Fiting Joists & Steels | Extension #6

Sdílet
Vložit
  • čas přidán 2. 03. 2018
  • In Part 6 of The Extension series, which follows the build of a side and rear extension on a semi-detached property, we see the joists and steels slotted into position in preparation for the removal of a load bearing wall at the back of the house.
    The wall is being knocked out to extend the existing kitchen and create a kitchen/diner on the ground floor and an additional bedroom on the first floor.
    This episode includes:
    - Cutting joists to fit the steel beam
    - Spacing the joists out with noggings and the challenges associated installing joists and steels.
    - Using Strongboys to support the outer and inner skin at the same time
    - Trimming the existing floor joists so they can sit in the web of the steel beam
    - Cutting out the brickwork
    - Lining up the holes of the two steel beams
    - Bolting timber on to the steel beam for the jiffy hangers
    - Expansion joints
    - Insulation
    - Using jiffy haners/joist hangers
    This episode features products from: Evolution; Snickers Workwear; Milwaukee; Fein; Bosch; Arbotech; Stabila; Ecotherm; Teco and Rhino Scaffolding.
    ===================================================
    Don't forget to stay up to date with Skill Builder!
    Get in touch and send us your pictures and videos - skill-builder.uk/send
    Join our mailing list - skill-builder.uk/join
    See our Tweets - / skillbuilderuk
    See our Facebook Page - / skillbuilderchannel
  • Jak na to + styl

Komentáře • 172

  • @daviddaywalker3844
    @daviddaywalker3844 Před 3 lety +1

    Love watching this I retired at 56years old was a plumber once now I just like to watch. Thanks.

  • @gaborabora2602
    @gaborabora2602 Před rokem

    Thanks a lot, I am an architect and enjoy watching your channel

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před rokem

      I hope you watch tonight's video, there are some comments about architects.

  • @Carl-yu6uw
    @Carl-yu6uw Před 6 lety +22

    Builders with knowledge and attention to detail.. Your detailed videos are great for someone like me with an interest in construction & DIY but who isn't a professional tradesman.

  • @justjacqueline2004
    @justjacqueline2004 Před 6 lety +10

    It amazes me that non builders would dare to do a project such as this,the knowledge needed is immense.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +7

      I am guilty of that. I would have a go at anything. The important thing is to watch as many videos as possible and read up as well. Mark, for example, was not happy with the whole way we went about this and he said he would have tackled it in a completely different way.

    • @DPJOINERY
      @DPJOINERY Před 6 lety

      The only other way Mark, would be to the pub!

  • @Medge2sc
    @Medge2sc Před 4 lety +1

    Very enjoyable, great voiceover!! Informative and comedic

  • @leefitzgeralduk462
    @leefitzgeralduk462 Před 5 lety

    Thank you Roger, i am 50 and i have been involved in plastic windows, conservatories, orangeries and now i am with a company who do single, double storey extensions, and all the interior kitchens .
    , bathrooms, decorating, rendering etc they employ all their staff so it works well, i am in Knowsley Liverpool. I just wanted to say your channel is helping me mightily, i want to understand planning, drains, building regulations, roofing, everything to help me give customers confidence and to help me sell, ps that is what i am a salesman. Great programme thanks Lee

  • @bugtusslealien3931
    @bugtusslealien3931 Před 11 měsíci

    My nuts were sweating while watching your video. Phew! Great work lads!

  • @MrMrm324
    @MrMrm324 Před 6 lety +3

    Love the annotation!

  • @newhorizonstruth8150
    @newhorizonstruth8150 Před 6 lety +1

    Thanks Roger great video.

  • @drgrowuk8830
    @drgrowuk8830 Před 3 lety

    Brilliant Roger great helpful video 👏👏👏

  • @Abidsalehuk
    @Abidsalehuk Před rokem

    Your videos are absotly great and i learned alot, Please look forward to upload more videos. Have a great one .

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před rokem

      We have over 800 videos on the channel so hopefully you will watch a few more.

