Most Galaxies are Moving Faster than Light!
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- čas přidán 3. 05. 2024
- To understand how the universe can expand faster than light, we need to understand how causality works in Einstein's general relativity.
HUGE thanks to Dianna Cowern for helping make this video more relatable!
/ @physicsgirl
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TIME CODES
00:00 Cold Open
00:31 Light is slow.
01:49 Universal speed limit? Not really.
02:36 Causality
04:00 Why are galaxies going so fast?
05:20 Hubble Horizon
06:43 Comoving Frame
08:05 Peculiar vs Recession Velocity
10:15 Doppler vs Cosmological Redshift
11:24 Summary
12:01 Outro
12:18 Featured Comment
"... some galaxies should be moving away from us faster than light!
But how is that possible?! ..."
"This was made possible by generous supporters on Patreon."
Those supporters are getting too powerful!!
It's like, if I'm riding a purple polkadot dragon at the speed of light... And a yellow submarine passes me at the speed of light... That is 🚫NOT🚫 2x the speed of light. That's like, relative to the yellow submarine my purple polkadot dragon is standing still.
If two events are not causally connected they can be moving at more than the speed of light away from each other. The shape of the 3d space, that guides the dragons and submarines, is kind of hard to wrap brains around so we use 2d representations. Curves... Like two dips on a graph moving in opposite directions from one another at the speed of light. At the top of each dip is some sphere. Each is released at the same time and rolls to the bottom of their respective dip. Relative to each other, the objects moved faster than light, right? In that case, it doesn't matter. No information is being exchanged. They do not move faster than light in their local system, the dips.
@@Robert_McGarry_Poems Ok, but if your purple polish dragon flies at the speed of light by a intergalactic bus-stop, and at the same the yellow submarine passes your purple polish dragon at the speed of light, then at what speed the yellow submarine passed the intergalactic bus-stop?
hahahahahahahahha....
They are misunderstanding the relationship between time and light and space. The galaxies are not moving. The space between them is expanding exponentially. Time, light and matter are actually waves reacting to the expansion of nothing.
Nothing observable moves everything that is. That is all we can see now.
Oooh, throwing some red-shifted shade at Veritasium!
Takes some confidence to disagree with Derek!
@@thomashenderson3901 good he's a gronk!
@@Pobodies_Nerfect Derek is a little arrogant and the fact he's not following Nick on any platforms annoys me because it's passive aggressive narcissism.
@@Pobodies_Nerfect GENERAL RELATIVITY IS BETTER THAN QUANTUM MECHANIC
Nerd battle! Fight fight fight!
4:37 Ah yes. General Relatively. I served under him in the war. Good man, very flexible in his views. It's like he had this gravity about him. 🇺🇲🇺🇲
😂
And to think he started his career as a humble specialist
I'm a dad and approved this comment 👍
No. He ALWAYS threw you a curve. I swear you had to have a math degree to understand him.
Did you serve in the trenches with Schwarzschild?
This guy is so underrated
He explains complex problems with such ease
No, he made it more complicated than it needed to be. All he needed to say was that space itself can expand faster than light, but light must move within that space at the speed of light.
@@acrobatmapping make a youtube channel, say it yourself. No one is stopping you mate.
@@acrobatmapping yeah I noticed I’m always more confused after finishing his videos and don’t feel the answer is ever really answered
@The Chandricle, I couldn't agree more
@@acrobatmapping I understand your point. However, consider most viewers are not actually scientists for a living, and a great deal of stuff that 'goes without saying' for some of us (me sometimes) is not really that clear, and confirming or even explaining in depth (even being a lil' bit redundant sometimes) is actually quite useful for those who grasp the logic but not all the formality ('because Calculus'... ). So, I politely disagree with your general statement. I deem Nick really a positive influence towards understanding in this weird world we live in. Cheers !
The Science Asylum uploads:
Me: *Fast Fast*
Also video: *FAST FAST*
And the first thinb he talks about is light is actuall pretty slow. Lol
@@Balls_fart Yeah. It is preety slow in cosmological scale or even our solar system scale.
