life to be lived?
@@anotherpointofview222 noone says it’s random bunch of shi!.
@@manofgod7622
Yes, I have heard said, and also read, not quite that simply put,...but basically.
Yes, random (having no pre defined aim or purpose) "Shit Happens."
You can scientifically analyze and hypothesize about it all you want to, just like non-atheist believe what they believe to be true. Believing what you don't know, doesn't make it so. :) LOL
It's not simple, but it is amazing.
Damn, science is fascinating asf
You said it
this video is about assumptions
This video is about science, investigation, and the ongoing process of developing and understanding of the nature life using the tools of science.
aren't pre-research hypotheses assumptions?
Yes, they assumed that could have been possible an RNA World, then they organized the experiment to verify if their assumptions were (at least) scientifically plausible or not. But the content of this video is not about that assumptions, is about the data observed in the experiments. Do not use word tricks please.
I’m a biology major. Your channel is a gem.
PROPS for showing dinosaurs with feathers! :)
Where is the FOSSIL EVIDENCE for Therapods having FEATHERS? Its just another BOGUS FRAUD trying to prop up the Dying and DEBUNKED stupidity that is EVOLUTION.
@Archaeopteryx Lithographica Archaeopteryx WAS a BIRD... a Perching Bird. and Funnily enough it came 150 Million Years ago... which is 80 Million Years BEFORE Therapod Dinosaurs like Velociraptors... that kinda blows the whole BIRDS came from REPTILES assertion by EVOLUTIONISTS right out of the water.... EVOLUTION is just a Fairytale for ATHEISTS.
@@annoyboyPictures
WHY ARE YOU SHOUTING
@@annoyboyPictures
OKAY HAVE A NICE DAY FELLOW NOT-SHOUTING HUMAN
@@annoyboyPictures
thanx
This covers many critical details left out of most explanations. This is the best RNA World explanation I have seen.
Such incredibly clear and illustrative animations. This surpassed my expectations. Keep making awesome stuff!
After watching tons of videos including lectures from universities, I can say that this is the best video explaining what was going on at RNA world. I clearly understand the theory and how it reasons the evolution of first ribosomes. My only suggestion would be adding few sentences about where the first nucleotides and aminoacids came from. Thank you for this beautiful video! 👏👏
Studying for my molecular bio exam tomorrow- learned more in this one video than this whole class (a month in, too). THANK YOU
I am glad I found this series Stayed Clearly. Videos are really well thought through, simplified and animated. Thanks guys 👍
Though I'm far from scientifically illiterate, I,m also far from being an actual scientist. That said, I love your videos, they really are stated clearly and give a deeper understanding of how and why the scientific method works. Keep up the good work and thanks!
This is more of a fairy tale than anything else. The imagination is too wild.
@@seanleith5312 it was GAWD WHO DUN DID MADE LIFE!! Praise the almighty giant lobster in space, Jibberst Crabst!
I think I may have just found one of my new favourite channels. Everything was explained so clearly, and I really liked the animations!
"These ribozymes,...Blur the line between living things, and simple chemistry".
It's also where my imagination and fascination collide,... *: )*
You deserve way more subs.
I think so too, but they would have waaay more subs if only they made videos more often.
Yes, and I'd make videos more often if I had consistent funding :)
subs doubled for only last few videos
they are getting there
prob should colab with some top dogs of YT
Depending on how much unique animation a video needs, it usually costs us between 3 and 10 thousand to produce a video if everyone involved, including myself, is paid normal industry wages.
+
Probably one of the best videos on CZcams, thank you so much.
The production quality is great in this video and the topic is really interesting. thank you for all your other interesting videos as well!
How could i have missed this brilliant channel?! never seen it before. Brilliant videos. Keep it up! Peace out
Although I don't support this hypothesis, I have to acknowledge the hard work and results of these experiments. And nice video explaining it in simple way.
Great job on this video....its so beautiful how they know and connect all the dots together without a gap....really glued to d screen the whole time
That was mind blowing and very well explained and illustrated. Thank you.