  • @stephenfalken
    @stephenfalken Před 6 lety +1

    Recently found your videos Roger as im a DIYer who frequently turns to CZcams! It's awesome how down to earth you are and take the time to explain things. Many professional builders I have met seem to dislike explaining things, almost like it's their special super power not to be shared!
    I also notice you are not afraid to acknowledge that sometimes people show different opinions (ie, one of your videos where you mention plasterers disagreeing) which is an admirable trait!

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +1

      Andy
      You can understand why builders like to keep their information close to their chests but nobody can stop information being shared and in the end a lot of people will still hire a professional but they will have enough to take an interest in the job and maybe spot where things can go wrong.

  • @ratchriat1716
    @ratchriat1716 Před 6 lety

    looking forward to see the rest off this project enjoyed the video.

  • @markschiavone8003
    @markschiavone8003 Před 6 lety +1

    the old mend and blend....nice job sir. you seem to be a good guy to work for.

  • @lulzmoney99
    @lulzmoney99 Před 6 lety +7

    The production quality on these videos is great, as is the content.

  • @hi-tech55
    @hi-tech55 Před 5 lety

    Keep them coming Roger.

  • @Ethanliuyisong
    @Ethanliuyisong Před 4 lety

    LOVE YOUR VIDEOS!!!

  • @MrTooTechnical
    @MrTooTechnical Před 6 lety

    Kick ass. Looks great. Keep the bids coming. Lates

  • @asef698
    @asef698 Před 6 lety

    Nice size extension, will be a big house when finished

  • @ashleyburton8605
    @ashleyburton8605 Před 6 lety

    Great infomation! 👍

  • @rajivvashm6046
    @rajivvashm6046 Před 3 lety

    building the exact same thing... brilliant video and tips

  • @hc6127
    @hc6127 Před rokem

    Your videos are helping me a lot with my uni course keep up the hard work🙏🏼

  • @markdwyer100
    @markdwyer100 Před 5 lety

    Some great tips again thanks

  • @RobindeJongh
    @RobindeJongh Před 5 lety +1

    Thanks for the great video. You rightly point out that dwangs or noggins need to be full depth in order to stop the floor joists twisting. Especially here at the bearing on the steel these need to be full depth if not on joist hangers. The joists spanning tables from Trada provide further details.

  • @ceesaydesignsolutions
    @ceesaydesignsolutions Před 5 lety

    very educative, thank you

  • @johnmainwaring6556
    @johnmainwaring6556 Před 4 lety

    Nicely done... like the music as well

  • @christhompson1708
    @christhompson1708 Před 4 lety +4

    Just so you know Rog they are PODGERS NOT BODGERS Awesome vids bud keep them up.

  • @worldadventureman
    @worldadventureman Před 6 lety +2

    I don't think you could ever pay me enough to be a builder in the UK. I've done reno's on buildings in the US and in Aus, but the detail and trades needed in a UK build are just crazy, not to mention the weather! Great that you include the goofs, dirty level and whoops we're all on the wrong side of this beam! Come on if your really in the trade, we've all done it, so might as well have a laugh about it.

  • @markevans1973
    @markevans1973 Před 6 lety

    Pro workmanship

  • @jamesmills6766
    @jamesmills6766 Před 5 lety

    Great video

  • @191685
    @191685 Před 4 lety

    Great video, very informative. Nice hammer 😁

  • @kevinchan351
    @kevinchan351 Před 4 lety

    solid build👌👌

  • @trinitysmate
    @trinitysmate Před 6 lety

    Brilliant as ever :)

  • @bangaravi14
    @bangaravi14 Před 5 lety

    top notch video i like all the information

  • @rockroll456
    @rockroll456 Před 6 lety

    Brilliant bud

  • @girlsdrinkfeck
    @girlsdrinkfeck Před 6 lety

    reminds me when i was an apprentice helping to erect a steel roof structure onto wooden joists and struts connected to the old Victorian factory brick exterior wall to add a third floor ( roof floor ) to flat conversions

  • @georgeknapp271
    @georgeknapp271 Před 6 lety

    Great vid. Exelent work thanks for sharing your knowledge.