I have an analogy which helps me wrap my head around the idea of the expanding universe: I think of it as a raisin bread, or rather, the dough before it's baked. While the dough is rising, the raisins contained within the dough move further apart from each other as a result of the dough expanding, but they don't move with respect to the immediate surroundings.
the problem with that analogy is tho, that it assumes an extra dimension (the inside of the bread), whereas in GR there's no extra dimension
You're a rock star in this space, Dude. I didn't understand everything you said here but I'm going to watch the video again and again until it all clicks. Your videos are like a super-rich umami stew of science. Where many other channels use the weak broth of metaphors, you actually explain things in depth and with reference to meaty equations. (Even if, thank god, you don't derive them.) You _really_ answer the questions so we learn something, and that's much appreciated.
You're my favorite science tuber. You're the best at explaining things. You have the mind blow of vsuce, the intelligence of Veritassium, you're as unboring and easy to watch as Bill Nye, and your shows have the creativity, effort, and entertainment value of Alton Brown's Good Eats.
To me, the white lab coat makes the presentation seem less personal and more academic than I prefer. The classroom/teacher vibes tend to harden my mind. Whereas, the less cheesy yet humorous and casual rawness of vsauce gives me a squishy anxious free mind. But my wife has a hard time keeping up with the tangents Michael goes on, relative as they are. To each thier own I suppose. Lab coats stress me out though. I hope my criticism is constructive as intended. I mean no disrespect.
Nick: * does anything *
Nerd clone: WeLL aCtUaLLy
well actually it's the same guy in a different costume for the video
@@whoeveriam0iam14222 you fool, don't underestimate Nick's cloning ability!
id be happy with nerd clone doing a few videos
@@judgeomega me too.
Where it turns out, that clone was the real Nick and we've been watching one clone who hadn't realize he's a clone
Ah, for the old days when two scientists would become angry, duel, hitting each other with their slide rules.
Now they burn holes in each other with high power lasers
BONK
go back to sciency jail
Tycho Brahe lost his nose.
My dad was telling me when the mission controllers were discussing the flyby path for Voyager 2 to Neptune, it was full on vitriol. They had to agree on the path from Jupiter to Saturn to Uranus, but Neptune was open.
12:08 the ad transition was smoother than the surface of a spherical cow
Holy shit, a Brasseye reference? My man!
was it faster than the speed of light though?
I have to listen to these videos 3 or 4 times before I finally get it. This one, maybe 7 or 8 times.
Excellent as always. You provide a really interesting perspective on some concepts a lot of science educators have tackled over time
I don't always agree with conclusions drawn, but i really appreciate how much effort you make to be as correct as possible, especially when it comes to how terms are defined. I find your chanel to be one of the more insightfull science shows around. keep up the good work
I have been steadily going through your video's over the past few weeks and I can't understand how you haven't hit a million subs yet. Your video's are very well crafted and easy to understand for people of most levels and I use them as a start off point with my little sister for her school subjects. I even started referring people my own age to specific video's to provide them with explanations that I could never be able to make as simple as you do myself. Goes to show that I have much to learn, because as we all know, if you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.
Love the happy-happy picture-covered refrigerator in your kitchen.
Loved the video lesson. I've "known" much of this for quite some time, but you made a lot of it snap into understanding. Thanks!
As many years as I've been learning about and contemplating cosmology, (physical science in general) its always a Science Asylum video that nudges me past a stuck point.
Where were you stuck?
The wedding (?) photo is so lovely! And the content has outstanding quality, as usual.
Amazing, thanks for really opening up the layers of this question. I enjoyed this, and I also enjoyed Veritasiums’s video. Now I want to learn more about what the history of these two different red shifts.
Still loving your channel, especially when things get deep when the dance music kicks in! You still should have way more views and subscribers! Fast-fast 🤗
"Don't get on my case, ok. I don't get to name these things."
Tell me about it! That's how I feel whenever I'm explaining "imaginary" numbers to someone.
