Evo-Ed: History, Genetics, and Human Skin Color
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- čas přidán 3. 06. 2024
- This is part 4 of our multi-part series on Human Skin Color.
The human species has been on the global scene for about 200,000 years. Skin color hasn't been a fixed characteristic over that time. The earliest humans likely had dark skin, which was a departure from earlier ancestor species that featured light skin and coarse body hair. Dark skin, and less body hair helped early humans to effectively thermoregulate, while having the photoprotective properties that skin pigment affords. Skin color has been in constant flux in the millennia since the dawn of our species, and broadly correlates to a latitudinal gradient of sub exposure. Today, humans come in a wide and beautiful array of different skin shades and tones.
For more information on the biology of human skin color, visit www.evo-ed.org.
Support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation's Division of Undergraduate Education program under Award No. DUE2020221
One of my favorite lesser known facts is that the Inuits of the Alaska/Canada/Greenland have dark hair and eyes and didn’t need to adapt lighter hair and eyes because their marine diet has a lot of vitamin D
Actually, more evidence says light skin also probably evolved because of agriculture, that's why both european and east asian ancestry people have lighter skin than any native population
That's amazing!
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
The Inuit aren't white either
@@jeromepowell1873 she saying because of sea food intake in arctic regions they getting enough vitamin D and also have dark hair/eyes
Excellent video. A small correction: according to the latest genetic data,the first Europeans had dark skin.Eventually, during the Mesolithic, they developped blue eyes, but their skin remained dark until the arrival of the neolithic farmers
Neanderthal were dark skinned and because of that suffered from ricketts.
Blue eyes came from Eurasia about 8000 years ago.
Faux science. If I came from Africa according to evolution theory then why no african dna?
Explain RH- blood then?
@euro-ganationalist lool we wuz master race deffo as bad as we wuz kangs
I love how you (basically) mentioned we are all one human species. Skin color doesn't matter, it never has and it is something to celebrate our heritage, our ancestry. Great video and I love your shirt.
The sun would say differently
If it is an superior intelligent lifeform out there and they came here.they would probably think it's amazing that we even made it this far with our continued conflicts over trivial things such as color and others.
So true, they'd be disappointed with our lack of progress.@@kennethburnette1153
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
Intelligence would say different.
This is one of the best descriptions I've seen of the Out of Africa hypothesis. Your inclusion of these specific mutations as biological markers really helps illustrate not only the migratory pathway, but also the effects of natural selection on phenotype. Well done. I'll have to check out some more of these!
That's a highly simplified yet precise gist on a complex topic. I would also like it to have the topic of how even the appearances(facial, physical, cranial) changed across the people with different skin colors and whether or not it had something to do with intermixing with other human species such as neanderthals and denisovans etc.
Multi regional theory vs out of Africa therory. Genetics is on the side of the Africa theory and states that racial diversity is a very recent product of evolutionary adaptation, not due to intermixing with other species.
I wonder why Africans would leave the plains of plenty and the abundant tropics to migrate towards the desolate, hostile, frozen wastelands . What is the plausibility of the reverse, that humans migrated towards areas of plenty ?
@@tibupanda3648tribal wars force movements..or chasing food like animals.
@@boshirahmed Or perhaps animals were chasing their food (humans)across the planet ...
This. I don't think it's simple as we're making it out. Proto-humans & sibling species often get ignored when considering the overall picture. Bipedal primates were present in different continents by at least a million of years ago, there's no reason to think there couldn't have been more intricate possibilities.
Even trying to figure out origin of a single ethnic group is challenging, doing so with the whole human population would be much more complex. It's not finalised certainly.
Good video. I think it’s important to note that that larger population of humans who stayed in Africa continued to diversify genetically.
I found it really interesting that many DNA Haplotypes for "Celtic" and "Germanic" and others exist in Africa. Like long lost cousins, literally
Recent DNA and Paleo research has put the out of Africa theory in doubt.... More like out of Africa as H Erectus and BACK into Africa as H Sapiens with admixture of Neanderthal and Denesovian.......
@@CETGale I don’t think doubt is the right word. It certainly questions the idea that archaic humans developed solely in Africa. Regardless the fact remains that Homo sapiens sapiens are more genetically diverse in Africa by a long shot. I mean extremely more diverse.
@@CETGale Exactly...this guy is F of S. There are still 3 major species living today.