  • @hi-tech55
    @hi-tech55 Před 5 lety

    So clearly explained. Great channel 👍

  • @leeburwood3073
    @leeburwood3073 Před 6 lety +1

    Great vid as normal. I miss those days of putting joists into walls. In Suffolk its been against building regs since about 2003. We can only use masonry hangers or fixed wall plate. The only time we can do it is in special circumstances like a curved wall with lots of silicone after its bricked in

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +1

      Lee Burwood
      Hi Lee
      The drawing showed masonry hangers but, where possible I would rather build them in because they are less bouncy. We will have to take a chance on the building inspector being happy. We have let the mortar and timber shrink for a while so it is now time to gun some Blower Proof or similar in around all those joists. You can get plastic pockets to house them in. We have 90mm of Ecotherm behind the joists so they shouldn't get damp.

  • @shadowperez
    @shadowperez Před 5 lety

    This is phenomenal work so impressed

  • @girlsdrinkfeck
    @girlsdrinkfeck Před 6 lety +3

    9:40 nail thickness and strength is way more important than length indeed

  • @Daniells1982
    @Daniells1982 Před 6 lety

    I've always wondered about the joist hangers too roger! Mark wasn't a happy bunny. U need to take him for a pint to let off some steam.

  • @madthel
    @madthel Před 2 lety

    your amazing, new subscriber

  • @juanmena1935
    @juanmena1935 Před 5 lety

    good job

  • @roberthigbee3260
    @roberthigbee3260 Před 3 lety

    Nice shear load explanation regarding how seemingly small diameter nails are OK to hold the metal joist wall hangers in place (designed such that no bending moment acts on nails, just shear)!

  • @russandemm
    @russandemm Před 11 měsíci

    Very informative video, thank you, could you please answer. If I am replacing an old timber lintel for an RSJ do I need planning. Thanks again, look forward to your reply.

  • @deccarobbo1955
    @deccarobbo1955 Před 5 lety

    Mark your tremendous at this game m8

  • @sprintervanconversions

    Nice video! That 'twist' in the joists is called lateral torsional buckling. If the joists have been designed to have have noggins, they should be full height noggins at 1/3 spacing so the floor/roof acts as one system, not individual members.
    Very interesting to see your temp works there though! What are those brackets coming out the brickwork bolted to the scaffold pole? never seen them before. Cheers :)

  • @waynesalter908
    @waynesalter908 Před 4 lety

    Little toffee hammer for the twist nails 😉😂😂

  • @Festoolification
    @Festoolification Před 6 lety

    Fantastic, got a T steel to fit here on a corner wall.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety

      Send us some pictures or video. We love seeing other projects

  • @Bobg425
    @Bobg425 Před 6 lety +3

    Pedantic I know but there is a max gap between end of joist and back of hanger,its 6mm.

  • @VillainGang.
    @VillainGang. Před 6 lety

    Nice part👍, what hammer you using, I need replace my 😀

  • @digitaldiorama
    @digitaldiorama Před 3 lety

    10:00 Even so, I still can't believe how these hangers manage to comfortably resist downward shearing either.

  • @tonydunn3559
    @tonydunn3559 Před 10 měsíci

    Great video Roger ,I'm a little worried ,my daughters house the kitchen living room extension been there late 90s ,where the back door window frame patio door it looks like a lintel not rsj is this safe .thanks.

  • @jameshunt9350
    @jameshunt9350 Před 5 lety

    Great work Rodger...I like your hard hat..what make is it? and where did you get it?

  • @tom451
    @tom451 Před 5 měsíci

    Was it easy drilling holes in the steel? What drill bits/method do you use.

  • @stevensdbuild9524
    @stevensdbuild9524 Před 6 lety +1

    Thanks for the vids as always Roger but why not just fit full depth blocking to help stiffen the joist web? If memory serves any span over 2300 needs them and they’d only take slightly longer than the noggins. If you want space for services then do herring bone or even the metal off the shelf herring bone ties.
    Big fan anyway and thanks for taking the time to set up, film, and edit. As a chippy and builder you’d think I’d see enough at work.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +1

      Ah! Steven, you stole my thunder. I have now fitted the mid-span full-depth blocking and one more idea that helps take the whip out. I am told that herringbones beat blocking because blocking shrinks and herringbone tightens.