Why the hell this channel is that small? Id love to see more about rna, dna, cells and processes that occur inside and stuff similar to that, its just great how youre able to simply and accurately epxlain staff and make people more and more curious.
Science is a beautiful thing! Great video.
Excellent video, very clear and thorough in just over 7 minutes. Congratulations.
this channel helped me understand evolution like nothing before. Great animations and examples. You should upload videos more frequently ;)
I love this channel so much
Great video. For those interested in the question of how RNA could have gained the ability for form base pairs and self replicate, I recommend looking up protocells, particularly protocells with a spherical lipid bilayer that contain both RNA and amino acids.
Where did this RNA come from? Under natural process so far we have yet to derive a set up that yield RNA which could then begin to replicate. How do we get the RNA? Also that bilayer membrane lacks selective permeability. It needs to keep small molecules out, and let big ones in.
The animations are super helpful. Keep up the good work!
I like how he stated it clearly.
Nicely done. Subscribed.
oops, everything's alive
Wow amazing video, I am recommending this channel to my friends who love science. Thank you for sharing the video and the reference links so that we can read further. Keep up the good work.
this video melted my brain. what an amazing concept to think about. thanks for making this
My 4 year old is into this stuff right now
keep us updated on the genetic proof of origin of life research and hypothesis .
i used to thjink that deepak chopra and john lennox are true , i was a theist , but then i started reading richard dawkins and sam harris and realised ive been fooled
Amazing work with all your videos! Please keep it up!
That was excellent. Informative and interesting. And, I respect the fact that he spoke of the weaknesses of the idea.
I've been watching your very informative videos to make sure what I was understanding about RNA was accurate. a complex but lifeless acidic molecule that had the property to duplicate itself, this is truly where it all began. the happenstance reason for our existence. With that being said we get to choose our purpose, but the reason we're here is to protect and propagate DNA.
***** The RNA world hypothesis may be theoretical garbage, but opposed to what? And the video is more so explaining a series of well known facts about RNA to support its claim. I'm just reiterating that life itself is a complex chemistry and the result of a duplicating molecule. There is beauty in that.
***** As a human being I'm eager to discover the how and why of "biogenesis". Life is complicated chemistry. That is the best we have.
***** I appreciate what you're trying to do, I really do. I must inform you however that you have missed the point of this video and your professor. It's okay to not know things, science is at its very best at the cusp of knowing and not knowing. Slowly and in increments we will uncover the true nature of our reality we will go down many wrong paths and pitfalls on the way, and I'm including the belief in a creator as one of those failed attempts at describing the natural world. The biggest offense to the true nature of evidence based reason and empirical science is to heap upon it undue morality and a reflection of our primate tendencies. I'm saying these things not because I believe I will convince you away from your beliefs because I respect your beliefs, I'm saying these things so that you understand where I am coming from.
***** Oh please I can assure you, no offense has been taken what so ever. I must however correct you in your manner of speaking, you have been making some serious errors in your line of thinking. Terms like "central dogma" or "belief" have nothing to do with science, those things are the business of religion. Some theories in science are merely theoretical some are proven, the theoretical ones are educated conclusions drawn on observations of the natural world, they can be disputed and if proven wrong will be put to rest. God, however and his most popular interpretation these days come from the Quran or the bible and he is a very outdated attempt at explaining the natural world, it came from a time and place full of outdated medicine, technology and ideas some people refuse to put it to rest. Kareem, my friend, I'm interested in finding out how we evolved naturally not supernaturally. If you're best explanation for how life started on earth is just a magical older life you call god who offers us paradise to be his slaves of will and thought then you have aloud yourself to be deceived from a very young age. Even if something like a god had a hand in our inception then we would have to find out how they evolved the problem has only become more complex and not simplified. And morally speaking if an alien offered me everlasting life in return for being his slave I would spit in his face.
