How Scientists Made the Hottest Thing Ever
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- čas přidán 22. 05. 2024
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At CERN, physicists are searching for answers to some of the biggest questions ever - like how the universe started and where everything comes from. To get one step closer to an answer, CERN scientists recreated the first moment after the Big Bang… making extreme temperatures that hadn’t existed anywhere in the universe in 13.8 billion years. Join us to see how they did it.
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I went to CERN but there was no gift shop. You couldn't buy a Large Hadron, even a fuzzy one.
Why was there a quark-gluon plasma in the first place? Where do the quantum fields and rules that gave that plasma the structure of the universe we know come from? Why is there anything at all instead of just nothing?
@@danifart 42
@@danifart Very interesting questions. The video would probably be an hour long if he went into all of that
I'd be interested to know about the neutrino dynamics in this plasma. Would they have influenced the topology of the quark-gluon plasma?
I thought my wife's parents already did this.
This is funny. I chuckled.
I too, would want his wife
Cute.
Top tier comment 🤌🏻
Ha, nice
It blows my mind that the hottest and coldest places in the known universe are in labs right here on Earth.
Uuhhhhh.... when you put it like that... kinda give me the "heebie-jeebies" 😬😅
When I started grad school an undergrad professor asked me why I wanted to go to grad school and I said because I love doing experiments. Curiosity is the driving force of science and it has given us so many answers and better yet so many questions.
But it's not actually true, at least for the hottest. Cosmic rays are vastly more energetic than anything CERN can create.
"known"
Not exactly as far as hottest goes. So far, the hottest place in the universe on record is the quasar 3C273, a brightly-shining region around a supermassive black hole roughly 2.4 billion light-years from Earth, Palumbo said. This region has a core temperature of about 10 trillion kelvin (more than 10 trillion degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius), according to the Greenbank Observatory in West Virginia. However, there is still uncertainty surrounding this temperature estimation
It's kind of hilarious how extraordinarily uncomfortable Herr Schweda appears to be with being filmed. That last shot of his (lack of) reaction to Joe expressing his enthusiasm for the ALICE acronym is fantastic. This is the kind of interview from which memes are made.
Perhaps he’s uncomfortable with the interviewer.
I was thinking the exact same thing - especially regarding Herr Schweda's expression at the end!
perhaps he wanted to name it LICE instead back in the day. imho that would have been infinitely more fun, if not as dignified ^^
His "Math" sounds too close to "Mass" ! ! Now; when you are speaking out on subjects relating to HEP (High Energy Physics) You should really make an effort, and Not let us figure it out from the context!
@@ittaiklein8541go have several seats. You seem to be the only one having a problem.
My first thought was "I hope they don't create another universe within our universe and become a part of a never-ending loop where every universe originates from this one simple discovery"
I’d hardly call it simple.
I get to that conclusion too
What if someone already did this in another universe that created our universe 🤔
"Microverse" -Rick C. Sanchez
How do you think we got here?
The last ten seconds of the video are absolutely great. Thanks to the editor for showing us those takes
😂 the guy had no idea how to respond
👀
Aliens watching the us use the particle accelerator like we watch gorillas smash rocks together
In case anyone is wondering why the ions in the animation of the heavy ion collision look all smooched like a pancake, it's because, at speeds near the speed of light, length contraction (as explained by Einstein's Theory of Relativity) has a significant effect. So it is actually pretty much like smashing two atomic pancakes together (and the models need to account for that).
the protons and neutrons should be flattened too.
Atomic Pancake, thanks that's my band name now
Thanks, I was wondering about that
Interesting... Didn't know that
Yep the omg particle was flattened like a pancake when it was detected
I like how ALICE allows us to a detailed look at something we can't see normally, kind of like looking trough the looking-glass.
LOL, that Swiss sense of humor at the end killed me :D
What if the Quark Gluon Plasma that became the universe we know and love, is really just part of some creature's particle accelerator experiment that lasts just nano seconds on their scale?
I mean if that’s the case those aliens have extremely complicated particles
Wow!
That would be a lot of matter/energy, way more than what they're using on CERN...
