What Survives Inside A Black Hole?
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- Äas pĆidĂĄn 12. 06. 2018
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Weâve established by now that black holes are weird. The result of absolute gravitational collapse of a massive body: a point of hypothetical infinite density surrounded by an event horizon. At that horizon time is frozen and the fabric of space itself cascades inwards at the speed of light. Nothing can travel faster than light, and so nothing can escape from below the event horizon- not matter, not light, not even information.
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Previous Episode:
Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed
âą Why Quantum Informatio...
These ideas are pretty mind-blowing, but as crazy as black holes are, theyâre also kind of ⊠simple. Donât get me wrong; the math is complicated. But the objects themselves are simple. In fact every black hole in the universe, no matter how it formed or what happened to it afterwards, can be perfectly described with only three properties. Those properties are mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. Or at least this is the proposition behind the famous no-hair conjecture, or no-hair theorem.
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Those background animations are actually extremely well made and helpful. Shout out to the animators!
@@eclipse369. Yep
Fine professional animation and crisp character generation provided by Public Broadcasting System. These are national state and federally funded plus the occasional donation drive group of TV and Radio stations. Recognized by the fact they play jazz reggae blues classical pretty much any music except the stuff young folk listen. No pedigree yet. Usually associated with colleges and universities. They are not political though they do feature political content that must be balanced. Usually listened to by music lovers and older educated types.
If you've ever been to the UK and had the misfortune to get exposed to what they view as TV then there ya go. Auntie Beeb is government run
@Magnus Maddox what a nasty evil loathsome person you are. Now dont take this as an insult or a negative comment. I tend to root for the bad guys anyway. I sort of wish i had a brace of Daleks for personal uses in fact. Carry On
Matt O'Dowd@@thepricillove5244
The animator (singular) is listed in the video description: [Graphics by] Grayson Blackmon. You could give him a shout out by name as opposed to referring to him as "animators"
"Frame Dragging" sounds like some fight game exploit. lol
Yeah it sounds like using a bug to mess up timing by making the game count frames too slow. And for a game like Street Fighter you'd have to throw precision tactics completely out the window.
It doesnât even exist and I already think itâs overpowered
You know you're watching quality content when your vid proceeds to answer a problem that, until 10 minutes ago, I didn't even consider to have existed.
"this is why you don't let graduate students name things" - Damn I love this channel!
This is why the most junior students should be taught by the top professors. The top experts can better explain than lesser academics.
@@davidelliott5843 The Learning never ends,
so call it silly, but i do have the hobby of asking people
if i an recommend them science-chanenl or just education-channel in general
to them!
Mind if i do?
How does this guy make it enjoyable to spend 14 minutes listening to things Iâll never understand? I tip my hat
He puts me to sleep, and his college ideology has put 2 generations into a hypnotic trance which is sort of a contradiction because I think as little of Freud and hypnosis. So I maybe I need to rethink Freudian psychology.
Yeah the ideology behind this content definitely has a hypnotic undertone, very entrancing. We need more wholesome entertainment like Keeping Up With The Kardashians, or Celebrity Wife Swap. Far less hypnotizing with âcollege ideologyâ
Youâre a complete moron...
@@kingOfTheStreets100 must be the hands
i concur
I stopped watching him a while ago...I used to love watching his videos; but that was back when he didn't wing it and actually knew the script.
In recent videos (starting a year or two ago) he just acts and reads the teleprompter. All his nonverbal communication does not match what he is talking about. I can tell his mind is disconnected from his body (movements)...he adds in head movements, hand gestures and speech style changes in randomly and at will. I guess he thinks or doesn't care we know he is winging it.
Inside a black hole, there lies a tessaract of book shelves.
Make him stay Murph!
Technically, we don't know what is inside blackhole at all.
Also the movie is sci fi. If it were fully scientific, he will be able to access future and past..... wait
but space knows!
Evan Kurniawan
I want Maximillian as pet.
It's closer to fantasy.
"And the only thing that went through the bowl of petunias' mind was 'Oh no, not again.' "
Not enough of these quotes
Q: What kind of liquor does an abstract mathematician drink?
A: Theo-rum
Ok dumb, but funny. Dad jokes no one gets.
@@BurningBird2112 I get it and it isn't dumb its clever
LOL great joke
The rum of god
They spelt THEOREM as THEORUM - 1:19
I like how he always answers the joke question with a straight face. There needs to be some bloopers too.
The Learning never ends,
so call it silly, but i do have the hobby of asking people
if i an recommend them science-chanenl or just education-channel in general
to them!
Mind if i do?
Love the Douglas Addams reference đđđ
So subtle. So nerdy.
I never had the math skills to get into the space sciences that I always loved as a kid but I never stopped loving space and learning about the universe. Thanks for putting up these videos! I hope I get to see humans on another world in my lifetime.