***** We do not have a complete model for the fine details of something so complex as the Genesis of life, but it's important that we keep trying kareem, it's our best hope, god is a replacement for real answers god is a reason to stop asking. You are a very intelligent and well spoken man, for some reason I imagine a young man, but you could just as likely be my elder, either way I respect a man who has his course set out for himself. With that being said I'm vehemently against what God represents and what the belief in him can do to people. Our only hope in our continued evolution, to learn to cooperate as a whole and set aside our differences so that we may escape the extinction cycle like so many before us, that is what truly gives us purpose not myth. I hope that one day you can see this.
Could you make another episode to this Origin of Life-series about the simplest single-cell organism that is able to replicate, "the first living thing"? I'd really love to hear how much of it scientists have figured out, what they haven't, and see the chemistry and molecules visualised with your superb style. This really is the best visualisation of the origin of life I've seen and I've shown these to all of my friends and family. Also one about mitochondria would be great.
Ha, I love this, thank you for the video! I remember being in middle school biology and it just came over me while the teacher was lecturing that I was RNA for something in the higher dimensions. I still feel this to be true in, in my bones. Nice to have the reminder.
All I can say is that you did a great job. You stated it clearly!
If this is how RNA forms, then there is not something so random, actually. I mean, the chances for the beginning of simple life is something highly probable, not in this planet, I mean in the Universe. Because A, U, T and G molecules are formed spontaneously just by chemical reactions based on chemical laws. And this chemical laws are the same in the entire universe. So, I think if this is how life start, we can assume that there must to be a lot of other forms of life, at least simple life, in other planets based in something very similar to our RNA or DNA.
This is called the Fermi Paradox
wumbology Yes, I know.
The fermi paradox is really only for intelligent life. Intelligent life is extremely rare. I believe humans are the only intelligent life in our galaxy.
Sick Dece Thats one solution to the paradox.
sick dece you have no evidence of that... also "intelligent life" would probably encompass most higher eukaryotes.
If there were another planet in our galaxy with life just as intelligent as us, would they have any idea that we existed?
If we received alien communications tomorrow, would we have the technology to meaningfully respond?
If an alien civilisation started trying to communicate with us today, how many centuries would likely pass before the radio waves reached us?
there is no evidence that there are other planets harbouring life in our galaxy, but if you accept that there is life on earth, why wouldn't you accept that there could be life on other planets, at least the ones similar to earth, which has had just as long to evolve as life here has.
I love how the "Ribozyme that can build nucleotides out of molecules it finds in it's environment" at 4:40 looks like the Flying Spaghetti Monster.
This is proof of the existence of our merciful pasta
Very informativne and at the same time thoroughly enjoyable. Superb work.
I will be linking this video to all my friends who share interests in this topic.
Channel is so great thank you very much learning a lot
It's very satisfying to have all of the thoughts that plagued my childhood be topics of youtube videos, easily accessible for new generations. We can finally shed this idea that "life" is something divine, and somehow different from "inorganic" chemistry on some base level. I've so much hope for those of you teens who have an interest in such sciences.
Do you intend to make videos on other abiogenetic hypotheses?
The other two hypotheses I mention in the video description aren't nearly as flushed out yet but the proto-RNA model might have some of its current issues worked out later this year. If so, yes, I'll do an animation on that one.
Stated Clearly That's funny, I thought there were at least 5 hypotheses on abiogenesis.
Best animation i ever found , just in love with this stated clearly explanation ❤
Subscribed a few mins earlier and this is the third video I watched in a row.And I gotta say one thing.."WOW".
you know these things always make me so f*cking exciting!
Finally new video
____ ___ kii
Very well done. Your evolution videos are also amazing! If anyone ever has questions about biology I send them straight to your videos! Thank you.
I appreciate your videos and learn something new from each one. Thank you.
Life is all just chemistry. We just arbitrarily decide what is and isn't "alive".
Well this WE is pretty much not everyone. Its a very small percentage of WE.... Assuming by WE you mean every human that ever lived. Most are along for the ride.