@@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 Because we've "expanded" the definition of "human" to fit EVERYONE in. Any other mammals would be considered different species. It's ALL political.
Amazing. You unleashed so much scientific facts and revealed so much information in such a short video. And ended with such thoughtful phrase or how important and at same time how skin deep skin colour is. Great job!🎉
Thank you. Even with a PhD in cell biology I struggle to express the core principles of evolution as meaningfully as you do here. You present the relevant facts without bombarding your audience with a bunch of extra gobbledygook. Again, thank you.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873ask your mom she knows all about
That was pretty informative! Now the goal is to convince those that think they are something special how special we all are.
Special in a bad way ? Most of us have to take part in a killing to eat. What I like to say to those who think their special ; Whether your Black, White, Yellow, Brown or Red - we all end up Gray (if we're lucky).
If we're all special, doesn't that kinda negate the very meaning of special? How is this not immediately apparent to a profound mind like your own?
@@ilSaponara You’re special……
@@theknow7557😂
The technology is not there to tell whether thousands of years ago the difference between black and white skin. With the Earth changing access even places as far north as Britain with tropical. And we are a different species from sub-saharan Africans The fact remains even to this day they are not even capable of digging a hole to find water they prefer to send their young children to fetch water from miles away. They live a day to day life not thinking about tomorrow. This is the complete opposite of the European Chinese Japanese. It’s not so much skin colour that Matters it’s behavioural differences. They are there in abundance today there is no need to go back thousands of years to try and find them.
Simplified is an understatement thank you for your video
This is one of the better comments sections on CZcams lol great video !
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
This is the best explained video on this topic I have ever seen. Thanks so much for an easy yet fun, interesting and informativ video! :D Keep up the good work! :D
Excellent video! Simplified for the simple!
very simplified but still good, even though there were a few mistakes and omission of certain facts.
For the simple minded👍🏿
Very Good information about Human's body colour how its change in Evolution and still changing 👍
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
He still didn't explain, just showed a map that we already knew without a map lol.
I needed that, watched several long videos and didn't get the jist, now I do!
Let this be the teaching in schools in the west and Asia
"Weee wuz kaaaangs"
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
@@VshapeDinoI know man, white people weren’t first. It’s gonna be alright 😂
At the same time, they collected blood samples for genetic studies. They sequenced more than 4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-places where a single letter of the genetic code varies across the genomes of 1570 of these Africans. They found four key areas of the genome where specific SNPs correlate with skin color.
The first surprise was that SLC24A5, which swept Europe, is also common in East Africa-found in as many as half the members of some Ethiopian groups. This variant arose 30,000 years ago and was probably brought to eastern Africa by people migrating from the Middle East, Tishkoff says. But though many East Africans have this gene, they don’t have white skin, probably because it is just one of several genes that shape their skin color.
The team also found variants of two neighboring genes, HERC2 and OCA2, which are associated with light skin, eyes, and hair in Europeans but arose in Africa; these variants are ancient and common in the light-skinned San people. The team proposes that the variants arose in Africa as early as 1 million years ago and spread later to Europeans and Asians. “Many of the gene variants that cause light skin in Europe have origins in Africa,” Tishkoff says.
The most dramatic discovery concerned a gene known as MFSD12. Two mutations that decrease expression of this gene were found in high frequencies in people with the darkest skin. These variants arose about a half-million years ago, suggesting that human ancestors before that time may have had moderately dark skin, rather than the deep black hue created today by these mutations.
These same two variants are found in Melanesians, Australian Aborigines, and some Indians. These people may have inherited the variants from ancient migrants from Africa who followed a “southern route” out of East Africa, along the southern coast of India to Melanesia and Australia, Tishkoff says. That idea, however, counters three genetic studies that concluded last year that Australians, Melanesians, and Eurasians all descend from a single migration out of Africa. Alternatively, this great migration may have included people carrying variants for both light and dark skin, but the dark variants later were lost in Eurasians.
To understand how the MFSD12 mutations help make darker skin, the researchers reduced expression of the gene in cultured cells, mimicking the action of the variants in dark-skinned people. The cells produced more eumelanin, the pigment responsible for black and brown skin, hair, and eyes. The mutations may also change skin color by blocking yellow pigments: When the researchers knocked out MFSD12 in zebrafish and mice, red and yellow pigments were lost, and the mice’s light brown coats turned gray. “This new mechanism for producing intensely dark pigmentation is really the big story,” says Nina Jablonski, an anthropologist at Pennsylvania State University in State College.