"Black holes have no hairs"
Okay lol
It's an old joke but glad to see people still find it funny.
Just give them some rogaine
You Nevers see m'y gf. Bh
Imma have to disagree from personal experience
@@LuisAldamiz old jokes doesn't necessarily lose its humour with passafe of time
I'm pretty sure memes would survive. Those buggers never die.
*clap* *clap* meme review
o rly?
explain Ugandan Knuckles
Referring to the Whale and the Bowl of Petunias?
Average Meme Lifespan: ~1 Week
grexz1
"oh no, not again"
4:30 Thats an interesting proposition: The original object that comprised the singularity can no longer even be there. It could simply be an empty void inside, but, the space around it would still behave as though it (and the information that comprised it) was.
Love the subtle Hitchhiker's guide reference.
PBS Space time I really, really love your videos.
Keep doing these and Thank you
I'm early got to make a joke
our attempts at unifying gravity with the other fundamental forces.
"Funny"
- Chairman of the Flat-space-time Society
Xenu#Scientology
"Meh"
Chairman of Donut Earth society
If the earth was round, it would fall of the Flat-space-time.
"Hold my beer"
- String Theorists.
Earth can't be flat because... Giant Space Turtle! Duh!
- Chairman of Green Peace
If black holes can remember to shave, what's Matt's excuse?
Neanderthal genes
"Black holes have no hair", however Matt has more properties than just mass, spin, and charge :)
Black holes come with an incorporated razor called "event horizon". They don't remember anything other than mass and momentum (and very rarely electric charge), they are the less memorial of all "objects" because they are not even there.
nice, good explanation, i think i can accept it and even understand a little =). But following up on this idea, lets say an electron falls into a previously neutral black hole by going past its event horizon on the left side of the black hole. Presumably the electron inside will move to the center, however, for the external observer it will still appear as if there is an electron at left side of the black hole. So now we have a black hole with an electric field which does not appear to originate from its center, i.e. the center of the black hole and the (effective) center of the electric field are not in the same spot in space. I can understand that this is easily rectified if we say that electrons enter the black hole from all sides and therefore the total electric field is symmetric with respect to the center of the black hole. And like you say, from Gauss's, it doesnt matter if all the charge is located at the center or on the edges of a sphere, the electric field looks the same. Hopefully i understand this correctly.
Now with the phonemenom of "entanglement". I've been curious for some time about how a pair of "entangled" particles behave when one particle falls inside a black hole, beyond it's event horizon and the other is at another part of the universe. Since effects of "entanglement" are "instantaneous" and do not obey the speed of light, "spooky action at a distance according to Einstein", but can easily escape the immense gravitation pull of a black hole; which will not even allow light to escape. How would these particles behave? Has there been any scientific explanation presented on this possibility?
Entanglement particles do not send signals to each other, even instantaneous ones.
Interesting point. Entanglement is a non-local effect, so shouldn't get affected by event horizon. Not sure if the conflicts between QM/GR have done implications on this though.
Additionally, as Denys mentioned - entanglement does not send "information" from one particle to another.
I don't suppose it even crosses your mind that your famous "particles" are completely imaginary and the invention of a fantasist, does it? But there we are, teacher says" that that there are such things as particles, and thince everything that "teacher thays" mutht be right, mutht be right, that mutht be right, muthn't it?
@@vhawk1951kl please take your meds
Question:
If a black hole acts as if the charge of anything that fell through the event horizon is spread through the entire sphere does that mean that measurements of electrical charge on one side of the event horizon change instantaneously when an electrically charged system falls in from the other side of the event horizon?
wow, I was about to ask the exact same question.
That's a good question, faster than light information travel?
I'd guess it propagates as waves, as in electromagnetic waves, and gravitational waves too, but those would be too small to be measured. But in theory, gravitational waves must be produced no matter how small the amount.
Matt Taylor This property of measuring charge also works with mass, and has nothing to do with general relativity. It was used (and still is) in classical mechanics, and you will likely see it in high school/college courses in physics. It's called Gauss' law, and it states that the 'flow' (flux) of a field through a closed surface is proportional to the mass/charge inside. For example, we designate a sphere surrounding the earth. The gravitational force at every point outside (classically) is represented by an arrow pointing inwards. If we take all of these "force arrows" on the surface of the sphere, and add their lengths*(piece of area of the sphere), we get the mass inside multiplied by a constant. I'm sure that there are good images of this.
Just got to that part in the video. His way of explaining it was honestly pretty terrible. The universe doesn't "remember" anything.
10:24 the whale and Petunias--brilliant! LOL!
Oh no... Not again!
The conservation of mass and charge inside a black hole made so much sense the second he reminded me Gravity and charge are infinite in range..So even if it took infinite time they would eventually cross the event horizon. for it to infinite it must eventually cross that horizon and persist onwards.
