THE MAGIC OF SULFUR MINING, REFINING, PROCESSING & USE OF SULFUR 65534
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- čas přidán 30. 08. 2018
- The educational film, The Magic of Sulphur, is a color film describing how sulfur is found and some of its uses. The film was part of the film library of the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of Interior which existed between 1910 and 1996. It was produced in cooperation with Texas Gulf Inc. in an unknown year, but probably in the 1950’s.
Sulfur pools (0:29-0:46). A burning campfire with a witch doctor dancing around it (0:47-1:03). Ancient Egyptian doctor using sulfur as medicine (1:12-1:21). Burning sulfur pots used as weapons by the Romans (1:22-1:38). In the Dark Ages, Alchemist used bellows to flame up the fire as they attempted to use base metals and turn it to gold (1:39-1:57). The Chinese began to use sulphur, a nitrate, and charcoal as gunpowder (1:58-2:17). The industrial revolution began a need for sulfur (2:24-2:49). Raw sulfur rock (3:53-4:00). How sulfur is mined out of salt domes using the Frasch process which existed between 1895 and 1970 in the U.S. (4:25-5:24). Aerial view of the drilling towers (5:34-5:46). Close-up of the drilling in action and equipment used (5:47-6:47). Core samples of sulfur rock (6:48-6:58). Heated pipe line leading to the collecting station (7:32-7:56). Molten sulfur (7:58-8:33). Measuring tanks (8:35-8:46). Directional drilling illustration (9:23-9:37). Water reservoir (10:01-10:15). Steam, hot water and compressed air are needed to drill sulfur rock (10:33-10:51). Boilers create the steam needed (11:12-11:15). Compressors (11:24-11:29). Water pumps (11:30-11:35). Illustration of how electricity is used to heat the water (11:43-12:28). Bleed wells (12:47-12:57). Bleed water treatment plant (13:07-13:17). Illustration of how hydrogen sulfide is made into molten sulfur (13:40-15:10). Barges transporting molten sulfur (15:40-15:58). Ocean going barges/tankers (15:59-16:28). Solidified storage vats for sulfur (16:30-17:55). Shipping solidified sulfur: bulldozer tractors push the sulfur over the edge of the vat (17:56-18:05). Clam shell bucket crane (18:12-18:34). Railroad hopper cars (19:00-19:17). Chemical transformation of some sulfurs (20:52-21:28).
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This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD, 2k and 4k. For more information visit www.PeriscopeFilm.com
Must watch for every true sulfur fan.
LOL
@supreme wizard How are there all these sulphur fans but no videos of the great sulphur pyramids 😡
And Billy wants to grow up to be a sulfur worker just like his dad.
While drinking dark beer, with hotdogs with kraut and pickled eggs.
@@TheDustysix I see you like to produce a little sulfur of your own while watching, good man that.
I saw this film at my lowest, it saved my life, thank you sulfur
Of the pants, the skidmark
@@dziban303 You're telling on yourself🤭
Lol what?
You're welcome ----Sulfer
Ya boy sulphur here got your back bro
In this anxiety and depression wrought December, this film about sulphur is exactly the boost I needed.
A truly heartwarming film of recovering a lost element. Hope recovered and the blossoming of new things. Thanks to the Magic of Sulfur. Coming up next on the Lifetime Channel. Sponsored by Hallmark Cards.
This is one of the better sulfur docs ive seen.
Coming from a family of sulfur doc lovers, I agree.
What is the best sulphur doc of all time?
@@JrIcify Sulfur on sulfur.... "The Sulfur Years"
One of the most comprehensive films on sulphur I've seen in weeks. Thank you.
Most comprehensive I've seen in the last 24 hours.
I can still hear the calming comforting classroom projector running.
The old Bell and Howell!!
Thanks @PeriscopeFilm for making this available!
I used to work in a petrochemical unit that processed natural gas into Methanol, and one of the chemicals known to ruin our catalysts was Sulfur Dioxide(SO2), so the natural gas was passed over a catalyst bed to convert the SO2 into H2S and then ZnSO4, where it was trapped. This is one of the ways natural gas is sweetened nowadays. We leased our catalysts from a supplier, so once the catalyst was consumed, it was sent back to them where they likely converted the ZnSO4 to elemental Sulfur for sale, so full circle!
