This effect confirmed light particles

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Presentation of the experimental and theoretical developments of the Compton effect or Compton scattering, which finally led to the acceptance of Einstein's hypothesis of light-quanta. The Compton effect constitutes the failure of the classical wave nature of light and the success of the particle (photon) description.
[Erratum]
∘ at 0:44 the factor 1/(μ0ε0) should be (μ0ε0), in the numerator; thanks to ‪@FraserIland‬ for spotting this typo
[References]
∘ A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 17, 132 (1905) einsteinpapers...
∘ A.H. Compton, A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements, Phys. Rev. 21, 483 (1923) journals.aps.o...
∘ A.H. Compton, The Size and Shape of the Electron, Phys. Rev. 14, 20 (1919) journals.aps.o...
∘ A.H. Compton, Phys. Rev. 7, 646 (1916) journals.aps.o...
∘ A.H. Compton, The Spectrum of Secondary X-rays, Phys. Rev. 19, 267 (1922) journals.aps.o...
∘ A.S. Eve, Phil. Mag. 8, 669 (1904)
∘ R.D. Kleeman, Phil. Mag. 15, 638 (1908)
∘ J.P.V. Madsen, Phil. Mag. 17, 423 (1909)
∘ D.C.H. Florance, Phil. Mag. 20, 921 (1910)
∘ C.A. Sadler and P. Mesham, Phil. Mag. 24, 138 (1912) shorturl.at/D8aHe
∘ D.C.H. Florance, Phil. Mag. 28, 363 (1914)
∘ A.H. Compton, Science 37, 803 (1913) www.science.or...
∘ A.H. Compton, Phys. Rev. 9, 29 (1917) [PhD thesis] journals.aps.o...
∘ R.H. Stuewer, The Compton effect Transition to quantum mechanics, Ann. Phys. 9, 975 (2000) onlinelibrary....
∘ A.H. Compton, Bull. Nat. Res. Coun. 4 (1922) babel.hathitru...
∘ P. Debye, Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen und Quantentheorie, Phys. Zeit. 24 , 161 (1923)
∘ A.H. Compton and C. F. Hagenow, A Measurement of the Polarization of Secondary X-Rays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 8, 487 (1924) opg.optica.org...
[Credits]
Albert Einstein in 1905, public domain
Arthur H. Compton in his X-ray lab, Photo by S.Deutch, AIP
First Solvay Conference 1911, photograph by Benjamin Couprie, public domain
James C. Maxwell, Engraved by G. J. Stodart, AIP
Light refraction, by ajizai, public domain
Interference pattern, by J.S. Diaz (own work)
Polarization clamp, by A.Davidhazy under CC BY-SA 4.0
Light bulb through diffraction grating, by R.D. Anderson under CC BY-SA 3.0
Max planck, public domain
Niels Bohr, Photo by A.B. Lagrelius and Westphal, AIP
Woman researching by T. Miroshnichenko via Pexels www.pexels.com...
Man teaching algebra by Y. Krukau, free use via Pexels www.pexels.com...
Man reading by T. Miroshnichenko, free use via Pexels www.pexels.com...
Woman touching glass by Y. Shuraev, free use via www.pexels.com...
Wave-particle ambigram by Douglas Hofstadter under CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed
Einstein with C. Habicht and M. Solovine, ca. 1903, by E. Vollenweider, public domain
Arthur H. Compton, public domain
Peter Debye, public domain
Arthur S. Eve, AIP
Man silhouette by liftarn under CC BY-SA 3.0
John Madsen, family photo under CC BY-SA 4.0
David C. H. Florance, from Rutherford group photo 1912, AIP
J.J. Thomson, public domain
Compton Family, AIP
Halley's Comet (1910) by E.E. Barnard, public domain
Compton tube, A.H. Compton in Scientific American Supplement (1915), public domain
J.J. Thomson and Rutherford, by D. Schoenberg, AIP
Rutherford's research room at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, AIP
A History of the Cavendish Laboratory 1971-1910. London, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910, AIP
Bragg X-ray spectrometer, Science Museum under CC BY 4.0 Deed
Arthur H. Compton portrait, AIP
Paul Scherrer, public domain
Hendrik Kramers, public domain
Minutes of the Chicago Meeting APS, Dec. 1922, Phys. Rev. 21, 195 (1923)
Radon gas within a cloud chamber, unknown author under CC BY 3.0
Niels Bohr, AIP
Nobel Prize Medal, public domain
Fifth Solvay Conference, by Benjamin Couprie, AIP
Louis de Broglie, public domain
Erwin Schrödinger, public domain
Max Born, public domain
Werner Heisenberg, AIP
Wolfgang Pauli, AIP
Paul Dirac, AIP
AIP: courtesy of the American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed: creativecommon...
CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed: creativecommon...