The study adds to established research undercutting old notions of race. You can’t use skin color to classify humans, any more than you can use other complex traits like height, Tishkoff says. “There is so much diversity in Africans that there is no such thing as an African race.”
www.science.org/content/article/new-gene-variants-reveal-evolution-human-skin-color
Sure, there's a lot of diversity in Africa, but the people's that left Africa, particularly those that became modern Europeans are all quite closely related. Further, the people that migrated out of Africa, particularly those that were exposed to extremely harsh and cold conditions for prolonged periods of time, developed a host of other mutations/adaptations according to those pressures, which happen to correlate to great extant with skin color. One key feature that seems to have been selected for in these populations was much larger brains, and greater intelligence. It doesn't take much looking in order to observe this blatantly obvious fact. The question is, why do folks go so far out of the way to deny it?
@@ilSaponara That’s hilarious! Are you talking about the same people that just came out of the dark ages only 500 years ago? You gotta be kidding me! Intelligence? That would come with the people that were on the planet for over 300K years.
The people that are a mutation that just came about in humans about 6K years are obviously recipients of the knowledge & civilizations that existed long before the mutant for of human came into existence.
At what point in history do you think European civilization begins? Let’s talk about it.
What is your argument on intelligence? I'm curious.
@@ilSaponarathere is no evidence showing Europeans have larger brains than others hyper intelligence is something that evolved in our lineage long ago way before different races even existed and all races in the modern day brought up in similar cultures and opportunities perform almost the same intelligence wise hence why we have Nigerian Americans, south and East Asians achieving a lot in the science and tech world. Stop spreading racist propaganda
@@ilSaponaraignorance… larger brains do not correlate to higher intelligence this is an old and bigoted theory.. I think you sir may just be a racist
Extensive research across many disciplines. Final presentation very good, full of facts but without clutter.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873everything he said made complete sense though
@@Lz1508 No he absolutely made no sense.
@@Lz1508 My first problem is he wants you to think that Africans had the wherewithal to migrate to the so-called middle east, India and Australia, but not to North Africa because they don't want you to know the ancient Egyptians were Black. My second problem is African people didn't migrate to the so-called middle east and mutate. The African Grimaldi entered Eurasia somewhere around France or Russia and evolved or mutated in order to survive in an ice environment. There are only three well defined races, the Black, the White and the Yellow. Everyone else came into existence due to crossbreeding. Which is the case with those white looking people he supposedly believes spread into Europe, Asia and North Africa.
@@jeromepowell1873 you know nothing
Excellent.. informative.. factual... well presented!! Keeps you watching... All around.. outstanding job! 5 stars. Keep up the research!
Great, level-headed, factual presentation.
Scientists at the University of Oxford have applied computer modelling to thousands of ancient and modern genomes to create a vast family tree showing how individuals across the world are related to each other, and from where they originated.
It suggests that everyone is partially related to a group of hominids who lived in north-east Africa more than a million years ago. It even points to a grid reference: 19.4N, 33.7E, a small area of Sudan.
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873 This guy which guy? Oxford geneticists? Or the video narrator?
@@ANDROLOMA This guy and this video.
@@jeromepowell1873 Now I need to review what it is you say he doesn't know, because I forgot what it was he said.
@@jeromepowell1873 Educate us...
This was beautiful
Great video, thank you
Keep working hard... Love and support from India
THANK YOU for a technically sound, informative and scientific evaluation of what makes us all different- essentially nothing, we are not different, we are all the same biologically. Yes, there are some gene differences, height, fat deposition, body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, body hair distribution etc, due to adaptation to cold, food, and similar, however, this happens in populations of animals, but in humans, there is not enough difference to create a subspecies or anything similar. However, humans do manufacture culture, and linked to that, religion and it is that which determines our different negative behaviours to each other, colour is just a useful tool for people to use to highlight different cultural norms and then judge other cultures based on our internally generated views of the world, eg cannibalism, child brides, FGM etc. We are just all the same, let's just get on with working together and stop finding fault in anyone who is not our colour. Culture is a different thing though. Great video.
That was great ! Thank you ! Hopefully many more people read this
WOW! VERY COOL AND CONCISE! Actually retained the information 😎
Excellent video. Thank you.
Love the karyotype map tat 👍🏼.