In college we also learned about the newer sulfur-recapture amines available. The MEA at 14:24 has largely been replaced by MDEA and other more-effective amines, due to its longer lifespan at elevated temperatures. Of course, solid catalysts and water scrubbers are also still very common.
Leasing catalysts. That's an interesting conceptual difference between making money on recycling and saying the product is never really owned by anyone other than the people who processed sulfur in the first place
@@onemoreguyonline7878 You're right, it's like the whole issue with plastic production. The big difference though is that Sulfur is valuable as a feedstock for other products, so it makes economic sense to recover it. Unfortunately, it's more costly to recover plastics post-consumer, so usually nobody wants to handle them.
@@zachalexander963 it really isn't terribly expensive if it's crowd-sourced. The biggest hurdle is redeployment of consumer products.
Have you heard of recyclebot? It's an open-source project trying oh-so-wonderfully to get its feet off the ground. It will recycle a great number of plastics directly extruded onto a filament roll for reuse in 3d printing.
You're right though. I try to buy glass, ceramic, and wood/wood pulp where I can. The sad part is, we are fracking for petroleum, or we're fracking for sulfur. What a conundrum.
@@onemoreguyonline7878 ^”trying oh so wonderfully”?🤔🤔🧐🤷♂️🤷♂️🤡🤡🤡
If oil and gas refining wasn't stinky enough just add lots of sulphur processing.
The fact they actually got the chemistry right with Sulfurous vs Sulfuric acid at the end made me smile.
It was *always* right with these videos.
Film was expensive. They didn't waste it on dumb shit. So you wouldn't find all the misinformation you see today.
@@MadScientist267 ever hear of birth of a nation? white wilderness? propaganda films? misinfo wasnt invented online
@@FirstLast-em5uz Totally different concept. A little common sense goes a long way.
Oh right...
@@FirstLast-em5uz Birth of a Nation was a cinematic masterpiece and 100% correct tho.
This is almost as wonderful as the magic of zinc
Wait til you kids get a load of the magic of antimony!
Here is my take on Sulphur. As a 12 year old boy, I was fortunate to go to Italy with my Grandparents. My Grandfathers home town was Naples and one day while on a drive on the Amalfi coast we were blasted with the rotten egg smell of sulphur. Thats when my Grandfather told me that when marble is underground and it is mined, sulphur is a by product. Flash forward to a few years ago I took up sculpting and when my hobby brought me a chunk of statuario marble, as soon as my chisel removed the outer layer of the stone, that familiar smell of rotten eggs assaulted my nostrils. Lets see if mr old school announcer man tells you this.
Nothing better than the smell of molten sulfur in the morning!
smells like money
Sulphur eats train cars like nothing. I've seen interiors of tankers damaged so bad they require dismantle per rule 90 before their 40 year lifespan. A 3070 liner aids in the protection of bare metal surfaces for tank cars.
Amazing documentary, thank you!
Glad you enjoyed it, thanks for the insightful comment! Subscribe and consider becoming a channel member czcams.com/video/ODBW3pVahUE/video.html
Did you work at Pennzoil Sulpher, Culberson County, TX? They did all their railcar maintenance on-site.
@@rsemrad2 No I work at a refab plant on the east coast. Generally when a tanker car is so badly damaged that it costs more than it's worth to repair and re-line. The tanker car is totalled out and scraped per customer decision. Not to mention that the vast majority of sulphur tank cars use a Hempel 15500 2 coat liner which is literally the worst liner I've worked with. The corrosion resistance is awful and chipping/ peeling of the liner starts well before the 4-5 year lifespan.
I was honestly wondering about that, all those machines rolling around in sulphur...
@@mfbfreak Yeah Sulphur hates bare steel.
Sulfur is crucial to the pyrotechnic arts so I’m a fan!
Love these old films . It brings back old memories in grade school they use to show stuff like this
2023 checking in, still listening to the magic of sulphur and missing sulphur everyday. RIP sulphur
I am not American, nor am I old enough to remember the 1950s, mid 1960s onwards was my rememberable childhood, but even back then things were more simple and watching these newsreels/promo films reminds me of the “advertising shorts” that were shown at the cinema before during and after the Saturday morning kids session, they were not as long as these and were very locally based, sometimes they were better than the main film. Memories revisited after watching these are real and accurate, not the “rose tinted” ones that us older people get accused of when we say things were better and simpler back then, they were, and nobody will sway my thoughts and opinion. Thanks for sharing 😀👍🇬🇧🏴
if you're not American your opinion doesn't matter...so stfu
better for some and much worse for others. You must be the "some" - and you must not care about the "others". Am I right about that?