    • @stevensdbuild9524
      @stevensdbuild9524 Před 6 lety +2

      Skill Builder Sounds about right. Hard to get the time for herring bone nowadays but so much better. Allows air flow and leaves plenty of room for running services.

  • @grayegerton7599
    @grayegerton7599 Před 6 lety +24

    Is it not a Podger spanner rather than Bodger?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +6

      Yes it is, you are right and my brain is getting old.

  • @tigertruckerman
    @tigertruckerman Před 6 lety +27

    Am so sad am this age, if i was 20 again i would track this man down and work for him for free, i admire his enthusiasm and joy for his profession he has, you would have to be a complete idiot not to listen and take in what he says, im afraid i was a arse hxxe when younger thought i knew it all, please dont underestimate power of knowledge, ps are you jimmy bullards love child

  • @reflectivedetails6289
    @reflectivedetails6289 Před 4 lety +2

    Love the informative video... I'm having a beam put in for my extension and from day dot I told the structural engineer and builder that I want the joining room ceiling to be flush. Not being told the beam is to deep and cannot be flush as it hits the floor upstairs. Do I have any options?

    • @paullindsay4798
      @paullindsay4798 Před 4 lety +1

      Drop ceiling height a little bit

    • @fredrickadebayo1127
      @fredrickadebayo1127 Před 4 lety

      Hi, please can you link me up with a company that build steels I operate one of the machine in Dubai. I need a job please reach me on my email fredbayus@gmail.com or whatsapp me +2348028974627

  • @roadrunnerblink
    @roadrunnerblink Před 4 lety +1

    Great videos.
    How come those steels run inside the brickwork of the original house like that? (The area that the acro’s are propping up)
    Is it just easier than pocketing all the joists into the brickwork separately? Or is it serving another purpose as well?
    Thanks 👍

  • @acraftman2823
    @acraftman2823 Před 3 lety

    I actually had a carpenter show up with a 4oz hammer while building a addition I still have it as a memento.

  • @MrHenkeeper
    @MrHenkeeper Před 5 lety +9

    “Ball-ache” Classic Trade speak

  • @superiorbeing95
    @superiorbeing95 Před 4 lety

    Knocking them nails in those hangers Roger, you should get Milwaukee to give you the M12 palm nailer to have a go with, where you not got room to swing your hammer they are great.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 4 lety

      I have a Bostich palm nailer and Milwaukee sent one down recentely

  • @arbit3r
    @arbit3r Před 5 lety

    Mark looks like a gears of war character.

  • @letsgocamping88
    @letsgocamping88 Před 6 lety

    Lovely job hour doing there. why captive nuts at the steel intersection as opposed to a clearance hole, nut and washers? Would make fitting a damn sight easier.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety

      It would but the steel could move on the bolts and that would cause the masonry above to crack

  • @girlsdrinkfeck
    @girlsdrinkfeck Před 6 lety +34

    people moan why extensions cost so much money to build when its just a few bricks blocks and timber not realising in their ignorance the amount of planning problem solving and intuition that goes into making it all come together, another example of easier said than done.

    • @justycrusty
      @justycrusty Před 6 lety +1

      girlsdrinkfeck
      Never a truer word said!

    • @howardgilmour8464
      @howardgilmour8464 Před 5 lety

      Quite right, this video is exceptional as it shows you just how skilled, knowledgable and conscientious you have to be as a building professional. This is a technical project and I take my hat off to the fellas that pulled it off. Classy job.

    • @andymottley3273
      @andymottley3273 Před 4 lety

      I agree, but none of them got on helmets

    • @GLYNDYER
      @GLYNDYER Před 3 lety

      R-77 £75k

  • @MrAbdulHaque
    @MrAbdulHaque Před 3 lety

    Is the steel beam a concealed beam for the finished look? Do you have pictures/videos of the finished look of the ceiling where the ceiling opens up? Also in the finished look, were there nibs pertruding from the inner walls to support the steel beams?