It’s suggesting humans adapt to the country’s shade/ skin tone where they’re from
B S
I have been searching for something like this for a while! Think I will have to subscribe.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
Me too looking it for years
Ws in the comments
@@mdferoz1329 This video is inaccurate.
@@jeromepowell1873 yes .i also notice some of the mistakes .but atleast he is on the point.
This was an awesome video
Great and very informative video, just a suggestion, try to look in the camera sometime, its been a bit uneasy.
This is a wealth of information. Thanks for sharing.
There was also another migration from the Middle East to North India which explains the lighter tone to the south where there was a direct migration from Africa.
Basically everyone migrated at some point or other.😂😂
@@laxmikant7427 We’re talking about a migration shift that changed the DNA of a population.
@@vikmeghauncle max Northies are dark brown skin coloured
Myself from up 😂
This was a fun video!
Amazing
I naturally knew this already without no one teaching me, it just felt like common sense
Keep it up. Excellent stuff.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
i admire and have many personal perceptions of your analysis.
informative. thank you
Very Nice!
And informative, it's good to find Content that speaks truth around the origin of man.❤
Excellent work
This is great. We are all the same on the inside!
Thanks
FYI, for anyone who didn't know, there are footprints in the White Sands Desert in New Mexico that have been confirmed to be 21,000-23,000 years old, which are the oldest pieces of evidence of humans in the Americas.
There is also evidence of human settlements at Monte Verde in southern Chile that may be as old as 18,000 years. This site, in particular, may indicate that some humans migrated to the Americas by boats down the coasts--or even perhaps across the Pacific from Asia. Our understanding of history in the Americas is being massively rewritten. Very exciting times.
Thank you, I was thinking when I watched this “I hope they don’t show people crossing Beringia at 12,000-15,000 years ago.” And then they did 🤦🏻♂️
As long as you confirm Europeans came from Africa, the I can agree with what you said. Africans birthed europe.
@@thatdude3977 I mean everyone’s ancestors came from Africa at some point. Nothing I said says otherwise…
@@stephenborunda then type it and say it out loud. Africans created/settled europe!!
amazing, thx for sharing 😀
Great video
I have heard so many different stories over the years. It's still interesting nonetheless.
How you explain the change of chape of eyes, hair etc.
Those are mutations as well
its bs
Than what about the specific features associated with those skin colors huh
finally youtube is suggesting me some good content.
Very good information. What about everything else, like face shapes, facial features, body shapes, human height? we are so physically different from each other. It is not just about skin color.
Inbreeding in isolated populations.
What colour were Neanderthals? Did mixing with th we m influence skin colour of humans?
The colour of the Neanderthals was probably similar to modern day middle eastern/ north African (Mediterranean) skin colour
There europeans are white , remember egyptians looks like sudanees because thete were in africa and constanty in the sun ....and desert eygpt is north sudan...
@@devinking6477
Afrocentric delusions
Some says homo breed with the local species such as neantherdal. Combined gene helps them to adapt local environment
Ur doing good work this will take time but this will go big
Different groups evolve differently, it's a lot more than skin deep.
What about eye and hair colour compared to skin and latitude?
Vitiligo
That is not the answer to my question. British people generally have darker hair and more often brown eyes but also more pale skin than scandinavians, why.?
@@jouvaryfewer days of sun
Yet it also carries the weight of atrocities that humans have perpetuated across millennia.
Now that was the point.
Knowledge of self
Bravoo
So mysterious
And what about blood types? Thank you for your work.
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
2:38 Fascinating video. Though if you're using KITLG as abbreviation for _KIT Lygand Gene,_ you don't need to repeat _gene_ when mentioning it.
Very few skin can not be change while other skin can be altered by light treatment so some black are not black and white are not white but it is convenience for power grasp
nice video
i wonder if there are also scientific explanations on how the evolution and other geographical patterns influenced the body hair and color.
Of course, it was briefly mentioned in the video.
Natural selection or survival of the fittest.
Lighter skin correlates with less intense sunlight and longer winters as lighter skin allows for more vitamin D production. More vitamin D meant benefits, with benefits for the immune system probably being the main driver of natural selection.
probably not. if we go by this pattern, some aboriginals and melanesians shouldn't have lighter hair colors and dense body hair.
as an indonesian which located near equator and i have light to medium brown skin color. i asume that my ancestor skin color is like to dark, became brown, walk to little bit north and became light brown, come down and became brown again lol. and make my skin so easy being dark by expose to the sun after some minutes but come back lighter after couple hours.