This video did a great job helping visualize imaginary numbers and referred to a proposal for renaming them as 'lateral' numbers
m.czcams.com/video/T647CGsuOVU/video.html
I disagree. I see numbers just as magnitude. I see things like -5 , i i^z as a magintude and some extra information we are giving to a function.
example
-5 magnitude is 5 and the info (whenever this object encounters a + or - sign use the opposite sign. )
5i == magnitude is 5 and whenever this object is squared give it a negative sign.
of course we can just define any number. Raising i to any power is just dependent on how we define raising power of i.
But i don't think we should call them numbers. I see math just as logical operations they are objects we use to represent logic.
I don't think of them as numbers. I just see positive rational numbers as numbers.
Otherwise why aren't vectors numbers.
Because every argument we can use for imaginary number can also be used for vectors
@@pravinrao3669 The word "number" us admittedly vague, but so are lots of words. Try defining "sandwich" or "game" in a way everyone agrees on and you'll see what I mean. But that's not the issue. The issue is that calling them "imaginary" is silly because because it implies they're somehow less "real" than other numbers. It'd be just as silly to call them "imaginary vectors". But we're stuck with the term for historical reasons.
All numbers are imaginary. They are a human construct.
@@thehousehack Yes, I agree. That's why it's silly to call one type imaginary as if they were somehow more imaginary than the others.
So, basically what is moving faster than light isn't actually moving faster than speed of light. It just seems like that because of scaling factor....
This was a really great video as always!
I feel like Schrodinger's cat, I both can be 🥺 or can be 😊 depending I am both until someone observed my innercat.
@@mrkitty777 good one 😂
😊 was observed. So the other kitty of schrodinger inside me was 🥺, gotta feed a hamster. Ooh and I watched many cat videos so when you get cat food ads at youtube too, it was probably this schrodinger cay equation. 🤭
0:49 YES!! We've got a fast fast ladies and gentlemen!
Now I'm still excitingly anticipating the next superzoom, Nick!
Another great video Nick. Thanks for this -- it was particularly enlightening (sorry), and I'm really impressed with how the graphics have changed over the years ... much more powerful now.
Thanks! I've worked really hard to improve my animation skill.
One thing I should clarify that confused me a lot when I first learned the concept: The co-moving frame isn't just one reference frame. It's a whole set of reference frames at different points in space. Two galaxies spatially distant from each other will have different co-moving frames.
Amazing explanations. Thank goodness for you being so lucid! And the photos of you and your wife are so beautiful and precious. Thanks for sharing! 😃
Fascinating. I've heard both that we can't go beyond the speed of light, and that the universe was expanding faster then the speed of light. I've never giving this much thought, so this was a great topic to learn more about.
Perfect! Thx for the clarity. Now I understand that it is not an entity has been "pushed" to go faster! It is the more primitive concept of space itself that is taking all the items, at and beyond a critical distance, more and more away from each other at a rate faster than the speed of light!
I love seeing science channels challenge the claims of others, a good reminder to take all info with a grain of salt, not everyone can be right all the time and some debate really shows the depth of a subject
This is the most understandable explanation of this stuff I've seen! Thanks!
oh my god dude the segue caught completely by surprise. for a second there I thought you were gonna reveal something even more mind blowing than everything you talked about. nice, very nice.
Another great video! Thank you! I look forward to your exaplining how the cosmological red shift is different from the gravitational red shift.
Plot Twist, we're also as fast as them from their pov
Indeed!
Ive never think of that
Yes, excellent point
They are all standing still, well relatively speaking...
Im fast af boiii
Like beer, this dude is an acquired taste.
*Which I've acquired.*
Mmmm, beer! 🍺
Yummy
10:28
I also was a little bit confused of his interpretation according to my understanding to redshift types, and here is a physics major agree with me.
keep it up!
I want to say that i disagree with Nick on he saying that Derek was wrong.
Nick is right about saying cosmological redshift is not same as a doppler redshift but Derek never said that, he said that cosmological redshift is same as a series of doppler redshifts. Add a bunch of bounded doppler redshifts and you got yourself a cosmological redshift
Awesome video =D Seriously, one of my favs so far!!
Another great and funny video! Thanks for the humor, the crazy, and the learning, Nick!
More rants please! That was the best part! 😋 Your actually the best Educational science channel on youtube btw!