Even so just like planets a few years ago 'life' does have properties that allow classification right now...but its getting rather muddy, unclear where life and non-life meet. The border between those sets is unclear...and anything but an artbitrary thing.
Then you have inorganic life. Would a replicating intelligent sentient and conscious machine be alive? How do we determine it? Lottery? Consensus? Does the machine get to decide? Would ut care?
This is depressing ..... if we're just a more complex version of these RNA's thingies, then we're no more than biological machines. It fucking sucks. It means there's no soul.
+Motan That's the thing. People feel compelled to give rise to the ideas of such things as souls because they fear what may come after death, or to give a definition to how a person behaves and so on. Yes we are biological machines but ones that can actively influence one another and the environment around us.
These are the parts of us we still do not yet understand. Mostly how our brains work and how we think, what makes us, us basically. The complexity of living things is magnificent and needs nothing else to make it so.
The Unlubricated Salmon yes of course, it is truely a marvel nonetheless. But it is sad. I thought life was kinda magical :) but no it's just biological mechanics... like a (very) complex watch... Or rather i thought the body as a vessel for the soul, or the hardware for the software... but no it seems it's more like an electronic device like a pocket calculator were electricity is input and that's it. No soul. No magic. God? maybe. But no soul. edit: No spirit, all hardware.
Basically we're no more alive than any electronic device or AI. More complex, and advanced, but technically, not more alive. We're both alike, complex mechanical devices that function, they are synthetic, we are biological but we're the same. (Animated) Objects. Ain't that scary? ....... fuck yeah. But well... whatever, so be it.
im just a rna vehicle...
I feel like taking LSD and reading your comment for a couple of hours :)
Or is RNA just trying really hard to become mankind.
RNA battle mech
This video is easily one of my favorite videos
Albert Einstein said "If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough ". This chap understands his subject just fine
Graet vid!
But I don't understand one thing. After a ribozyme is formed, how can it replicate itself?
When the water is heated the pair bonds break allowing it to unfold and (when the water cools again) if enough material is available it can bond with its inverse rather than folding in on itself. Through many heating/cooling cycles a strand can fold, unfold, copy, refold, etc.
TNX :)
NolfsAndsOrButtsCA is correct!
he said it in the video
pay attention
CRAZYDESIGNER YLR The general idea is that another base eibsome done that... This was not a world of different forms competing...it was one of different forms in one system incidentally collaborating. A more pertinant question would be not how they foelrm since we know this, or how they replicate since we also know that too... But how the entire system didn't collapse. Maybe it did...many many times.
Another beautiful occurrence in nature is the random spontaneous production of the *phospholipid bilayer* (an important constituent of the cell membrane). Shake individual phosphate and lipid molecules about in a water chamber, and they "engulf" other *macromolecules* contained within the water. Simply by virtue of their innate *chemical properties,* they naturally coalesce to *form bonds,* wrapping into a *pocket* or a "bubble" around biological and organic proteins suspended throughout the "primordial soup."
*No magic, experiments, artificial intervention or intelligence necessary in the formation of the phospholipid bilayer!*
This is so well explained
I'm so happy this channel is a thing, because it is going to make going into college level biology so much easier
"Simple" chemistry...
I imagine there was a predecessor or competitor that existed at the same time as these ribozymes, and they required one another to replicate and survive, until eventually the ribozymes developed the ability to do the function of the other, rapidly evolved to outcompete all other such primitive mechanisms, and the brother of the ribozyme was quickly left without a partner and died alone and childless, like my least favorite cousin Gregg.
(Seriously though, to Gregg's family, which is no longer my family because you're all terrible, he had it coming. End of story.)
Or the 2 joined to become 1...
Thank you so much for providing further reading. This is amazing.
Those animations are sooooo satisfying to watch
i knew it, fidget spinners were the answer!
In the wild efficiency is not nearly so valuable; so long as the thing works.
And naturally selection will select for efficiency over time
Thank you for educating us. Thank you so much.