Awesome video, and I love your tattoos
Why were the first humans full of melanin in the first place is what I find fascinating. The same Sun that gave Earth so much good, referenced itself in humans. I truly believe we haven't scratched the surface on this issue.
Because they originated in areas with high UV light.
I am not against the idea of human adaptation to environmental determinants. However I am curious to understand why indigenous populations around the equator share different skin tones and hair types. Should they not share the same characteristics?
What place are you talking about specifically because if I think about it indigenous populations around the equator are all pretty much dark skin. I don’t think hair type is determined by the climate but I’m not sure.
The only people I can think of who have lighter skin tones around the equator are the Khoisan and some of the natives in South America but they are still dark skinned. There are different variations of the genes associated with dark skin so the South Americans may just have different gene variations for dark skin or it could be that they have inherited certain gene variations from Neanderthals associated with lighter skin or inherited gene variations for lighter skin when they evolved in North America or east Asia. If I remember right recent studies show the latter to be the case.
The Khoisan inherited gene variations for lighter skin from west Asians a few thousands years ago. For some reason it was strongly selected for despite the area the Khoisan lives, indicating a need for more sun exposure.
@@TmanRock9 Thank you for your interesting response. The San occupy the subtropical area of South Africa and their lighter shade is an anomaly amidst the much darker Khoi or Bantu population. I am very surprised that you assert that they got this from a western Asian gene pool . This is quite an amazing take on the Out of Africa theory of human migration. It is afterall an intricate and complex topic.
About the straight hair...the pin straight hair of South Amerindians of Equatorial Amazonia is in stark contrast to the curly hair of inhabitants of Equatorial Africa . Both populations though being dark skinned show up major differences in their tans. I can only assume that the Amerindian population settled Amazonia from a recent extraneous genepool .
@@tibupanda3648based on the main migration routes showcased also in the video, people migrated from Africa into Asia, then all the way through Asia and up into the north, then via bering strait over to the north of north America and then across north America and eventually passing down into south America where they finally arrived back near the equator.
Ofc they were by that time different from those still in Africa (who didn't migrate literally around the world sideways and go far north and then south again on the way).
@@Heroesflorian Thank you. Sounds logical.
@TmanRock9 I'm sorry but do you just think that Africa = equatorial? Cause the San are found in southern Africa. Nowhere near the equator.
We humans first lived in one place and from there we moved to every corner of the world.. Modern technology has brought us together again but there is a lot of hatred in today's times... Excellent vedio❤
How about hair and eye color? Similar perhaps?
As a geneticist I believe people should understand that from a biological perspective there are no human races. Race is a concept that is applied to domestic animals. Animals in which genetic diversity is limited to the extent that the variety within each race is smaller than between those races. The genetic diversity in humans within the so called races is much bigger than the differences between the races. The idea of human races therefor comes from bad understanding of genetics and evolution.
Yet race does exist in (criminal) profiling and politics. Than it refers to traits we can easily identify people with. But we should understand this use is not explanatory, only instrumental. People who use race in an explanatory way should realize they are mixing things up. Race can not be part of a fact based root cause analysis.
Instead of smart, you should confused 😂
How did the skin pigmentations of lighter skin only affect the northern latitude and not the southern latitude in the 10000 year it took the northern melatonin to mutate?
Because the southern latitudes generally had no need for it so it wasn’t selected for. If the mutations made it to people in South Africa or South America or souther Asia then there’s no reason it should be selected for. In the north people with lighter skin had a better chance of survival so those with darker skin would slowly die out.
Has more to do with the equator
Very thanks for this great video.
Why so much other reaserch say the first people of europa were black? I have hear neolitic famrer özie was black too
What about the flat nose?
Very good video simplistically explaining the genetics of skin colour but why do the natives in the Arctic and North America still have brown skin? Also skin colour isn't just skin deep, along with skin colour there are drastic differences in facial features and other distinguishable phenotypes denoting various races and ethnic groups.
A simplified version for why the natives of the Americas retained dark skin despite living in higher latitudes like the Europeans is because of diet. UV rays helps in the development of vitamin D. When the early European farmers switched to a grain based diet that lacks vitamin D, their skin lighten to better absorb UV rays to produce sufficient Vitamin D with the little sunlight they were exposed to. The natives in the American Arctic however got their Vitamin D from their diets such as salmon. Since they got their Vitamin D from their diet there was no selective pressure for their skin to lighten. The evolution of skin color has other factors than just the sun. Hope this over simplified explanation helps.