Phenomenal video, the visualization was extremely appreciated.
"......that's it."
XD I'm dead
In the quantum mechanics model of spacetime, empty space has a zero-point energy. If space is constantly falling into a black-hole or towards any massive object, what happens to that energy?
Yeah, i was wondering about that part where the actual gravitational field is falling into the black hole, had to watch it a few times. But i guess dark energy is constantly making new field, and doing so faster than the field falling into the black hole?
Though it's possible something was lost in the translation from math to visual depiction
Hey Cedric, the answers that have already been given are wrong. The gravitational field is stationary, it doesn't fall into the black hole as the video might suggest. Rather, the video showcases how matter around the black hole would be affected by the gravitational field, but this field itself cannot orbit or fall into anything. Hope that helps!
Direwolf202
Assuming qauntaum field threoy is right there is no empty space. So dose the quantum field at the event horizon fall into the black hole as well?
Harold McLaughlin
I do think hawking radiation is that simple, because I believe hawking radiation is also linked with the black hole losing mass...
Har old McLaughlin
the loss of mass is not the result of the horizon defined on qautum fields. The loss of mass from hawking radiation comes from the loss of energy from the escaping partical.
Here's a thought:
What if there is no "inside" a black hole?
What if everything (charge/mass/angular momentum) really is all stuck at the event horizon, on a two-dimensional surface?
I reckon it probably is. I reckon time stops at the event horizon, so nothing ever can actually fall into the center at all.
Brilliant explanation! Thank you.
Iâve read/watched so many things on Black Holes that I absolutely abhor when I have to hear â[...] not even light can escape it!â
Great video! Recently, a study concluded that up to 1 million habitable exoplanets can orbit a black hole :O
The Exoplanets Channel, really? I thought one of the requirements for habitability was to have a source of energy in the form of light from a close star. Where do those planets get their light from?
Pat Pezzi yes, here the new: www.space.com/40846-black-hole-million-habitable-planets.html
after reading that article it's basically all carefully placed stars and planets in a stable formation
Pat Pezzi
There is a boatload of stars around a black hole. So many that a planet would never have a nighttime.
Within 1 parsec of the center of the milky way (3.26LY) the density of stars is estimated to be 10 million per cubic parsecs. In our neck of the woods, it's .2 stars per cubic parsec.
man, all those stars having parsex on top of each other
Gravity in 2-D and charge in 3-D have little in common, although fields have properties in common.March 2022: If 20 solar masses got out of the black hole during a merger such that Earth experienced the gravitational wave passing through, then the black hole must have Gravitons in the smallest confinement, resembling 2-D space.
What survives in the atom, behind the shell? Chemical bonds, thermal energy, enthalpy and entropy: TNT. And what's in the black hole? A sequence or pattern that reorganizes in space where time is slow đ. Phasor or pulsar occur when the lexicon favors release of energy and radiation.
Thank you for this awesome video!
1:20 Black holes have such reality-warping powers they changed the spelling of *theorem* to *theorum* đđđ
Uuuuuuuum i dont get it.
@@staalcyclesecurities1423 Typo in the on-screen graphics.
@@DrWhom theruuuuuuum
Black holes are so spooky. I wish it were possible to send a probe into one and get it back somehow.
I don't think anything comes back from being ripped into atoms and compressed to a singularity. It may not be destroyed but essentially you are hoping to reverse the process of compressing something down to a "."
Well, you can send it to the event horizon, then you just have to wait for some infinite time to get it back
I'm eager to hear you talking about the rotating black holes!
i never get bored of black hole videos
Matt really reminds me of the ancient astronomers that observed the motions of the sun across the sky relentlessly for centuries, always repeating the same cycles.
After much discussion, debate, and ideological banter, they eventually all got fed up and decided to call it a day.
Anthony Khodanian Except for Kepler, who figured out the correlation between orbital period and radius of bodies in space. Bonanza!
Ancient astronomers were passionate about the sky as much as today's one. So they never get bored observing the sky.
I giggled.
stop commenting all the time you fruit cake
Yukyukyuk... đđ
*Remembering* stuff about _things_ that no longer belong to THIS universe.
That is -DĂ©jĂ vu- _Reading Steiner_
El Psy Kongroo
Good reference. The organisation will fall before Hououin Kyouma!
Wow that's an amazing explanation! It's like a siphon!
Pure energy. No light and no relative motion.
Could you make a video about the history of electromagnetism and the Maxwell equations??? PLEEEEASE!
Hi, thanks a lot for your great explanations! I wonder how it is possible to infer the amount of charge within a black hole if this would need the exchange of virtual photons. How could they escape the event horizon? You mentioned this information is "frozen" in the EM field when a charge enters the black hole, how is this possible in the "particle picture"?