Maybe he discovers the lucrative "react" thing. The last I saw, a video of a Korean girl reacting to a video of a Chinese guy reacting to a video of Jamie Oliver making egg fried rice. Fun, and viral.
@@joaquinel Maybe we fans can start making react videos to Science Asylum clips to give his channel a boost 🤔
Like, 'Son's reaction as clone's head explodes from insight overload in Science Asylum'
And special effects the kid's head explodes after the clone's like a chain reaction
This and PBS are the best two I’ve seen. And that maths one called something like BlueBrown. Oh and that one from Sabine.
This video is chock full of dense data. Wow, so brilliantly explained, nothing overlooked. Nothing on YT comes near. Nobody does it better!
keep fighting the good fight Nick, some of the best educational content I've seen!
Noone mentioned the causality examples and how great it was. Let me do it now! It was amazing! Also looking for further wife reacts videos. Whatever you do, they are always great
This channel deserves way more subscribers!!
Great science and sense of humor.
Maybe he doesn't care much about his subscribers or viewers... He's happy as long as he get patreon support..
Indeed. Spread the word !!! I do it whenever I can...
Love your content man...
Your simple way of teaching so called hard concepts in physics through basic conversation is just wow....Surely deserve more subs....
Great video! Really enjoy your genius ways of explaining stuff! :)
I'd seen that Veritasium video and something just didn't quite sit right when I finished. I think you explained it. I need to watch it again.
The things he said in the video were all at least _approximately_ true. He gets away with it because he kept the distance steps small.
Which vedio of his are you talking about
Can I know?
Yeh which vijeo? 🙏
E=Mc² : I am the most famous equation .
a²+b²=c² : am i joke to you?
Also quadratic formula (-b±√b²-4ac)/2a : Kids
It all makes sense now!
thanks a lot.
I've just received your book for my 18th birthday! I'm so excited & now revising all my calculus and phisycs knowledge to give it a shot. Let's just hope I'm not too dumb for this. Greetings from Poland:)
Happy Birthday!!
_Really happy_ about this video recommendation; I suspect I'll be re-watching this as I get more educated.
This is the only channel I've found which could explain quantum spin in a way that I could better understand what was going on. I'd suggest watching the rest of the videos here. They REALLY are easy to get even without a science background.
@@SlimThrull Which video helped you understand what's going on with quantum spin? (My vague notion is that quantum spin is merely related to which direction the particle travels in the magnetic pathways of the machine doing the measuring)
@@localverse Specifically this: czcams.com/video/sB1EPGmpzyg/video.html
I'll admit that I don't REALLY get what's going on, but the video gives me a much better picture of it than any other media I've found does.
7:59 - A new galaxy materializes right next to us. Quantum Tunneling confirmed.
Came here for this
i noticed that too, they're keep materializing here and there all the time \0/
Boom tube
This is an incredible channel. Thank you!
Thank you. Finally an explanation that makes any sense! I did not find anything close to that yet and this applies to more your videos!!
Glad I could help 🤓
Hey
Hey. Wait you didn't mean me? I'm offended.
Hey 👋
Wassup 🔥
Oy!
Omg it’s senpai greeting senpai 😍
"Peculiar" velocity makes sense since peculiar would denote exclusively to one's self.
A few other people have mentioned this. I had no idea there was a second definition for the word "peculiar." 🤯
The Science Asylum It's the original meaning, something to with cattle belonging to a certain place. The second, modern, usage means "foreigners have strange ways" or "we don't do things like _that_ around here, thank you very much".
@@FuturePluperfect Yup! It comes from the same root as pecuniary ("having to do with money") on the notion of cattle and other property both being a pecuniary measure of wealth, and peculiar to the owner. "Fee" comes from Old English feoh ("cattle") the same way, and the word cattle itself actually evolved in the other direction.
I have so many questions about Cosmology but I don't even know where to begin. For now I'm just going to keep watching and learning until I know enough to ask a question.
As always amazing video my dude thank you
That was a really Lucid explanation.