This channel is fantastic.
if only it was that simple. i follow ool studies very closely. they have only been able to replicate 1/10th of rna by natural means. but even that is misleading. because it requires a ribos engineer to help bond those bases in order to achieve that. the amount of information, (that this video trivialises), that is needed to form this 1/10th bonds is incredible.there is currently NO natualistic explanation how this could happen (without a ribos engineer & even then, we cant do it). so what then of the other 90%. after over decade of intense lab work, ribos engineers are now depositing that there needs to be a pre rna world to mount some of these problems. (there are other equally problematic issues with the rna hypothesis as well, but im keeping it short).
Everything you said was mentioned in the video.
Don't follow .....lead !
Exactly what I was thinking, this video makes it sounds like it's nearly an open and shut case, when it's really more of a daydream. The "universal code" within A, U, T, and C is not complex enough to pre-assemble itself, it takes intervention that we just don't see out in nature. There's also issues with the meta-actions, the behaviors like reproduction, consumption, and expellation forming from the simpler chemical reactions of the base elements naturally - to put it metaphorically it's like a Ford Model T randomly being produced among the random rock formations of early Earth - there are far too many complex processes we still are far from explaining naturally. As a metaphorical example, how did the rubber around the wheels fill with hair during a process that produced everywhere else, compression? And then looking at the engine of the thing - it is clear there is a major gap in what we imagine and the fact of life.
@Jim Battersbee * facepalm * No, get religion out of this conversation. Pretend all religions are stringent evolutionists or something. Or just take that factor away. It's completely unrelated.
Then think about this. In an entropic universe, a spreading universe, a non-coalescing, mutating constantly so that the information within these parameters that created us and everything could be filled in, where do you ever see any order arising? The lack of consciousness encoding the elementary particles means that these things have to basically be dumb - so all these parameters that are filled at the most fundamental level, that lead to complexity, need to derive from some unconscious process. To get so specific, the basic explanation is a roll of dice, chaos, entropy. But that would not end, like opening a water bottle and letting the water evaporate - the H20 molecules continually scatter more, and more, and more, until they exist across every continent and ocean across the planet. In order for these chaotic mutations to stop at these perfect intervals, it requires some outside rule anyway, it requires reverse entropy, so calling it just dumb, the result of randomness, happenstance, chaos - does not add up. We have order here. These things have coalesced, and not just in simple formations but in brilliantly complex ones. And all of this brilliant complexity was packed into the 1's and the 0's, the protons and electrons, of the big bang. The fact that you take two of this and one of that, and it makes this, and then if you have 10 of those and put one of these on it, it makes that - these rules do not arise out of nowhere. They were all packed into the big bang. From chaos you only have greater and greater amounts of chaos - there was order in the beginning and it was exactly what was required to create the complexity of the universe, to create systems like evolution, to create all of chemistry, it's design takes books upon books to understand and we ourselves, to simply simulate some aspect of it, need years and years of experience in coding and maths. No programmer just sets a program up to spew out a 1 and 0 with a complex set of inner rules with mutating parameters a few million times and expects even the most simplest of the most simplest of universes or any order at all. You could run your programmer forever, it cannot lead to that because of it's entropy.
When did we (organamisms) decide that *T* was an improvement over *U* ?
+Massimo O'Kissed DNA is more stable than RNA which is probably why nature ended up selecting it for the archival of genes. We don't know when that started or which (RNA or DNA) came first. In the early days, there may have been a mixture of DNA, RNA, and other nucleotide-like molecules. Today we're left only with the winners.
WeXNTRi , interesting point.
Obviously *U* & *T* are similar enough that *A* isn't fussy about binding to either.