Everytime I think about black holes, the theme music from Disney's 1979 movie The Black Hole comes to mind. "In through and beyond!"
Black Holes are teaching us about the structure of spacetime. Entanglement isn't just some strange isolated quirk of the quantum world. It's looking to be fundamental in constructing the framework of spacetime itself. It's the key to understanding how gravity fits into the picture. So it's an intriguing time for Astrophysics.
CONCERN ABOUT NET ELECTRIC CHARGE: At 8:10, we hear "The Black Hole will never have a "Net Electric Charge." There is a saying that says, "Never use the word, 'Never.'" We then continue to hear the "reason" for this is because the Black Hole will "Eventually" balance out. Even if things are done "Quickly," as the video says, it still means there is at least "some" amount of time when there theoretically is a "Net Electric Charge." This may be important, because Time Dilation could turn what we perceive as "Quick" or even "Instant" into a very long period of time in the Black Hole.
-What happens in a black hole, stays in a black hole.
-No, you're thinking of Vegas.
I lost my life's savings and cheated on my wife in Vegas. She found out. What happened in Vegas did not stay in Vegas.
czcams.com/video/Frxfq9coKwk/video.html
What happens in Vegas enda up at STD clinics worldwide LoL
What I really like about this show as a 9th grader is that I understand nothing đ It's a really great show though, thanks PBS!
REDIXIT - Roblox
Finally someone who can explain it to me so seeing as you actually understand nothing could you pls explain the concept of nothing to me please . Thanks . R.
Rayzor Ray XD
How come I've watched this episode a thousand times and I only just noticed the tiny physics joke at the beginning ;D nice delivery, Matt, I cracked a lol
Love these videos so much!
I want a PBS Spacetime poster that just says "Hairy Black Holes"
High likelihood of being misinterpreted...
Now I'm wondering
What if two black holes with exactly opposite angular momentum collide?
Edit: Also, what happens when two black holes, one made entirely of matter and the other, antimatter, collide?
czcams.com/video/yFvFK5qrdA4/video.html
@@asahmosskmf4639
That doesn't answer my question
"We don't serve faster than light neutrinos" says the bartender. A neutrino walks into the bar.
And the bartender says âWe donât serve faster than light particles hereâ...A tachyon walks into a bar.
13:38 [Conservation of Information] "John asks whether the only way to truly erase a hard drive is to throw it into a black hole" (Narrator: Not even that's enough. The information lingers on). Let's rephrase this at a more personal level: what happens to the information making up your memories, identity, knowledge - your mind - when the body dies?
the universe loses no information, information is left at the event horizon, it is impossible for the universe to erase info, in other words you are in every respect immortal, so try not to worry, you will allways exist. i hope that gives you some comfort friend. your wellcome
This information, not being stored on a durable medium, gradually converts into thermal motion, where it spreads all across the Earth. Some of the information gets carried into space by the Earth's black-body radiation. Once radiated, it is no longer accessible because you can't catch a beam of light. The part that is not radiated is so scrambled and mixed with other pieces of information that only a "super-advanced" civilization, like Matt said, has any chances of locating and decoding this information.
So if I have understood you my friend.. WE have to start a business let's tell people the time of bering the dead is at a end if they really want their family and friends to live on then me and you have the answer,, we will send there body's in a near by black hole.! Great I'll get this idea pattern đđ
Entropy happens.
@@bormisha Super advanced as in probably never. Catch every particle ever hawking radiated, match it to every other particle from a specific source, and somehow rebuild its structure. Even with the time/space shenanigans inside a black hole, it's a very, very long stretch. "Information is never lost" is 'true' but also very misleading.
Wow did you guys plan this with The Science Asylum?
Now that's what I call a really high quality infotainment video.. Finally we are approaching the information paradox phenomena, but to get a real sense of how difficult the maths of these problems are especially to ones with no college degree in physics you have to take a look at the papers of Bousso, Rovelli, Don Page, andrew hamilton, suvrat raju, maldacena, polchinski etc. But they are fascinating also. So I hope in the next few episodes you will also cite few relevant papers regarding information theoretic treatment of bhs. Thank you
Me: What Survives Inside A Black Hole?
Dom: Family
If a black hole is a cut off region of spacetime does that mean that we won't ever fully and completely understand black holes?
Good choice of words, that if is a very big if, can something in this universe be cut off it, if it can why is it still here, if it's still here how can it be cut off?
Paradox?
It's a hole, with my knowledge of Humans, i see that they love them some holes.
We may never get to know them fully, but what could we know about fully? Is there even a complete understanding of something?
Chike I think he more likely asked that, since black holes are beyond any causal communication, whether we'll fully understand them.