We needed this so bad ( a new. Video)
You surpassed yourself in this one. Answered my questions via Nerd Clone as they came to my mind, gave insights on how the grid connects to special relativity and threw a lil’ jab at veritasium, what’s not to love?
Great video, after watching your video after the Veritasium, the how of those 2 different redshifts work are clear.
9:06 ADORABLE!!
Science asylum uploads
Me:faster than light click
You cosmological cheater!
@@LuisAldamiz u can say so...
@Jani Akujärvi i hope i dint break causality
Always love the clarity I get from the asylum. keep up the great work I'll be here for the next one... obeying the laws of causality of course...I would have watched them all by now if I didnt
This is something me and my freind are currently in discussion with. Thank you for all the amazing content.
Glad I could add to the discussion 🙂
Your channel is the gift that keeps on giving, happy holidays all you asylum watchers!
THIS is the answer I've been looking for that nobody could give me! Thank you! This has been driving me nuts! Lol I would've loved to have had a teacher that could explain things in as much detail as you do, make it super easy to understand AND make it entertaining. Your channel is awesome
Thanks 🤓 I'm glad I could help!
I think that I understood most of that.
Well done Nick.
Thanks.
Watching your educational videos is as close as I ever came to the vulcan skill domes :)
In this episode became clear to me how much you improved as a science communicator
Ps: Nerd clone FTW
As expected, Nick lucid always explain a deep subject with clean and easily to understand.
Thanks
Just found this channel. It's great ! Very nice work !
I was trying so hard to understand what you were trying to say and couldn't even begin to really start grasping it until you said it's a change in scale of expansion versus a change in scale of distance
That Veritasium call out hahaha nice.
pls sir, may i have a crumb of context?
@@TheBrunchina Veritasium recently made a video about these shifts
And Nick disagrees with a point he was trying to make
@@TheBrunchina Science Asylum is gently "well, actuallying" Veritasium's video from a few weeks ago "What actually expands in an expanding universe" (i think its that video).
@@corydharma thanks
That's an awesome wedding pic
Thank you. I am beginning to understand this.
THANK YOU! I saw veritasium's video back when it came out and it left me very confused.
The part where he equates doppler and gravtational redshift made sense, but the part about cosmological red shift left me with so many questions and objections. Out of his 12 minute video, it takes him 10 minutes to start to answer the question posed by the title. Even then, he just asserts his answer; he never actually explains it.
He based his entire video on a single recent paper, but then presented it as if it was scientific consensus. It was a mistake that I hope he doesn't make again.
“Fast Fast” is my favorite youtube phrase. FAST FAST, FAST FAST, FAST FAST! Where is my FAST FAST compilation!?
right??? we desperately need one of those lol
@@mldag1678 we need one and we need it FAST FAST.
Holy shit, the transition to the ad was smooth :)
Sharks are that way: now you don't see it, now you are dead meat.
@@LuisAldamiz hahahahaha
This video is the one that had the most effect on my understanding. It's shocking. 🤯
Interesting, I never heard a scientist explain that galaxies are carried along by space. This is different than combing against space or the fabric of space which does not allow light speed by objects of mass. Excellent points.
That "fast-fast!" has become a meme
The image of Nick's face firing that off jumps to mind every time I come across something that's quick.
And it makes me smile almost every time
Wait... It did!?
Please make sure that before we point a laser to the Moon that we have set laser to stun.
That's phaser, not laser. Lasers don't have a "stun" setting.
@@kristyanne719 Live long and prosper
This is awesome thank you very much!
I actually for the first time understood absolutely totally everything in a science video, including the math. This means that I am not stupid, I am merely an Aspie. What a relief!
Light: Speed limit ⭕
Entanglement: Hold my photons 🚫
ENTANGLEMENT CANNOT REACH FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHT COMRADE !
But it's not communicating any information to vioate causality
Its all probabilistic, in classical sense also it holds
You open the video thinking you somewhat know the answer
Then Nick steps up to the plate and sends you out the stadium
A lovely video, I particularly liked the personal referneces and the pace of exposition
Your visualizations are the best!