Some were paler. Natives in the patagonia weren't much more darker than the average spaniard or italian. Look up tehuelches. Some are dark, but some are quite pale too.
because it is a nonsense explanation. Pseudoscience. The religion of evolution theory - you are with us or against us.
Phenotype was not the topic, he was giving simplified information on the genetics of skin color.
Isn't skin colour a phenotypic representation?@@lapis.lazuli.
How did they cross oceans? to settle in Australia and Newzeland
Boats🤷♀️
Geography of the Earth has changed over years and of course boats
@@tariraiduring the ice ages the sea level was a lot lower so a lot places where there are seas and oceans it was possible to walk across dry land obviously the Australian aborigines had to go by boat because the Wallace straits were always covered by water
I wonder which route people that went to Alaska took the Asian one or the ocean then to North America one
It's a really good video. However you had not included Western European hunter gatherers, one of the earliest and most interesting human migration waves in Europe that contributes to current population in the area. They are said to have been dark-skinned or at least not very light-skinned, and were all blue-eyed.
That is fake theory bro
Besides the technical terms, this makes better sense than Adam and Eve story
Can you please do a video explaining leathery skin in central africans and Southern africans. It's protective function protecting the skin from heat not U.V radiation since thats the job of melanin and melanocytes function .
Skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. Vitamin D is central to understanding the relationship between skin color and geography. There is a geographical pattern between skin color and distance from the equator. At more northern or southern latitudes, the level of UVB rays hitting Earth’s surface decreases due to the planet’s tilt. The equator is bathed year-round in UVB rays, but seasonal variations mean that people in Northern Europe receive virtually no UVB exposure in winters. Humans living near the equator developed darker skin tones, while those in northern climates developed lighter hues. High humidity also decreases UVB levels, as marked by the contrast between skin tones of early humans living in dry equatorial Africa and moist equatorial South America. The dearth of UVB rays in northern climates put positive evolutionary pressure on early migratory humans to ramp up Vitamin D production, skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. In dark-skinned people, eumelanin is dominant and acts as a natural sunscreen; fairer-skinned individuals have much more pheomelanin.
"Race" is a social construct. We are all the same species, just with different appearance mutations. Proof? If a woman from Scandinavia and a man from Zimbabwe hooked up, they would A. Have children and B. The child would carry both parents genetics and traits. Disagree? Okay, If a Native American needed an organ transplant and the donor were an Aborigine from Australia, the transplant would work.
This was interesting but doesnt seem to check out. As some have already mentioned, dark-skinned people inhabited all regions of the world: hunter gatherers like Cheddar Man were as far north as Europe, the San were as far south as southeast Africa, very dark-skinned people first inhabited Asia, including southern India and parts of East Asia, and many Native Americans are also deep dark-skinned - eventhough they crossed northernmost parts of Asia into the Americas.
It's also strange that a mutation for pale skin would emerge and proliferate immediately out of Africa in a climate region that's little different.
It also seems past time to cease referring to an entire continent of people who carry the highest genetic diversity in the world in such a way that communicates that they are monolithic.
Cheddar man is somewhat lighter than Central Africans, this is because cheddar man still posed mutation for lighter skin.
The San people are as light as they are because they inherited mutations from west Asians some 4,000 years ago. Why this was I don’t think is well understood.
Native Americans themselves are still lighter in the north and darker close to the equator. They possessed their own mutations for lighter skin.
So skin did lighten when people moved even in the examples you give. It became much lighter once diets changed from mostly meat to mostly farming.
I’m not sure why this would be strange and Africa is very different from Eastern Europe and Northern Europe.
The genetic diversity isn’t really what’s being talked about though, it’s the location that matters. So far UV light maps correlate heavily with skin color, vitamin D rich diets correlate heavily with skin color, migrations to less UV intense environments correlates heavily with skin color even in other human species, dark skinned people today are more likely to suffer from vitamin D deficiencies, people with lighter skin are more likely to burn under the sun. So far it’s the theory with the most support.
@@TmanRock9
"The population in the United States with the best bone health happens to be the African-American population," says Dr. Ravi Thadhani, a professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and lead author of the study. "But almost 80 percent of these individuals are defined as having vitamin D deficiency. This was perplexing."