Stated Clearly , since it is the RNA that is used in making proteins, and even structures made of RNA pieces, I would hazard a guess that RNA came first, and that DNA was a later chemical evolution that worked out better for safely storing the blueprint. ~ "RAID 1"
Massimo O'Kissed chemical differences between U & T are also important in a cellular repair mechanism known as 'base excision repair'. Cytosine can occasionally become deaminated (loss of an -NH₂ group) to form uracil unintentionally. The fact DNA uses T instead of U allows for the abnormal U's formed by this deamination to be identified (since they would be indistinguishable from natural U's if DNA used uracil). This is another important reason for the difference between DNA's and RNA's choice of nucleotides.
Your videos are just AWESOME!
It's great that you have links to actual resources in the description. Not everyone does that.
RNA competing with each other !!!!! you mean the are alive 😂😂😂
My virtual creatures compete with each other for "survival", I don't consider them to be alive though. And I don't think anyone else would either.
+Ali Majeed
Look at TED Talks video "The Line Between Life and Not-Life". It's similar amazing chemical "competition" demonstrated under the microscope.
RNA is the basic machine that assembles the sentient robot. It's just a "programmable" set of self-replicating tools that assemble randomly from the interaction of guanine, adenine, cytosine, and uracil (thymine in DNA). What they assemble and how the products then work together to form more complex things is all dumb luck and influence from the environment.
That's not entirely true. My friend F****** has replicated and competes for resources but none of us consider HIM to be "alive".
The dude scientist looks like he wants to give some of his DNA to the female scientist
XD
He will be sleeping on the couch after his wife sees this video.
+Keira Churchill
That female looked good
I don't blame him
Johnathan Smith if she looked good, neither can you blame her anyway
Johnathan Smith Lookup *Honumculus* by russian dude in basement 🙈🐔🐣
Very informative! Subed. Wonder how I didn't know about your amazing channel till today ...
Yayyyy! Finally a video after many months!
I really love that your channel is purely about science. Unlike kurzgesagt who keep pushing their political agenda every once in a while. I wish you the best of luck and a steady growth :) You honestly deserve a lot more subs.
What's their political agenda?
loads of left leaning stuff? their drug videos etc.
moerko94 How is the war on drugs video biased? It's conclusions were based on scientific facts gathered throughout the years since the begin of the war on drugs. Why do you think a German CZcams channel is being biased about US politics, what should be their motivation?
*****
It's a political topic. That's more or less what I meant. Kurzgesagt does a lot of stuff that you won't hear about in science classes (or philosophical ones). Also, do not forget about their Refugee video.
Is everything about politics left leaning?
Nice presentation of Selfish gene ideas of Richard Dawkins.
Love these videos. Keep coming.
Nice animation and explanation congratz!
6:06 well the R.N.A probably had millions and millions of years of chance and events and random occurrences to evolve so... time. as said before in the video we don't know maybe in a few years to a few decades we might know and the conditions on earth was really different back in the day
I hypothesised this a year ago and thought I came up with this on my own, apparently it was already s thing smh
Haha, it's hard to come up with an idea in biology these days that hasn't already been well explored, but hey, great minds think alike, right?
@@StatedClearly exactly. I mainly got the idea after researching a genus of subviral infectious pathogens known as viroids.They are the simplest self replicating molecular machine on the planet and are nothing more than a strand of RNA, very much like what you explained in your video. I even did some additional research and found the smallest species of them all, the coconut cadang cadang viroid (real name) can have as little as 446 basepairs. I love this video and will be subscribing to your channel, keep up the good work!
Our video on "Major evolutionary transitions" talks about viroids. One thing to note about them, however, is they have to exploit a protein made by the host.
I came up with quantum physics at the age of 3, but found out it was also a thing. Then I invented calculus. Now I watch CZcams videos.
@@locutusdborg126 took you that long to figure out quantum physics lol noob
Thank you for yet another excellent video.
This was a brilliant explanation.. Much appreciated!
1 dislike from a creationist who does not believe in evolution.
at least you agree you need faith to believe in evolution ;)
I believe the oceans contain water. I don't need faith to believe that, because I have evidence instead. I think that's where you're getting a logical disconnect.
Unless of course, you're the one person in the history of earth that has proof for god?