So back in the day at the theater they would play stuff like this, would many people see it? I wonder if Texas Gulf pays for this or who pays for this film. That's so awesome to know. Thanks
These old graphics explains better then today's graphics ... 😆 Seriously
im amazed at how a documentary about sulfur is getting people out of bouts of deppresion
Yes, they no longer sulfur from bouts of melancholy. I think it's great.
I love the narration and music in these old documentaries. It's like im time traveling to the years my grandparents were young.
I worked at a mine for 15 years that was 1 of the highest Sulphur deposits anywhere. All our blasts that we in ore had to be done from surface because it would cause secondary Sulphur explosions. That is where the dust on the walls gets shaken off the walls by the blast, and then the heat of the blast ignites the dust and it explodes. We would end up with Sulphur Dioxide and sometime Hydrogen Sulphide everywhere thru the mine. It would make going underground impossible. Sulphur gas is beyond nasty. It's also water soluble.
Doesn't it turn to sulphuric acid in your lungs/eyes/other wet surfaces? That is indeed nasty.
@@MrAntiKnowledge - In high enough concentrations it will cause you to drown in your own mucus. That's just as bad as it sounds.
sounds highly dangerous
I spent 40 years as a night watchman at a cranberry silo.
@@gastonbell108 do you feel like you wasted 40 years of your life?
finding this film put me back on the right path in life. i was ready to relapse tonight but this sulphuric philm brought me an ecstatic emotion instead.
This video got me through another Thanksgiving.
I didn't plan ahead and found my supply of self striking matches had completely run out. Due to the holiday, I could not find any suppliers that were open.
A few minutes into this video I could almost smell the rotting egg like odor I desperately craved. It's not a replacement but it will get me through until the stores open back up and I can buy more matches.
If you're smelling "rotting egg" from "matches", then they aren't matches 🤣
Before WD-45
THERE WAS
SULFUR 😁
The part where they talk about the collecting sumps is my favorite
What a delightfully silly word
Sulphur saved my life. Got sepsis from a gunshot wound. Antibiotics didn’t work…even “gorillacillin”. I got pumped full of sulphides, like they used in WW1, and lived.
Good to hear!
I was born and raised in a town named "Port Sulphur, La."
I know this town. Lived in Boothville at the weather station across from the school. Still have family in Buras.
So was I.
I was searching for The Sulphur of Magic and found this. Good watch 👍👍
glad this content is still around to be watch by us to see how things were done in a time prior
You had me at THE MAGIC OF SULFUR
Regardless if that technology is still used today or not that is an impressive process. To think that people had to come up with all those steps, from finding the sulfur deposits under ground to extracting it, moving it, and making it useful and everything in between is amazing. All the machinery is huge and invented just for one purpose. Alot of brain and man power to have made that possible. Sometimes humans can be pretty smart.
Thats what actually stood out to me... with all the dumb people and all the fighting and all the govt regulations, how did a process like this ever get developed, like you said... with so many huge intricate parts and required machinery and steps....
And, your also right... some really clever people did alot of really complicated consideration using an impressive amount of knowledge about a variety of topics.
not generally a super popular topic, that sulfur, but this is one fascinating video.
Back before cynicism set in people could find wonder in sulfur. Love the wholesome soundtrack which sounds like a Disney True-Life Adventure. Sulfur is your friend! The King of Acids!
well acid rain didn’t help it’s PR
While the video did show an EPA nightmare, the sulfur in acid rain comes from burning coal and other fossil fuels. Cool enough acid rain has been reduced by scrubbing the waste gas from power plants to produce the gypsum that is used now to make drywall. Clever minds turned a gas that kills forest into something that builds houses.
Downsides? They're more than compensated by the upsides.
Phosphate mining was big industry in south Florida when I was growing up. Now we just have huge tailings ponds from bankrupt mines filled with what looks like beautiful blue crystal waters. They are in fact giant acid pits
As long as a couple of people got filthy rich that's all that matters.