@@ddcc66 Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012)
Monitoring Editor: Alexander Muacevic and John R Adler
“Race was identified as a significant risk factor, with African-American adults having the highest prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency (82.1%, 95% CI, 76.5%-86.5%) followed by Hispanic adults (62.9%; 95% CI, 53.2%-71.7%) [3]. “
@@ddcc66 Dr. Ravi
“whites in the United States have higher vitamin D levels and blacks have lower vitamin D levels, yet blacks have higher bone mineral density than whites, they have the lowest rates of fractures compared to whites, they have the lowest rates of osteoporosis compared to whites, but yet we continue to define them as vitamin D deficient and it's that paradox that this paper was trying to address.”
Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003
“We reviewed reports of nutritional rickets among US children
These changes didn't happen immediately. It took thousands of years of adaption for this to happen.
skin and eye color easy to understand, what about the eye shape? what is the reason for far Asia and the rest even in the same sun spectrum have different eye shapes?
maybe a dry environment? the first humans to migrate to a dry environment, which are the khoisans, had these characteristics, as well as some natives to sahara desert. the path the ancestors of eastern asians took is one of the driest regions on earth but on a colder scale, and from there, it expanded to the americas and down to the south east asia. so maybe that's why?
the only problem is that we have an outlier in Australia, who also inhabited a dry region but doesn't exhibit similar facial structures as the khoisan and east asians.
Natural selection+homogenity,they tend to marry people with the same eye type+people with different eye shape don't really migrating there
@@oblivion5390 Because they are negroid peoples, that migrated from East Africa by way of Madagascar to Australasia. This is why they don't have almond or epicanthal fold eyes, they originally came from subtropical climates. Blacks in the Sahara often do, Ethiopians don't but their deserts are in mountains mostly.
This is exactly my question. 🎯 Thank you for asking it. I hope he answers.
Nicely put. No doubt here about evolution of humans. Not mentioned here along with skin color is the changes in eye shapes and hair types, as the eastern migrations occurred. Height and breadth is curious to me as well as it too evolved in humans regionally. I'm for science over religion personally, but in your view, do these first humans out of Africa come from the Adam and Eve origin? Where do you think that these first humans in Africa came from?
There's nothing but doubt, zero evidence for evolution, it's a fairytale
Primates is as good as anywhere - great apes if you want to be more particular, homininae to be specific
I am brown but I like black people and their culture very much😊
Good for you
Thank you. I have no scientific background yet I travel extensively and read and study voraciously. It didn’t take much other than thinking and paying attention to location and skin tones to figure out the reason for differences. It was pure common sense. As well as having brain cells. Of course I knew nothing about the scientific information behind it like mutations… that’s easily read to find out. Or watch things like this. But I always knew all human life started in Africa. And how migration changed how ppl look. What sickens me are deniers. Usually religious backed ones who don’t think. And still believe in Adam and Eve and that bull. I stf away from all of those limited eejits. White skin is not superior in any way. Only in the minds of morons.
Name ONE black or brown 1st world country...just one. Name one 3rd world White country. You can't. Now...start thinking about that and what you've been told...that there's NO difference. See how they don't match up? "You always knew" things that just aren't so. It's easier to fool people than it is to convince them that they've been fooled. "Humans" didn't walk out of central Africa 70,000 as black Negroids...and suddenly become White Caucasians. How do you explain White people containing 5% Neanderthal DNA? If they were a different species...how did we mate? What about Asians? Some have 8% Denisovan DNA. They were a "different species" too. You've been fooled...for political reasons. There are still at least 3 species of "human" living on this planet.
Very informative and extremely well presented. If we homo sapiens originated in the African savannah, most likely through some primate evolutionary route, and populated earth by migrations over many thousands of years, I wonder where the Neanderthals originated from? 🤔
Neanderthals are our closest known extinct relatives so we share the same route and closest ancestor. Keeping in mind that also other extinct ancestors too roamed the earth. So I think when some of those closest ancestors migrated to Europe and Asia they later evolved into Neanderthals while the ones that remained in East Africa gave rise to the Homo sapiens. So that when now the Homo sapiens migrated to Europe they interbred with the Neanderthals. That explains why Sub-Saharan Africans do not have Neanderthal DNA as compared to Europeans and Asians.
