Indonesian War of Independence

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INDONESIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Link to USI page: en.wikipedia.o...
The Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.
The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.
Timeline
Early 1600s - Dutch presence on the islands that would become the colony the Dutch East Indies
Early 20th century - The Dutch gradually gain control of many other islands, with the colony becoming an archipelago of over 17,000 islands
Early 20th century - The Dutch implement “Ethical Policy”, reforms that allow more native youths to enter the school system; this sparks nationalism among the native population, led by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who adopt the word “Indonesia” to denote the concept of a future nation
World War II - Japanese forces occupy the Dutch East Indies and encourage nationalist sentiments among the native population
August 17, 1945 - Sukarno declares the colony’s independence as the Republic of Indonesia; a period of anarchy and violence follows, pitting pro-independence and pro-Dutch elements
September 1945 - Allied forces begin to arrive, tasked with repatriating Japanese forces back to Japan and allowing the return of Dutch colonial rule; this leads to armed conflict with the Indonesian revolutionaries
April 1946 - Dutch forces begin to return to the Dutch East Indies to restore colonial rule
Late 1946 - British and other Allied forces depart from the Dutch East Indies
November 1946 - Under British mediation, the Netherlands and Indonesian revolutionaries sign the Linggadjati Agreement that ends the territory’s colonial status and in its place, the future establishment by January 1949 of a planned federal nation called the United States of Indonesia; both sides are dissatisfied with the agreement
July 1947 - Dutch forces launch Operation Product, an offensive that seize large sections of Indonesia-controlled Java and Sumatra
August 1947 - UNSC Resolution 27 ends the fighting; under UN mediation, the two sides agree to the Van Mook Line
January 1948 - The two sides sign the Renville Agreement, which confirms the Van Mook Line
December 1948 - Dutch forces launch Operation Crow, capturing nearly the entirety of Indonesian areas; Sukarno allows himself to be captured, surmising that the international community would condemn the Dutch action
December 24, 1948 - UNSC Resolution 63 calls for a ceasefire and demands the release of Sukarno
January 1949 - Under pressure by the United States and international community, Dutch forces end their offensive
April 1949 - The Netherlands acquiesces to the transfer of sovereignty of Dutch-held territories to Indonesia
April-May 1949 - The Roem-van Roijen Agreement is signed that ends hostilities, restores the Indonesian Republic in Yogyakarta, and arranges a conference to determine the territory’s political future
November 1949 - The Netherlands agrees to cede sovereignty of Dutch-controlled states to Indonesia, the combined polity being a federal nation called the United States of Indonesia with the Indonesian Union and the Netherlands forming a loose association called the Netherlands-Indonesia Union under the Dutch monarchy; West New Guinea remains under Dutch possession
August 17, 1950 - The Indonesian Union is abolished and Sukarno declares Indonesia a unitary state
1956 - Sukarno abolishes the Netherlands-Indonesia Union
1962 - The Netherlands hands over West New Guinea to the UN
May 1963 - The UN hands over West New Guinea to and is annexed by Indonesia

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