What do each of you mean by "cut off" exactly? I interpreted it as a point/area in spacetime with no causal connection to its surroundings. Your wording, Chike, made me think of "cutting of" as a complete separation from our universe by black holes, perhaps a leap into another dimension or a different state of "space"? I'm genuinely curious, and this is one of those times where fact-based imagination can lead to some interesting pictures.
Alvin Csunderlik
Yes, cut off mean not in causal connection anymore, I do choose my words carefully, and very cautious not create paradoxes.
If it's not in causal connection how is it's gravity still "here", and if it is did gravity disappear "there", or maybe it still "here" because there is no "there"?
They say gravity travels at the speed of light, and if light can't escape so can't gravity. But science is not concerned with little paradoxes they can easily resolved by some exclusion or principle or another field, maybe schwarzschild radius field, yeah that will do the trick :)
See my comment to this video and my interpretation of gravity.
Shockwave Shockwave i dont think its exactly a hole, its just we cant really percieve it because no light ever bounced of it and the only way we obersved it is through the radiation it gives off and the effect it does to surrounding.
American astronauts trying to pass on information to their daughter through gravity waves?
This is the best channel on CZcams
PBS can be very mighty when they don't dabble in the always-changing world of fickle policies.
You have become a much better presenter over the past few years. Kudos.
Spaghetti. Spaghetti canât get spaghettified.
Top 10 questions scientists can't answer.
Yup! If it does ur violating the information paradox...if that make sense. ;-)
What happens to the graviational field of a black hole when it reaches the minimal critical mass during evaporation at the end of its life?
The gravitational field will disappear. Just like in this video they illustrated what happens when Sun is removed.
Boom!?
As black holes evaporate, they exponentially evaporate faster. This leads to an extreme snowball effect. The time difference between hitting the minimum critical mass, and exploding with the force of thousands of suns, is negligible, even on the quantum scale
Edit:
To elaborate, nothing would happen because theres no time for it to happen in the first place. A black hole's conception and end, are simultaneous, from its own POV.
the energy of the radiation that comes from the black hole as it evaporates comes from its mass.
As it evaporates it loses mass, weakening the gravitational field
Candy comes out!
More episodes! Best channel on CZcams!
10:22 Caught your Hitchhikerâs Guide to the Galaxy reference
Could we "build" the equivalent of a black hole in the electromagnetic field? Is that even a thing?
No, the next best thing would be a kugelblitz. A black hole just made up of photons (force-exchange boson of the electromagnetic force), but the effect to the outside world still be transmitted via distortion of space-time / gravity.
The effect mentioned by Direwolf202 of there being 2 charges that neutralize each other is BTW the reason why the universe overall is governed by gravity and not by the otherwise much stronger electromagnetic force, which has also an infinity reach, just like gravity.
So our best bet to enter the experimental black hole physics is to create a kugelblitz, all thought is would require immensely strong lasers that would need an amount of power like type 1 or 2 civilization would have. But if we could theoretically infinitely charge a particle and trap it in an electromagnetic prison like we do with antimatter, possibly control and study it?
I think the closest thing we've made are acoustic "black holes"
I love how the "Lines of Force" graphical representation, looks like the Death Star firing at Alderon.... :P
Great video.
You guys really need to do a podcast, it will be so popular!!!!
theorum
But, why is the rum gone?
Theo downed it all
theo-ass, as in when was the last time you had some ass
A theorum is just a theory that you're not sure about. Theor-ummm?
Theorem*
If you create a pair of entangled photons, and thrown one into a black hole, does the spooky action at a distance still occurs or the entanglements is broken?
Someone replied to a similar question eslewhere: the entanglement is broken and is also a subject of discussion between major astrophysical popes.
In other words: the entangled particle that falls in is disentangled and that creates an entangled effect of Hawking and Susskind making an absurd bet and Hawking losing.
There's some debate on this but it's quite possible it isn't. The big problem is that entanglement is broken by measurement and black holes are very powerful, getting anywhere near one is quite likely to automatically measure your particle anyway. If you could get it inside the hole intact however that doesn't really change much in the same way entanglement can't be used for faster-than-light communication.
That nod to âThe Hitchhikerâs Guide to the Galaxyâ. đ
I recently watched some super massive black holes on a different tube site.
In a system of one singularity orbiting another in a slowly decaying orbit will there be a point at which their event horizons overlap creating a two lobed black whole? When do the two black wholes become a single spherical black whole (disregarding the bulge due to angular momentum)? How fast does the surface of the event horizon change from two lobed to spherical once the change begins?
The Learning never ends,
so call it silly, but i do have the hobby of asking people
if i an recommend them science-chanenl or just education-channel in general
to them!
Mind if i do?
Pot of petunias and a whale... Douglas Adam would be impressed.