Evolution is a fairytale
There were Homo Heidelbergensis populations that left Africa before Homo sapiens existed. These became Neanderthals, while the ones remaining in Africa became Homo sapiens
Lovely. Evolution & genetics support my philosophy that we are all one and that the inclusion of all is paramount. I used to say that as we migrated from the cradle of civilization, based on the sun, changed our skin pigmentation, etc. An over-simplification, heheh.
The oldest bones of modern humans were found in North West Africa (Morocco) and were about 300,000 years ago.
Wich means the first skin color would have been the olive distinctive skin of north African Wich means
No matter if you are black or white olive oil is what makes one comple
I will proceed to go plan olive trees
@@omarsali2990it actually does not mean that at all especially knowing that those who occupy that area today are just as indigenous to Africa as the Native Americans are to America. The original humans were Black. All others are nothing more than the offspring who mutated. Nice try though. Nothing predates Blackness, even the universe knows that Dark Matter.
they were t black they were kinda caramel something like that they look a lot like north africans color wise since obvioudly norh africans semems to be the first place where modern humans started to emmerge
they quickly became black when migrating to the other places in africa they needed more melanine to survive there then they started spreding for some reason
that s where the other skin tones started to emerge@@hueyabeyi4240
@@hueyabeyi4240 you just politicised the crap out of this 😂😂 relax it's not that deep, literally
@@hueyabeyi4240relax bro lol
Since Neanderthals were already in Europe long before H. Sapiens, what color was their skin? I think this is important, since they interbred to a certain extent. Good video.
If desperate for origins of white skin, it doesn't need another humanoid species: dark skinned Africans also give birth to white skinned Albino children. The Khoisan in Southern Africa have skin tone akin to Asians, very light skinned. I know the world is more comfortable with difference and separation. Otherwise, how does one feel special, but the science suggests that current humans come from your and my ancestors. Black people in Africa carry skin tones from blue black to lighter skins indistinguishable from typical Scandinavian
@@tarirai I think he is just asking what Neanderthals looked like including skin color. Yes, ‘white’ skin came from a mutation and natural selection in those African Homo sapiens that migrated to Europe - it makes sense as Europe was much colder and the sun which is needed for vitamin D was in short supply so humans who had white skin had an advantage in that they could get more vitamin D in these colder environments where the sun was not present for months at a time…. But yes we are all from the same root of the same tree that came from East Africa.
I am not an Expert, But your analysis makes sense 😌
Similar to skin colour there must be other traits that must have developed based on each groups individual evolutionary journey. Like taller African tribes etc. also fair to think that the mind itself is an organ and thinking must have evolved differently for different groups.
“Almost certainly had black skin“ BRO DON’T DO THAT JUST SAY THE TRUTH we did have black skin . Go by the science nothing else.
since color is so important to you all, what color was neanderthal ?
I don't know if you can apply such constructs to species other than Sapiens, but speaking strictly of shade of skin, white.
They were dark skin.
@@maragolihistory2118 Neanderthals? What makes you think that?
@@howardbaugh8609 Do your research.
@@maragolihistory2118 Ha! Thanks for admitting you don't know what you're talking about. Neanderthals were white.
Yeah, I’m learning that unlike the history taught in my country, the USA, there were dark native Americans & dark ancient Egyptians…fascinating how our species evolved, isn’t it?
These studies need to be included in basic K-12 education.
You did not mention that Aborigines' from Australia are thought to have been the first human populations in South America but were largely wiped out by advancing Asians, there is a small group left on Islands in south Argentina. The ones in north east Brazil were all overtaken by the Asians.
All dark are the originals.
Nice video, but a little correction, North Africa was populated by light skin arabics maybe 600 to 1000 years ago not 60 thousand years ago.
Arabs are not light skin
Like Jesus also a brown man
White people in Egypt iran is from Alexander army
And slave from Europe
Turk have Mongolian face but today people think Turkish people represent real turk
There were probably many other migrations in both directions during the 100s of thousands of years before that..
He forgot to mention the Slavic slave trade and millions were sold to north Africa.
There is evidnces of light skinned north africans as far as 5000 years ago in cave baroud en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehf_el_Baroud cope with it
They are called Amazigh/Berbers, and they have been living in North Africa for thousands of years. Stop with this "North Africa was black" bullshit, berbers are still there to this day.
And that is Your Opinion , Mary Cooper