Phosphate ore is very difficult to find in large quantities. There was a whole island stripped of its land (through the greed of the island's government).
One of the main phosphate mines in the Western hemisphere is in Idaho. Soda Springs. Former Monsanto owned this fixed asset and needed products to cover the expenditure associated with owning a very expensive and specialized type of mining that requires dumping of slag to purify the ore.
Essentially glyphosate was the one they came up with, and then they got into glyphosate resistant GMO crops ! It's an all-in-one package for the chemical age of agriculture. I suspect with modern machine learning and unmanned agriculture machinery, there will be the ability to pick weeds without application of costly herbicides.
When the water runs out in states like Nevada on farm land you'll find dairy farm remnants like you find former silver mining ghost towns. The farmers who once owned those properties will have either moved onto other states or retired.
I could barely keep up with Sulphurs' intense and fast paced ride. I need a Cigarette after that viewing🥰
These videos are very calming to me. Perfect background while I feed my cats after work.
Wonderful explanation, I feel much more confident about discussing the sulphur industry
My father grew up in Newgulf Texas in the 30's & 40's where this was filmed. His father was employed by Texas Gulf as a weighmaster weighing the train cars full of sulfur. The company owned the town & all employees leased housing from the company. It was a great place to grow up according to my dad where everyone literally knew everyone else. Newgulf was the last company town in Texas.
Is this fecility still active?
@@MayankPrasad111 No, it ceased production in the early 90's.
I live in needville 15 minutes from New gulf and occasionally drive by the abandoned facility in awe
@@chrissantos7865 I live in Angleton, so pretty close as well. I've got a book of my dad's called "The Sulfur Miner" published in 1948 that tells all about sulfur and full of pictures of work & leisure & civic activities in New Gulf. Even a picture of my dad with his boy scout bros.
Mrr grandfather drove the bus for Jefferson Lake sulphur company which is about 4 miles south of Brazoria, it was common to see sulphur chunks out in the fields along CR 510.
Right after the Bell Telephone Hour, stay tuned for The Sulfer Show, right here on NBC.
Like how they actually explain it unlike today where it's all just bs 🤣
some of the best educational videos are found on VHS. love it!
This is way older than VHS!!😂
The birth of industry. Wonderful.
amazing industry where pools of liquid sulfur pour round the clock to feed the industrial complex! good job sulfur!
This type of Technology is what made True millionaires back in those days. Easy low hanging fruit like this is all picked clean... Amazing technique I had no idea where all our sulfuric acid came from.
6:00 I've worked on drilling rigs .
And as you see this guy here the machine has a tendency to send you to sleep with boredom, noise, vibration, the constant rocking back and forth.
Generally someone's always working alongside you.
I would keep a few small rocks at arms reach ready to throw at the operator to wake him up ..
This seemed to happen to everyone..
Very dangerous if left unchecked..
There's nothing worse than falling asleep and waking up dead.
Fantastic film!
I literally had this recommended to me by youtube, I'm watching it. I want to learn about the magic of sulphur mining.
A similar process to fracking
Not really... fracking involves pumping a mixture of water, sand, and acid down a well into a very "tight" formation (with pore spaces too small to allow the easy flow of oil or natural gas, such a shales, which can contain enormous quantities of gas or oil within the solid rock, but the particles the rock is made from and those pore spaces are SO tiny that they do not allow the oil or gas to flow through them towards the borehole for economic production of oil or gas in quantity). By pumping this mixture of water, acid, and sand down into the formation at EXTREMELY high pressures (produced by enormous engine driven pumps on the surface, usually several hundred thousand PSI, the rock is "fractured" (fracked) and cracked, the cracks running outward from the borehole into the surrounding rock, and the acid helps eat holes in the rock to expand the passageways. Sand in the mixture settles into the cracks and as the pressure is removed, wedges in place and holds the cracks open, creating a passage for gas and oil to flow out of the surrounding rocks into the cracks, through them, and ultimately flow back to the bore hole and up the well in quantity. Fracking has been around a very long time-- it was first developed in the 40's, but it was uneconomical to do until more recent times due to the low prices of oil and gas. "Tight" formations of oil and gas bearing shales have also been known for a long time, but were uneconomical to produce because the oil or gas couldn't flow through the rock efficiently to the bore hole.