@@zakariacheriet5360 You don't need faith to believe in evolution. We have EVIDENCE to support evolution. Any religion on the planet has 0 evidence supporting their religion, so they use faith instead. I don't have faith that the sun will rise, I have reasonable expectations based on passed experiences.
I think disliking a video because you disagree with its premise is not a nice thing to do. Do you want me to go into religious videos and start disliking them? Or thousands of us? (We wouldn't even view it, just click dislike. However, we are not that nasty.)
@@fredworthmn yea
If i get that mad then someone did a bit too much fighting with science
Okay, but unless you can find a way to fit Jesus in, the entire hypothesis is off to a wrong start.
Sudden Kancho eeermmm, god send Jesus as an RNA to the world because, RNAs were sinning and basepairing with wrong pair, C to A, A to G, you name it. So god got angry and drowned all the RNA by making a flood, but as RNA is perfectly ok in water, the plan didn't work. The end!
P.S. they also destroyed Jesus-RNA on a cross-shaped RNA that pulls others apart.
Jesus fits in the hypothesis exactly the way Augustus Caesar fits in. As a mortal man.
I think he just was a revolutionary smartass of his time, just a little smarter than the rest of the peasants, and didn't foresee someone would want to stick him on a cross and poke him with a stick for threatening the stability of the empire with his funny ideas...
And people have only become marginally more intelligent since then apparently, since they think he's the son of some god they have never seen, heard, or touched, and who's always broke and asking for money on sundays. He sounds like a bum to me.
mosquitobight Greek "gi"+Latin "sus" = EarthPig/jesus
Jesus is the guy who's handing out the electrons, as if they were loaves of bread.
This video is amazing 😍 it made my concepts so clear and help me visualize better.👍
Honestly man genetics was a bit complicated till today. Youre great.
*You just miss it in the part you say Ribonucleic Acid is in all life. There are cells with no such thing.*
+Mishtle Tsatsomoka all living cells contain RNA.
Stated Clearly *Yeah, I missed the worst. Sorry, I meant there live things with no such thing. Like Priones. (That's how we write it in Spanish, I'm not sure how it's written in English.)*
Prions are proteins able to refold other proteins, they are not alive. They are built by ribosomes, the protein building machines of living cells. Ribosomes are made of RNA.
Stated Clearly *What's you definition for being alive?*
Well, this escalated quickly...
The more scientists fiddle with these chemical processes, the more they make the case for the intelligent design guys. In other words, the scientists on these projects keep adding intelligent interference to the mix, and in doing so exclude the conclusion that these processes came about by purely natural means. Just sayin'.
I think you completely missed the point of these experiments and projects. They show that some molecules inherently have properties that allow them to function and evolve without external micro-management.
KohuGaly I am wondering how an experiment which externally micro-manages a molecule demonstrates how the molecule needs no external micro-managing.
Michael O'Grady because it does not micro-manage all aspects of the experiment.
For example, one experiment mentioned in the video at 4:45 shows, that it is not necessary to intelligently design RNA to produce new nucleotides. When random RNA strands are exposed to replicating enzyme and selective pressure (which was artificial in this experiment but in principle doesn't have to be) the RNA will improve in nucleotide production over time.
KohuGaly If there is to be proof life arose by purely natural means then there should be no micro-managing of any aspect of the experiment. Otherwise the opposite is proven.
Michael O'Grady "there should be no micro-managing of any aspect of the experiment"
that goes against the very definition of experiment. The point of doing an experiment is to control some variables in the system, to reveal how other variables depend/not depend on them. Experiments are used to unambiguously demonstrate that "conditions X cause result Y".
Great video!! Thank you so much
just what i was looking for, you have a talent to visualize phenomena.
This is amazing! So easy to understand
Exactly what I was looking for, thanks.
Great job explaining it to me friends. Subscribed!
bro how are you animating this. I have a uni assignment on essentially this, but with self splicing introns and if I could get my video to look half as beautiful, I think I'd cry.