That's basically just simulation theory, which itself is just an offshoot of theology
@@spindash64I think you mean simulation hypothesis, as it isn't a theory.
Time- doesn't even exist yet
Boss- "when can you get here?"
time for Universe is just an illusion
Kai Schweda looks so incredibly pissed in this interview 😂
15:00 _Why am I forced to do this_ 😮💨
The engineering in this collider is mind bending.
Detail I found super interesting: they store about 1 exabyte (= 1024 Petabyte = 1024*1024 Terrabyte) in data. Thats the same order of magnitude as Big Tech companies use in total. And its not one of the biggest companies of the earth, its a simple research institution. Thats how far paying taxes can bring humanity.
How come the early universe clumped 50km ball didn't turn into a black hole? Wouldn't it be denser than actual black holes now?
...and now I'm thinking about this.
It collapsed into infinite black holes that are still around today
1) There was never a ball. The universe is infinite; the ball was used to show the density of the infinite universe. 2) As others pointed out, the infinite universe was expanding extremely fast, (cosmic inflation) too fast for black holes to form. 3) The universe was *almost* equally dense everywhere, leaving few spots for black holes to form. 4) About a second after the Big Bang, some extreme imperfections may have formed primordial black holes.
Black holes are typically described in terms of an extreme gravitational gradient in an otherwise relatively static space. The big bang was homogeneous and expanding at an astonishing rate. (A region the size of the monitor you are looking at becoming the size of the observable universe in the blink of an eye.) I.e. and a very long story short: Such extreme conditions werent right for them to form.
Though that may have changed extremely rapidly and there are hypotheses about 'primordial black holes' forming almost immediately.
Its because human understanding of "physics" is fundamentally limited and we as a species will never, ever, understand the totality of how everything works at all that fits our conscious understanding and logic. For all we know what we understand as "physics" and logical and sensible, is just that, valid to our senses and how our brain works and perceives its input.
The ultimate reality, whatever it is, on how all of the universe works, is fundamentally unknowable and incomprehensible to our limited brains and understanding. We simply do not have the ability to understand the whole of physics. We are biologically and physically limited to.
Thank you for utilizing your Phd mind for digging into the technically dense info about CERN to reveal this info in a way we can understand. Looks like you are earning your keep. Think we'll keep you around. Thanks again!
The difference between an iPhone and the LHC is, that for the LHC, you actually can install upgrades.
There are heavy ion collisions done at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where they study quark gluon plasma as well! So there are actually 2 places in the world where QGP is made! Right up in Long Island, NY
Also every square meter of the Earth is bombarded by ultra high energy cosmic rays that collide with ten times as much energy [1]. It's really embarrassing for Be Smart that they didn't fact check this guy on his fallacious bragging.
1. LaHurd, D. V. (2017). "Searching for Quark Gluon Plasma Signatures in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays"
You're not describing a liquid. A liquid without friction is a super-fluid and it is usually achieved by extremely low temperatures, not extremely high. That is fascinating!
Some theoretical models suggest this quark plasma may also exist inside the cores of some neutron stars, and I'd imagine it could probably also be produced in small amounts in the accretion disks around active black holes and magnetars. For all we know the space beyond the event horizons of black holes could be full of the stuff.
Possibly...past the limits beyond the "edges" or outside of the theoretical "realms" (beyond the universe's vail) of the furthest possible expanses of intergalactic/interstellar/universalar existence as well, maybe? LmMFaO!
Also ultra-high energy cosmic rays collide with ten times the energy produced at the LHC [1]. It's often a mistake for people in one field (high energy physics) to make claims outside that field (cosmology). It's a bigger mistake for Be Smart to fail in their obligation to fact check the things people say to them in an interview.
1. LaHurd, D. V. (2017). "Searching for Quark Gluon Plasma Signatures in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays"
Imaging if each time cern smashes particles together they are actually creating new universes.
My thoughts exactly. And the servers they store the information on, is the matrix.