I first read Adams in high school back in the 80's, changed my life but unfortunately it didn't inspire me to study astrophysics.
I would be surprised if it did. :)
That hitchhikers guide to the galaxy reference killed me
Love the Hitchhiker's guide the the Galaxy reference - whale and bowl of petunias XD
You know John's Hard Drive is already full of black holes.
...gaping black holes.
At 1:21 "Theorem" is misspelled.
Maybe it's latin.
Oh you're cool for noticing that. I wish I was as cool as you
@@ihato8535 yeah theres a lot of theora out there
Sir, please give us a video on the String theory including conformal field theory and the gauge theory.
love this channel!
Well, now I know where I should send my mother in law! Thank you! đđ
MusiCanines - The Musical Dogs --Dogs are not substitutes for children.
alphabett66 Thank god, or else I wouldn't like dogs!
Mother in law jokes? Is this 1995?
Am I caught in some time dialation shenanigans?
How dare you! She could completely destroy the spin of that poor black hole!
alphabett66
Indeed eating dogs would be disgusting.
My step-dad is a train driver, he said there's always light at the end of a tunnel!
David what if it's night time....
The problem is that sometimes that light is the headlamp of an oncoming train...
logandarklighter lmao
trains is hard job, tell him stay strong
What if it's a blind hole?
Thank you Thank you Thank you. I have been getting double talk for years.
Are you going to discuss Planck Stars? I'd love to see this alternative hypothesis of the internals of a black hole discussed on this channel
These advancements in scientific discovery really are amazing. The idea of living in an interesting world captures the mind, making us feel gleeful of finding new weird things to keep us interested, safer knowing that we have a greater understanding of a situation, and fearful of the unknown. Einstein is revered by basically everybody in the world who likes science. Itâs almost a hundred years since his discoveries and we still see him as the absolute genius he was, unmistakably one of the smartest people to ever walk the planet. But, one thing that we sometimes forget to remember is that there is no such thing as an easy answer to a hard question. Even if the answer (itself) is simple, the âfinding itâ part isnât. When early mankind needed an answer, we found an answer in the idea of gods. When we needed more answers, we confided in the bold new idea of one god that could do it all (sort of speak). When we thought of the idea of god being infinite in power, possibility, beauty, and knowledge, a man of the Christian church thought that if that was true he would have made his creation just as infinite as himself in all the same respects, so he looked to the stars for the answers, making the unbelievable claim that the earth is not the center of everything, but that itâs just a small part of something even greater. So the first âin depthâ astronomy was born. Einsteinâs general relativity changed the world as we knew it, giving a whole new outlook on reality. Quantum mechanics gave an even weirder outlook, an almost ridiculous sounding one at that. Einstein made his discoveries during a world war (PS. Germans werenât too popular back then), before he found general relativity he found hunger, debt, insomnia, and lots and lots and lots of stress⊠he promised his ex-wife money from winning the Nobel prize during times of war, He didnât win for a much longer time than expected, and NOT for general relativity. General relativity was denounced by the media even though the data supported it. People who believed in just one god were killed. (I canât remember his name) The man who made astronomy that I mentioned earlier was persecuted, thrown in jail, and killed for his beliefs. It was the people that did research only trying to disprove him, that found he was right. Even Einstein did not approve of the ideas quantum mechanics presented, like the spooky action at a distance, the fact that just looking at something changes itâs outcome or the famous âGod does not roll diceâ. Einstein worked his ass off day and night making equations and fitting in data, *hoping* that eventually heâd finally get the right one thatâd win a Nobel. Remembering this weird silly little equation, he had forgot about, he made General relativity, something that has guided physicists around the world for decades. What I think weâre lacking in right now is âdetermination and motivationâ, something to REALLY drive us to betterment. With enough hard work and sacrifice we CAN make our dreams come true. And when that happens, when the next Einstein comes around, barring the next reliable new idea that could change the entire world forever⊠we will call him/her a crack-pot and an idiot. He/She will be forgotten for a while with nothing to show for the hard work. But eventually, the idea WILL get out, one way or another it will change the world, and whether it pays off or not, he/she will be remembered for helping the rest of humanity. (when I say â*humanity*â donât just think of it as a collective entity of humans, think of it as your kids, your grand kids, your neighbor across the street who occasionally visits with you, the guy behind the counter at the gas station, everyone.). When you die, whatâs left? Your descendants/kids and your legacy. no matter what you do in your life, no matter what the contribution is, build up and protect them.
Random Person you've never heard of
Wow take a chilax
Why should I? XD
At least BREATHE once in a while, dear.
--Dave, it lets you type longer
Random Person you've never heard of thank you for saying this man, I really want to be that person you speak of
You were on a roll for a bit there, but then fizzled out at the end.