Interestingly enough, in the 1960's under the Atomic Energy Commission's "Project Plowshare" program, several nuclear devices were detonated in tight formations of gas bearing shales in the four corners area near Rifle, Colorado and near Shiprock, New Mexico. These experiments were designed to see if a nuclear explosive device could blast a cavity and fracture the surrounding hard shale sufficiently to allow for economical production of gas from these tight formations. It worked-- the nuclear explosion vaporized large caves at the bottom of the borehole, into which a new casing could be installed afterwards, and the powerful shock waves fractured rock for some distance out into the formations, creating cracks through which the gas could come out of the rock and then blow through the cracks into the cavity around the borehole, allowing the well to produce efficiently... however it was discovered that the gas became too radioactive to distribute commercially, as it flowed through the highly irradiated rocks contaminated with the various radioactive isotopes created by the explosions. The wells were tested then capped and the idea abandoned.
The sulfur mining method shown here is more similar to how old oilfields are "stimulated" by injecting salt water produced naturally by the wells along with the oil or gas, and injecting it back into the formation at some distance from the production well bore, so that it displaces dissolved gas or oil in the formation by taking its pore space in the rock, and forcing the oil or gas thus displaced towards the bore hole, which is usually at a higher elevation in the formation. This eliminates the salt water disposal problem of how to get rid of the brine AND increases production at the wells at the same time. This is in common use in many oilfields, including those in Saudi Arabia.
Later! OL J R :)
Love the two color film process.
A snippet from wikipedia:
"Throughout the 20th century this procedure produced elemental sulfur that required no further purification. Due to a limited number of such sulfur deposits and the high cost of working them, this process for mining sulfur has not been employed in a major way anywhere in the world since 2002"
It's still mined on the very small scale in some parts of the world though, like Indonesia. They route the sulfur gas from a volcano to the surface with pipes, it condenses into liquid when touching the cool air and then dries into the hard sulfur crystals which they break off and carry away by hand.
@@roblangada4516 I saw a video on what you are talking about, They do it exactly how you described.
@@roblangada4516 That "small scale" is actually a MINISCULE scale... Just for the local sugar refinery (AFAIK).
Nowadays most of the elemental sulphur is produced by "de-sulphurisation" of crude oil and natural gas.
@@roblangada4516 What a serendipity! - YT just "recommended" this video to me: "5 Of The Most Dangerous Jobs In The World" czcams.com/video/hh9t3pEUCes/video.html - and the first chapter is about that sulphur collection from a dormant (NOT "active"!) volcano in Indonesia. Seems like abridged version of the original (Why Miners Risk Their Lives To Get Sulfur From An Active Volcano czcams.com/video/E0WT1HtB-Sc/video.html) in which it says (@ 8:28) it is used by local sugar "factory", where it is made into sulphuric acid, which is used in sugar purification (to remove residual calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, used in some earlier stage of this purification, but I digress here).
Great video. The views of drilling were also very nice. Sulfur is one of my favorite chemicals.
i can offer you a life time supply of Sulfur...
if you can trade something of equal greatness
Outstanding presentation
But do thank you for the upload. I am at awww at what I leaned here today!
One of my favorite elements!
No doubt I’ll see you all at sulfur fest ‘22! Rock on!
Bump
Unleash the incredible power of sulfur!
Only true sulfur fans will know.
I am retired analytical chemist. experience of Ferro alloys,
non ferrous metals, glass, ceramic, coal, lignite, minerals, etc. I like this knowledge. THANKS 👍
Thats amazing. No where in youtube did i find hat an indusrial pioneer had developed for the sulfer industry, a combination of low pressure hydrothermal fracking, and airlifting
But... You did... 🤔
@@MadScientist267 i ment modern stuff industrial media, this is old...
Awesome! I can't wait to watch The Story of NICKLE.
I can’t imagine working around the smell of sulfur every days!
i got a tingly feeling when they showed the water going to the lake or river or whatever it was
THANK YOU FOR THE VIDEO
I think manganese is underestimated !
Anyway it’s sulphur !