Thats so scary to think abt
@@lis7742conspiracy theory's
Your videos on this channel, and how amazing they are both from a tuition and production perspective is what inspired me to create my own CZcams channel based around sharing facts. Thank you so much for all your hard work and dedication. One day I will hopefully get to your standards
⛲
I love it when people say things like, 'image how much all of that must cost, like there is nothing more urgent to put that money into.' Everybody wants warp drive and teleporters but nobody wants to support the research that could lead us closer to extraordinary things like that. Research doesn't drive poverty and defunding research won't end it.
Right? Imagine if Hollywood movie budgets funded all physics research
@@cheetah219 I'd bet their revenue could handle a big chunk of the load. Large projects take a lot of money, but researchers with hypothesis to test will bend over backward to make it work.
The best way to drive invention and innovation is to liberate the people. If everyone had the extremely rare freedom that CERN scientists have had in their lives, we'd be living in world littered with LHC-like projects and might even have our warp drives and teleporters already. I sure am glad we figured out that enslaving humanity with churches and hedgefunds and mega-stadiums is better than all of that progress-stuff. I mean, can you imagine? How awful it would be? If people were free?
@@cheetah219 the american p*rn industry alone has like way more money then all of nasas budged
Preach
“Its hard to believe that some of humanity’s biggest philosophical question could be answered by smashing stuff together in a tube”
Thats poetry
Crush a can of Pringles. Solve all questions.
@@aqdrobert true 😂
Loved this video, seeing some of the science behind these mind-blowing particle physics contraptions is amazing. Can you do a video talking about the dark matter or cosmic ray observatories?
💥 Forever curious! Thanks for all you do, Joe!
@Be Smart
Thanks for another great video.
Now I might be wrong but I believe that (@7:02) the term "created" (absolutely enormous amounts of energy), really ought to be "release".
Best regards.
Great video as always, but the sound effects were mixed too loudly in some spots.
Imagine being the scientists that first built and tested this equipment. Colliding dense atoms to create the hottest temp in the universe could have gone very wrong, I’d be so worried that it wouldn’t be contained to the apparatus😅 Amazing what they’ve accomplished!
Even though the individual particles may have absolutely insane speeds and energies, the amount of those particles in each set of collisions is relatively small, thus not a huge amount of energy is released during the collision. It’s definitely dangerous if you got yourself in the middle of the beam - read about the Anatoli Bugorski accident, where his head was struck by a particle beam with 7 GeV protons. He survived, but had some radiation damage to his brain but was relatively okay since most of the particles just passed through him (not significantly worse than other radiation exposure incidents). The CERN collider energy is about 1000x greater at about 7 TeV, with shooting about a billion protons/second (which sounds like a lot, but remember, just 1 gram of water contains well over 10^23 protons) - thus the energy per second is I believe about 1 kilo Joules of energy, equivalent to about 240 calories burning up in one second. So it’s not an insane amount of total energy, but since each particle has so much energy (in the trillions of electron-volts, meanwhile normal chemical reactions occur in the range of .1 to 10 electron volts) it’s an insane amount of energy at that scale. Again, to put it in perspective - Radiotherapy machines that use smaller particle accelerators create protons with about 70 MeV, and deliver around 1 kilojoule per kilogram of targeted matter, same total energy of the CERN beam in a second, just wayyy more spread out and over a longer period of time.
Just like sparking a piece of flint, creating microscopic explosions do not cause any issues. The most energetic possible thing you can make in the universe is this and particle-antiparticle pair annihilation, which both can destroy everything we love with just a couple tons, but this will never be dangerous because it’s just too small scale (antimatter production has already started but only produces about 10 nano grams a year, and if not sustained all of it will be destroyed in a very short period of time (along with being able to hold only a very small amount)
You've been fooled by this careless lie. No, the LHC temperatures aren't the hottest in the universe. The highest energy cosmic rays collide with energies an order of magnitude higher [1]. Yes, it's amazing, but please try to help avoid spreading this misinformation.
1. LaHurd, D. V. (2017). "Searching for Quark Gluon Plasma Signatures in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays"
They collide protons of Hydrogen, after electrons have been stripped.