I always how does the black hole interact with the higgs field and how does the inertia arise?
efstrix
The inertia arises when a Naked Singularity passes by and inertia is like âwow that is seeeeeexy and then inertia rises to attention as it thinks that itâs gonna get âsome actionâ,
I hope Iâve clarified this without having to lecture you about the âBirds and the Beesâ, cos honestly I could never understand how the bird never gets stung đ€Șđđ
efstrix
The Higgs field probably does not interact with a black hole. The Higgs field only interacts with the fields of some fundamental particles. It kind of grabs those specific fields and makes them tighter. A tighter field resists the movement of waves, more energy is needed than if no mass was present, aka inertia. That tightness is what we call the mass in the affected fields, itâs effectively the energy needed to give rise to a new wave in the field but expressed in different units. E = mc^2 translates the units. Other things cause mass too.
I would think that all fields are shaped by the black hole, just that the gravitational field (mass and angular momentum) and the electromagnetic field are the only ones that matter in terms of "macroscopia", all the others (nuclear forces and Higgs' field) only matter at very short distances so they are effectively unmeasurable and disdainable in what regards to a black hole: we would never be able to measure any change in them, if it happens at all.
In any case it is a very interesting question, because even if, in terms quantum-mechanical, most of the mass is not made of the Higgs field, it is made of the nuclear forces (notably the strong force, which is which shapes the protons and neutrons and atomic nuclei and thus creates most of the mass), so I'd rather reformulate it in terms of how can relativistic mass (gravity as we know it) and quantum-mechanical mass (the Higgs and notably the strong nuclear field) relate. And I do not think this question has an answer yet.
Inertia is a property of mass and thus energy and relates to how it moves through space. A black hole's inertia thus arises through gravity, the force linking energy and space. The Higgs field is shaped by the hole but does not need to interact with it as such. The Higgs field gives things mass by changing the amount of energy various particles have. A Higgless electron for example is massless,able to have any amount of energy and move at light speed. The Higgs field rearranges things so that it has a minimum energy content (Rest mass) and must move slower than light. Some idea of how this works can be found on the PBS Spacetime video on the origin of mass.
Nice transition episode.
It's good to bring some basic physics in the cosmology. Way to show the universe is interconnected beyond local/global.
The animations are superb! Did you recruit new staff? However, whoever mixed the soundtrack went berserk on the music: it was drowning Pr O' Dowd's voice at about 7:00 up to 8:00. Very difficult for me to focus and hear the explanations. -_-
I've just finished watching Science Asylum's summary on what Black Holes are. This PBS episode is the PERFECT follow up.
I rarely comment. That was the funniest physics joke I've ever heard. I belly laughed for a while. Perfect delivery too.
Great channel. Great videos. Keep up the great work.
could you, pleas, explain this joke?
@@JohnEl they walk into a black hole. That's it. đ€Łđ€Łđ€Ł
I had forgotten about this. Still cracked me up
â@@eldoc2020đ
How can the magnetic field of a charged black hole escape the event horizon?
Its pretty much happening on the surface of the event horizon. So it can still escape.
I just finished taking a test on Roman numerals. I got every question right. They only gave me a C :)
this joke is very notation system dependent.
I C wut u DID thar
--Dave, relax, they couldn't have given you a zero
Eh, v out x
Congrats from the year MMXIX.
finley a good explanation
So, going off of the idea that if the sun disappeared, the earth would still orbit until the fabric realigns itself at the speed of light, if a black hole disappeared, would objects and matter continue to fall inwards towards where the singularity once was, infinitely, creating a new black hole in place of the one that disappeared? If the gravitational pull is so strong, would the immediate disappearance of a black hole change anything overtime?
In the extremely unlikely circumstance that we end up ever visiting/observing a black hole up close and personal in our time, I'd really like to be the first person to enter it and never return. Of course, being infinity crushed probably isn't that great a way to die, but it'd honestly be the ultimate last thing to do on my bucket list.
So Higgs' boson doesn't care about event horizon?
The Higgs' field (not its boson) is about the mass property of fundamental particles. It isn't about gravity so make no conclusions about it from this black hole gravity video.
It does, but the Higgs' field doesn't.
The Higgs' boson is just a momentary disturbance in the Higgs field. Other than being evidence that its field exists, its not important and doesn't even usually exist. It only exists when an excess amount of energy is dumped into one area within its field, hence disturbing the field. It took the full-on energy of the LHC to make a Higgs' boson pop into existence. It doesn't make sense to ask the question about the boson, only about the field.
It has mass so it must care. Higgs boson falls in, even massless photons do.
The Higgs boson is a moving ripple in the Higgs field. If we set up a particle accelerator close to a black hole and pointed it at the event horizon and hammered the Higgs field with enough energy to cause a Higgs boson to pop into existence, to cause a ripple with just enough momentum to carry the boson across the event horizon, it would add to the mass of the black hole like any other particle.