They don't make sulfur documentaries like this anymore
I can’t wait to try this
Such magic, I remember that spell in Dungeons and Dragons
Back when I was 10 and my chemistry kit included a piece of sulfur among other materials that now are forbidden in toys.
dont forget the uranium kit
Aah the good ole days. I fondly remember my dangerous toys in the era of the fabulous 70s 🙂 Peace!
The music is just awsome.
Man I love these for some reason, lol.
In chemistry class back in the day when we would do the experiment where you melt the yellow powder sulphur and quickly pour the molten sulphur that I called 'DRAGONSBLOOD' because of the deep red it would turn, into cold water to yield a red rubbery snake.
Thank you!
Sulfur used to perform in Vegas back in the day.
Very interesting.
Thank goodness I still live in a world of telephones, car batteries, handguns and many things made of zinc.
Sand! Sand! SAAAAAAND!!
How strange that they chose a two-color film process that cannot reproduce the bright yellow of the sulfur! That leads me to guess the footage is much older than the 1950s.
It's probably not a two-color film. Yellow tends to be the first color to fade, leaving just cyan and magenta.
20:30 reduce your fractions kids!
How do I get my steady, regular sulfur supply? I hate running out in the middle of the magic.
As a kid I was amazed with the properties of sulphur and was always wondering how this damn yellow powder smells so bad yet it has so many uses for mankind. Specially during diwali festival we as kids used to make small packs of explosives it was fun and sometimes I used to joke with my friends that sulphur is rotten egg powder. Lovely vintage documentary which enriched my memories of childhood and schooldays.
Fabulous
I LOVE SULPHUR
Best way to celebrate chrismas. Time is 12/31/2022 H: 23:30 and i'm watching this video.
10:04 Treating water for mining, 13:02 Treating water for release. Look at the facilities, they care 10x more about the water going in than they do the water going back to us.
I was thinking the same thing. Compared to the fancy industrial setting, all the treatment it gets before being returned is just some far off station. There's no way they were maintaining the same standards.
Thank Mr. Sulphur
Come back Sulfur! Come back!
17:40 Those sulfur stacks are like something out of 40k! That's a crazy amount of sulfur.
Even on an obscure educational film about sulfur from the 50s I find a 40k reference.
@@roblangada4516 Glad I could help!
Glory to the emperor's sulphur
change in subject, was there a name for the background music used in these documentaries and old movies
Another story goes about "Los azufreros" the men who climbed the volcan Popocatepétl every day, to bring sulfur from the crater of the volcan.
This job originates to Hernando Cortez, who ordered his soldiers to go up to the summit, because he knew they would find sulfur there. Needed for gun powder.
Cortez knew this, because the most important source of sulfur in the old world was the volcan mount aetna in sicily.
The sulfur found at volcanoes, is formed by the chemical reaction SO2 + 2 H2S >>>> 2 H2O + 3 S.
I take it this is the 2nd to last PF# film? You guys only use 16 bit integers?
ooh that's where super phosphate comes from. Sulphur is a big mining industry in Indonesia. It's a rough life but it's better than decades ago. Hmm clever idea of aerating the sulphur through the 3 jacket pipes. Roughnecking- another tough job.
Explains the coastal flooding
Sulfur is dope
I always knew sulfur was the backbone of our society. This will silence all that skeptics.
I remain firmly planted on the fence. however, the film makes some solid arguments. perhaps sulfur is not actually "evil"? more research is required.
What amazing fuel are you using to fire the boilers ? What is the quality of the ‘used’ water that you are dumping in the gulf fisheries ?
Damn, I want some of this sulfer!! 😲😲😲
Kids! We're going to the sulphur mine!
YAAAAAY!
Barabas brand sulfate, good for the eyes.
This is the least yellow I’ve seen in a Sulfur video in a while.
The scale of industry is just mind blowing. Imagine some archaeologist putting two and two together about those acres of 50' high cakes of refined product, but then not finding any writing, housing, art, textiles, or pottery. 😆
Came for the sulfur, stayed for the music
"Hi, I'm Troy McClure. You may remember me from such films as Refining is Fine and Our Friend Zinc"
Do they still have mines like this?
What an amazing complex process.
Not in the us. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_production_in_the_United_States#/media/File:US_Sulfur_Production_1970-2013.png
The outdoor harden sulfur, wouldn't a lightning strike ignite it?