Here is a superb illustration of how it works: czcams.com/video/q8lNooOiK1g/video.htmlsi=aG1qHphmPZWjK5hG
Yes it's called the people that built the atomic bomb
Why are my favorite science videos the ones that make my brain hurt the most?
It hurts just like a muscle hurts that's getting exercise! Feel the burn, and all that. 😊 No pain, no gain. 💪🏽🧠
3:07 LOL
Very interesting, and so fun when you add the dry humor here and there 😃
I loved your presentation and and the graphics.
So far, the hottest place in the universe on record is the quasar 3C273, a brightly-shining region around a supermassive black hole roughly 2.4 billion light-years from Earth, Palumbo said. This region has a core temperature of about 10 trillion kelvin (more than 10 trillion degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius), according to the Greenbank Observatory in West Virginia. However, there is still uncertainty surrounding this temperature estimation
Well, quite precisely more than 10 trillion and 273 degrees Celsius, or 18 trillion and 523.4 degrees Fahrenheit.
@@samuelcheung4799implicitly giving Fahrenheit the shade it deserves, I like it.
it really irked me that he only mentioned stars and not quasars, feels like there wasn't due diligence followed when producing this video for the sake of a sensational claim
@@samuelcheung4799 Giving those last digits when the uncertainty is probably in the range of a percent, give or take two orders of magnitude, seems like a mistake.
@@stefangadshijew1682 Now this edit should make it a bit more accurate.
9:40 and in that little moment, a whole universe lived. In one particular galaxy, there was one particular star around which orbited one particular planet that had life. A whole civilization evolved, and then went extinct, and then another evolved and that went extinct. On and on this went, in many places all across the universe, countless numbers of times, until finally the universe collapsed back into itself and ceased to exist. "Fire up the laser for the next experiment" the operator said casually.
Haha whoaa
No, not even remotely true or even possible. The collisions are thousands A SECOND. No time for anything to start. Besides, its destroyed upon creation. It's actually destroyed before its a thing....
Nice video as always, but so sad...
I live not so far from Geneva and if I knew, I would have come to say hello and thank you in person for all your interesting work and video.
Keep going with your touch!
At around 4:30 the animation shows ions becoming neutral was the point when light started shining through. However, I remember it always being referred to as the re-ionization event from the primordial stars that turned opaque neutral clouds transparent. Please resolve this disconnect for me.
I visited CERN just a couple of months ago
From what I understood, a team had moved on to calculating the viscosity of the QGP
It's also fun to recognize you used some of the official graphics from the (soon to be old) CERN data centre guided tour
One of the many neat things about the facility is that the average age there is under 30, as getting a permanent employment takes years of shorter employments to have a chance to achieve
My favourite part of the visit was learning about the experiment and seeing the actual machinery used last summer to figure out antimatter "falls down" similar to regular matter
It was a question I had in highschool and now we have an answer
I'd have assumed that anti-matter would be affected by gravitational waves in the same way that matter is, only because anti-matter is just matter with the opposite charge,
Joe, you are my favorite nerd 😍
Cool hair Style JOE.... Love this Look!!!
I was expecting him to follow "My name is Kai Schweda" with "but everybody calls me Schweda", followed by a Daft Punk banger. 🤣
Giovanni Schweda!
What a great video. The explanation although mind boggling is a huge step forward. Keep making more of these videos💥🌟🌞
my man be watching videos faster than the expansion of the universe 😭
how is this video posted 8 minutes ago but the comment here is from 15 hours ago?
@@manishdevgan7004They must be q Patron they'll get access to videos early
@@manishdevgan7004some videos can be uploaded but unlisted with few ppl that have access to it for whatever reasons, then actually published where we peasants can see and view it. They have a patreon as well so it could be viewed early for the people who pay.
Membership man, membership!
Okay but, if they can create something that's so hot it breaks fundamental particles into goo... What kind of insulation are they using in that container? Wouldn't the container turn to goo?
it's barely any mass being at that temperature for an insanely small amount of time. Doesn't have as much actual thermal energy as it seems
At the scale they're working at, these events last a fraction of a fraction of a second at a size that doesn't register on instruments that aren't specifically adjusted for this. The strongest magnetic fields on the planet keeping it all together helps too.