  • @nicholaserkelenz6431
    @nicholaserkelenz6431 Před 6 lety +1

    Great video. You need a new hammer though. LOL

  • @jamesshortyrobertson4755

    What is the full extent of the steel off the corner of the existing build into the new extension? Is it a must for this type of wrap around extension?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 3 lety

      Yes you need to hold up the corner of the building to this 'T' steel arrangement is common.

  • @josefsalih8268
    @josefsalih8268 Před 4 lety

    What size is that beam, thank

  • @arthursleep8307
    @arthursleep8307 Před 3 lety

    Got a similar project, do the joists that sit in the internal web not have joist hangers
    Would appreciate your help

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 3 lety

      You don't need a joist hanger if they sit in the web but you need to bolt some timber noggins in between each joist so you can fix them in place.

  • @SJBBrickwork
    @SJBBrickwork Před 6 lety

    Good video , only question I have is how come you used engineers for the steel an not have a steel post underneath to hold the steel ?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety

      sometimes you use a steel post and sometimes not. I like a post but an engineering brick pier is how they always used to do it. Look at the all the old railway bridges built to take a steam train. They all use steel on engineering brick. The weight those steels are holding up is hardly anything in the great scheme of things

    • @SJBBrickwork
      @SJBBrickwork Před 6 lety

      Skill Builder yeah when I was younger we always built brick piers , lot of inspectors we use know like a post , brick pier with pad just as strong tho

  • @stephenjdixon1
    @stephenjdixon1 Před 5 lety

    overhand bricklaying should not be allowed but above head hight ???

  • @thomaschapple4749
    @thomaschapple4749 Před rokem

    Good news.. I ve found the damp problem
    Bad news.. you need to knock the house down!

  • @justycrusty
    @justycrusty Před 6 lety

    So how did you get around using smaller joists? They look like they’re sat on something built int block work?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety

      They are one inch shallower because the floor build up has underfloor heating so they will end up as 9inch.

    • @justycrusty
      @justycrusty Před 6 lety

      Skill Builder thanks

  • @leetaaprayzaanio4751
    @leetaaprayzaanio4751 Před 4 lety

    Hi, just a quick question. You mention towards the end that you were considering notching and slotting the joist directly into the steel beam but you didnt as you only had an inch of flange.
    If you were to rest joist directly on a steel beams flange, how much of the joist needs to rest on it?
    Thanks in advance

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 4 lety

      I would like a 2 inch bearing but would settle for 40mm with solid blocking in between each joist to eliminate and sideways movement.

    • @leetaaprayzaanio4751
      @leetaaprayzaanio4751 Před 4 lety

      @@SkillBuilder thank you, Much appreciated!

  • @cegaiyabdool9260
    @cegaiyabdool9260 Před 3 lety

    Stabila best you can get

  • @tomtruhelka
    @tomtruhelka Před 5 lety +1

    Roger,I am being overly picky here. How fiddly is to insert PIR insulation into the cavity when the wall ties are in the way? Especially when you need a snug fit for T & G. To me, there is very small wiggle space to insert the insulation when the walls are already erected? Great job as always, btw!

  • @mistersniffer6838
    @mistersniffer6838 Před 2 lety

    Whats the thickness of the beam?

  • @sonphan8267
    @sonphan8267 Před 2 lety

    What size of that steel beam please?

  • @peterphillipps2021
    @peterphillipps2021 Před 3 lety

    god i wish you had built my extension

  • @markbates8538
    @markbates8538 Před 4 lety

    Why did you stand the joists on wood? Is this a requirement or to make up her?

  • @mrboyban
    @mrboyban Před 3 lety

    Could you not have those joists end scribed into the steel beam rather than using the joist hangers?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 3 lety

      we do that sometimes, it all depends in what order the construction is done. The walls went up before the knock through

  • @TekkenBones
    @TekkenBones Před 4 lety +1

    When you hear people chatting shit about Robots building houses 3D printing etc.....just look at how much know-how you need to do this kind of thing...