Iâm not sure if any natural process can cause a Higgs boson to pop into existence. I guess they would sometimes pop up naturally. If something can happen in the quantum world, it eventually does happen for no particular reason. The Higgs field is everywhere, even throughout the black hole, and like any other field, it hugs the contours of geometric space. I donât know if this means either the boson or field âcareâ.
This video touches upon something that I've been pondering for some time now. It's stated that "In fact the space at the event horizon is already falling inwards." To avoid long chains of logic and cut to the chase, if space has a certain amount of energy (dark energy) and space is being pulled into a black hole then wouldn't that imply that the overall amount of energy/mass of a black hole will increase over time?
All matter inside a black hole is so condensed that the gravity is so intense, that light cannot escape. That is a lot of matter, packed very tight.
Gravity Probe B was so... disappointing. I was following it from launch, and waiting a painfully long time for data and results. Every public announcement was some variation of "our data is too noisy/our equipment didn't work properly. We'll massage the data using statistics and get back to you."
They kept doing this over and over, massaging the data until it finally fit their expectations, then they stopped and called it a success. I felt... betrayed? It wasn't clean science, and as much as I wanted clear proof of frame dragging, I couldn't accept the team's results. It felt like they could have kept adding layers of data analysis and abstraction until they got literally any result they chose.
I bet they could have transformed the gyroscope measurements into a lasagna recipe, if that's what they had been expecting to see.
So it goes, and this is why we never stop with one probe or measurement. There will be a successor which will be better and at that point GPB will be shown to either be properly handled imperfect data, improperly handled or a lasagna recipe. It's why LIGO has VIRGO and why the Viking landers on Mars aren't the last word for life there.
First, learn what "proof" means. Then maybe, just maybe, you can entertain delusions of having something scientifically pertinent to say.
Question:
Would would happen if there was for instance a positively charged black hole, which has an electric field that is equally as strong as its gravitational field? Would it be possible to get into a black hole and then get out if there was a positively charged spacehip?
Thanks for answering. A black hole could have a charge that is equavilent to its gravity, since electric force is way stronger than gravitational force, otherwise magnets wouldn't be able to expell objects. Regarding the Cauchy horizon, I didn't quite understand what's the matter with and what are the time-like geodesics.
Yeah, I'll also proboably have to dig into it more, since it's not an easy topic for sure. I'd be nice if PBS Space Time would make a video on charged black holes.
Big storm? The closest thing I can imagine to electrically charged large objects are storm clouds, so a charged black hole would be like a mega-huge storm cloud and the subsequent lightning (without thunder because there's no sound in vacuum) should be humongous (depending of course of how big was the charge loaded into the BH, of course).
Problem is that I can't think of electrically charged objects that are big enough to matter: dipoles yes indeed, but those are neutral overall, electrostatically charged ones like storm clouds? Nope.
This is an interesting situation. The answer is 'Not really'.
First you need to get a hole to the balancing point. There's a lot of problems such as vacuum polarization that make it difficult to shovel more charge into a highly charged black hole.
The same process creates a sort of 'electromagnetic spaghettification'. The positively charged spaceship must be ENTIRELY positively charged; if it's not then the hole will act more on the negative components (This includes things like antiquarks, so a proton-based spaceship won't work.), dragging them to the hole faster than the positively charged ones. Your ship is torn apart at the quark level and only the 'excess' positive charge can enter and leave the now much heavier hole.
In the strictly theoretical sense there's a definite 'maybe' for getting something like a positron in and out again but that's a little more limited.
You can work out the metric, and what the black hole looks like, for charged black holes; see the Reissner-Nordström metric article in Wikipedia. The important part here is that for a given mass M, the metric only makes sense for a certain range of Q; there's a maximum Q value at which the event horizon completely vanishes, leaving a naked singularity. Which is ... bad.In a mathematical sense, even; it's a place where MATH breaks, exposed to the world.
For lesser values of Q, the charged black hole does have two horizons ... but unlike for a spinning, uncharged black hole (Kerr metric), the event horizon is the OUTER one. So just being charged doesn't let anything get partway in and then back out again. Sorry!
--Dave, now go look at spinning charged black holes (Kerr-Newman metric)
@PBS Space Time , you mentioned the phenomenon of 'Frame Dragging' and that it was detected on Earth, I don't think I've ever come across it before, is there a video that you've already made about it?
If not, I would be super interested in seeing you making a video about what exactly happens, what effects it has to any observers, and what they would see, and how it was detected here on earth by gravity probe B
Thank you for making so many great videos and sharing physics with the world :)
Great video. I was wondering how gravity gets out of the event horizon if it can't move faster than c. I never thought of Gauss's law