I would think that because of the extremely small scales of the particles used in the collision, any produced heat will disperse incredibly quickly through collisions with the billions of particles that make up the surrounding air.
Thanks to you for asking this, and all those responding with answers. I was puzzled as well 😅
They’re doing so at a scale of less than an atom at less than a millisecond
LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone, ALICE looks at collisions of lead ions, CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind, they're looking for whatever new particles they can find
i love that song
14:53 Swiss humor at its finest 😂. Right after they cut he had to have cracked a smile.
I have not seen swiss people talking in this video.
In fact he didn’t speak in the end clip, but he had the best facial expression to the praise of the acronym for the program. I’m glad that made the cut.
@@raphaelgarcia9576 Yes, "He" is not Swiss. Just because the building is in Switzerland does not make every person in there a Swiss person. The same logic applies to any country! 🤯
The soup should be called 'I can't believe it is not black hole'
Even the best science we have can’t make one that lasts long enough to even record, if at all, maybe we will in the future but we would have to find a way to hit all those bits of lead at each other within the same nanosecond for us to make one that ceases to exist immediately after due to hawking radiation being a little too quick for anything less then the mass of (don’t quote me on this) a penny, so unless we smush the moon, it ain’t happening where we are (and doing that would probably kill us as the heat gets close enough to incinerate us before it blows up because you just can’t make it a blackhole)
At one point in the past, space had a nice temperature of 20 degrees C. And if you think about it, then you will realise that life could have started everywhere during that period
The LHC....so cool. Nice trip.
Supercollider? I don’t even know her
How Scientists made Joe
"We are going to create temperatures that have not existed since the Big Bang"
"Obviously, you've never been to Florida on the Summer"
💥It was great getting to see inside CERN and learn about ALICE!💥
Fine tuning is sweet💚
Joe at CERN? A happy child 😂
The guy is German... It wouldn't understand humour if it bit him 😆
That last bit at the end 😂😂😂😂
I wonder how they get the different sections to line up to such a degree of precision!
Thank you for call me smart 😌
Love the Carl Sagan Jedi on a dinosaur poster 😂
Great video, but if there's somewhere I would not have expected to see a Glasgow bus this would have been it.
I like how he said that nature needs to care about our theories or not for them to work.
Hey look, it's me!
the quark-gluon plasma reminds me of that one scene where sheldon guesses a chocolate cookie :))
The bit about "we are seeing the aftermath" fascinates me. I think this is something where AI will be very helpful in the future.
as far as im aware certain types of ai are already used in particle experiments
AI didn't just magically appear a year or so ago. Machine learning has been a field since at least the 1980s and the fundamentals of it are older still.
The first applications in consumer products have been present since the early 2010s, and it picked up steam fast during the 2010s.
The transformer architecture that happens to be amazing at sequence prediction (read: predicting the next word in a sequence) was described in 2017.
It has been happening for a long time. It just picked up wind and hype recently.
It has its flaws like any other tech. It's not a magic bullet, not perfect and it's, while amazing, overhyped a little.
But it's still powerful if applied correctly.
1 Terabyte of Data per seconds is nuts.
And it is mostly garbage.
Cannot wait until we can take these plasmas and manipulate them into perfectly tasty taco replicas.
Great episode.
Say “first time in our universe in 8 million years’ while some alien 2 galaxies away is using this to heat his morning coffee
Having watched MD simulations at room temp, thinking of 2TK, just makes my head hurt.. Location goes out the window.. such a crazy blur..
That might be how some Roll at a Concert.
But im like a Neutrino I just push my way out regardless how dense the crowd is, sometimes its so dense it might take me a while but eventually ill push through.
What about the high energy particles that come from space? Would they also generate the same heat? especially since they are at much higher energies than cern can produce. Or does it need to be two high energy particles colliding from opposite directions
Yes, the highest energy cosmic rays collide with an order of magnitude greater energy than is achieved in the LCH [1]. This guy is simply wrong. He is promoting his own institution and flagrantly overselling the uniqueness of the experimental conditions. It's an impressive achievement. But that's no excuse for spreading misinformation. And shame on Be Smart for yet again failing to fact check the people they interview.