  • @kailashpatel1706
    @kailashpatel1706 Před 3 lety

    sorry (from UK) does a building inspector check that joists and beams are installed correctly?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 3 lety +1

      yes they should check everything that is structural. It is all about making sure the building is safe.

    • @kailashpatel1706
      @kailashpatel1706 Před 3 lety

      @@SkillBuilder cheers..

  • @bigblue1972
    @bigblue1972 Před 4 lety

    a professional i could trust,,,i think there is less and less of them

  • @brandonacklin1913
    @brandonacklin1913 Před 2 lety +1

    🏦🏦🏦🥩🥦🥩

  • @zlatko1234554321
    @zlatko1234554321 Před 5 lety

    Nice safety helmets!...

  • @LeeRobertsMe
    @LeeRobertsMe Před 5 lety

    I'm positive I recognize a younger version of this mark guy, DIY type TV show in the UK or something along those lines..

  • @hotpoker4212
    @hotpoker4212 Před 4 lety

    What are the best bricks for load bearing purposes,?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 4 lety

      Engineering bricks are the best for any load bearing. They are used on railway viaducts.

    • @hotpoker4212
      @hotpoker4212 Před 4 lety

      👍👍

  • @hotpoker4212
    @hotpoker4212 Před 4 lety

    Is it true, that brick,is stronger,than blocks for load bearing, ?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 4 lety

      You can check out the strength of all bricks and blocks. The blocks used here are 3.5 Nm. That is strong enough for houses.

  • @240soundwave
    @240soundwave Před 4 lety

    he he, we get very lonely .... here .. in the studio on our own

  • @CheckFred
    @CheckFred Před 5 lety

    Blimin Eck - You got a bit excited with that Music didn't you? .........

  • @simply2ghetto
    @simply2ghetto Před 3 lety +1

    Is this your daughters place? It looks it from her videos.

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 3 lety

      yes

    • @simply2ghetto
      @simply2ghetto Před 3 lety +1

      @@SkillBuilder
      Awesome. Good job by yourself and the lads. Gave me a lot of inspiration for my double storey extension.

  • @ITryTo
    @ITryTo Před 4 lety

    Can you tell me the purpose of 2 steels side by side please?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 4 lety +2

      It is often done to reduce the weight. One steel is heavy and you need a large plate above it to support the cavity wall so 2 steels gives you the wider support.

    • @ITryTo
      @ITryTo Před 4 lety

      Skill Builder thanks, I need a steel to go on at my extension, it’s 9m long, 300x300mm and 2.1 tonne :(
      I can have lighter steel if I have it in 2 parts with a post in the center but we want it open plan, I thought what you did may be a way round it but at the end of the day it’s down to the structural engineer I guess lol
      Good channel by the way

  • @riptiz
    @riptiz Před rokem

    You would have found it easier if the connecting bolts didn’t have the nuts welding on.

  • @diyhomerenovation2562
    @diyhomerenovation2562 Před 6 lety

    Should you not have a compressible filler to the expansion joints? Also, are expansion joints required to the internal skin as the NHBC guidance doesn't require them I think?

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety

      Yes you can buy a foam strip to put in there but we just foamed it up with gun foam. There is a render bead over it. There is no movement joint on the internal skin.

    • @diyhomerenovation2562
      @diyhomerenovation2562 Před 6 lety

      Thank you. Very quick response and love your videos, I am finding them very useful for my self build :)

  • @Brown969
    @Brown969 Před 6 lety +2

    Good stuff, now give the apprentice his hammer back!! A proper hammer should sink those nails in two - three hits max!! Lol 🔨

    • @SkillBuilder
      @SkillBuilder  Před 6 lety +1

      Nathan Brown
      Yeah, I picked it up and tapped it in for the picture and my cameraman said "Why don't you use a grownups hammer". I said "No I'll use this and see the comments". Truth is I have a Paslode PPN but couldn't be bothered to get it out and find the gas and nails.

    • @shadowperez
      @shadowperez Před 5 lety

      Nathan Brown it’s not the speed it’s the accuracy

  • @fazerfaze
    @fazerfaze Před 5 lety

    noggings or dwangs