10:26 this is the reason why I watch your video, there are so many things in the universe that we don't know, ....we can't possibly just simply generalize everything, as if it's a deliberate attempt to fool people there's nothing else beyond that
Love your easy explanations, and they are packed with info.
Clicked on this video faster than anything else :D
This makes a lot of sense because you can only see light that is within the expansion limits. Once photons get beyond a certain distance the expansion of the universe is happening faster than light so no information can be seen. The expansion of the universe itself limits what we can see with our telescopes.
Exactly!
The further out we look, the further back into the past we are also looking. It's not the present we're looking at. That itself is a kind of event horizon where we can't see what is happening present day, only the distant past.
@@ScienceAsylum But there is another phenomena that counters this for real in the Quantum realm.
While quantum mechanics has the uncertainty principle. All matter since the big bang has been in superposition with itself, as matter spread out across the expanding universe each particle was reacting to this superposition instantaneously. Even beyond the photon exchange barrier.
e.g. Tachyon being a single particle infinite velocity that makes everything. Others say lots of fields vibrating "Strings", some new guys say its Axions or a lower plank length reality.
The randomness of quantum mechanics is more like the recursion of ripples of fields permeating. Each deterministic, but their interference, is random at the smallest levels.
Determinism (Macro reality) is somewhat weird because "this information" cannot translate into the "lower energy" realm we exist in.
like your videos, keep up the good work! and maybe at some time you could make a video about what friction means on a microscopic or subatomic level. thx
I think I'll need to talk to an expert for that topic. It's a bit outside my wheelhouse.
@@ScienceAsylum i see, but thanks anyway!
This video was amazing as always.
And I'm waiting for more videos like a podcast similar to that you'd upload with your wife. 😁
this channel makes me question my true amount of scientific literacy, aka i feel too dumb to understand wtf the universe is
You're in Dunning-Kruger's Valley of Despair. Same here. It actually means we're progressing in our understanding. Keep it up. The other side of the Valley is worth the climb!
Lol sometimes I get that feeling too but I've increasingly realized that all of physics (and math too) can basically be reduced to two things: entities/objects and their interactions. That's basically it. Seen that way, the universe is just a set of physical objects interacting with each other. The speed of light, or rather, the speed of causality, just happens to be one of the rules of interaction: no objects shall interact with each other faster than c. Galaxies can travel FTL because they're not interacting with each other, but rather with spacetime. But then again, spacetime too can be considered an entity, which should forbid this.....but perhaps we got the rule wrong. Spacetime is a different kind of entity and can interact with the other kinds (matter/energy) at any speeds? But matter/energy can only interact with itself at c. Damn, I see your point 😂
You actually understand the universe well enough, else you'd be dead. It's just that you understand it locally and not cosmologically enough, but it happens to the best minds, so worry not.
@Irish Jester Aren't forces just different ways of interacting with each other? I mean, the strong and weak forces are called interactions for that very reason. EM is just interaction between charged particles through virtual photons and gravity is the interaction between matter/energy and spacetime. I don't see how that negates my point.
I couldn't put it better myself. Every single time before watching señor Lucids vids I'm like "I have a grasp of the thing he'll be talking about" and every single time after señor Lucids fantastic videos reality hits me with: "nope. just nope". Won't stop me from watching but damn...
How is this channel not have 2+ million subscribers during these times! I would have eaten up these videos way back when I was in high school/undergrad!
I love the fact you like to questioning everything ....and some times it causes disagreement and you are not scared to say that ....you are true brave scientist 😄😄😇
Ok, so if two things of mass eventually come together over time in space due to their own gravity, doesn't that mean once the universe is done expanding it will all come back together again?
It _wants_ to, but the expansion is too fast. The expansion overpowers gravity at the largest scales.
Ooooooo....very interesting....
Love from India ♥️
I'm reminded of the group velocity vs. phase velocity of EM waves in my modern physics class (phase velocity being superluminal sometimes).
Excellent Explanation! Anyone knows if there is any relationship between dark energy and all the galaxies ( Huge mass) that already passed the Hubble horizon since the big bang? As far as I understood all this mass will not be visible and will be creating a gravitational pull for all the matter before the Hubble horizon.