1. LaHurd, D. V. (2017). "Searching for Quark Gluon Plasma Signatures in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays"
be cool to know who did the animations for the collider
Thanks, great video
10:18 - After the collision the particles „hit” the detectors, and they form a unique pattern, In the video the host called it “tire tracks”. But in this case, they know the origin, the point of collision, and the destination, the place where they interacted with the detector, from that two information how do they recreate the particles curved path?
The highest energy cosmic rays indicate that vastly higher energies than CERN can create have existed elsewhere (most likely supernovae, black holes, neutron stars, that sort of thing). 320 exa-eV versus a mere 14 tera-eV collision from CERN. 8 orders of magnitude higher.
But when they hit the atmosphere, you have to sonsider the center of mass collision energy, which for a fixed target experiment goes like the square root of beam energy…so I’ll let you run the numbers.
The idea that the early universe wasn't transparent to light is insane. I'm assuming that this is also why the "background" of space is always black, no matter how much you magnify it with a telescope
Big bang emoji? Boom, I guess? 😅
Great video, guys!
Oh, great! CERN's at it again! Now everybody's going to think that my Bear-n-sturn Bear books used to be Berenstein or Berenstain or something!
Tacos are a primordial substance, confirmed.
They have largely been the building blocks of my personal matter.
Its like that first episode of that anime you watched when nothing *complex* happens, but you just know it will change everything.
Wow I didn't know they had made quark-gluon plasma at Cern!
Big Band emoji ... and happy new year !
Weird to think the potential for life and consciousness was in that primordial soup at the beginning. Still blows my mind that somehow the inanimate became animate somehow somewhere but the potential had to be there from the beginning.
Ikr? I mean how? Why? Wtf?
It’s not correct that scale does not matter at high temperatures. It’s because the difference between Celsius and Kelvin scales is just 273, so they add up to the similar thing at high temperatures. For Fahrenheit where the factor is multiplicative, the number in F would be almost doubt to 5.4 trillion F.
Smaching stuff together in a tube... Lol.
Love the new haircut Joe! 🌌
Could butane be used as a propellent, to decrease the temp. more and increase speed? What about if you added a faraday cage of some type? And instead of one loop, why not two? In a cabel like pattern on a mobius strip? Each strand holding a particulate matter?
Time to go re-watch Alpinekat's legendary LHC rap.
0:04 Joe who? Joe mama😂😂😂
✴🌌🌎 That last clip was pure comedy gold 😅
9:05 this really is different from the iPhone, you see Unlike the iPhone, the LHC CAN receive upgrades.
curious if Quarks and Gluons are a liquid how hot do you have to get to evaporate it?
Cool. Thanks for sharing.
Oh my God, the look on that man's face in the end 😂
What about cosmic rays? I thought the collisions from cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere sometimes produced significantly higher energies than any of our particle colliders?
Edit: oh, ok, using larger particles comprised of many nucleons, rather than just very high energy collisions between an elementary particle and a nucleus.
Yep, exactly! See "Searching for Quark Gluon Plasma Signatures in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays" by LaHurd, D. V. (2017).
Wow, 2 terakelvin is indeed a mind boggling temperature!! 🥵 🔥 💥
The premise asserted in this, that matter in this state hasn’t existed anywhere between the big bang and recently, is predicated on the supposition that there is no technological life elsewhere in the universe that could have done this experiment before us.
Its hard to imagine that you COULD EVEN imagine what the universe was like at the start
What was the weird roof robot snake ouroboros sculpture thing?!?
i believe it was quantum entanglement of all the particles together like in helium at absolute zero
There are a few fundamental errors in the intro to this. CERN doesn't smash atoms together "at the highest energies since the beginning of the universe." CERN is regularly outdone in energy by cosmic rays impacting the Earth. The LHC operates at around 13 TeV. Cosmic rays regularly are 7 orders of magnitude higher than that; 130,000,000 TeV