We've Detected Ghost Particles on Earth - What this means for science
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- čas přidán 12. 09. 2024
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The fact that this video was only viewable 10 minutes ago, uploaded 11 minutes ago now........ but yet there are comments from up to 3 days ago
I believe this guy is a time traveler, great video as always partner
If that book refers to Earth as "Mostly Harmless" I'm getting one.
plot twist, ghost particles came from the LHC
no option to ship book to Canada?
Still have mine from the first run: #5/175, thank you for everything you do!
Idk if I'm just paying more attention to this stuff as I get older, but it seems like groundbreaking science is occurring at an ever increasing rate. The Higgs Boson, neutrino detectors, gravitational waves, JWST, first images of black holes, etc.
It gives me so much hope to know there are still so many blindingly intelligent people on this planet that just want to add to our collective human knowledge.
Me too ,i 60 seems everday somthing is new and amazing
both probly
Unfortunately many of my colleagues are superstitious to sciences like this. I'm sure if we are taught to innovate rather than follow consumerism this superstition would not exist.
I would expect that discoveries and breakthroughs should be occurring at increasing rates, we had that in the 19th and 20th centuries as it is, it should continue into the 21st century and further into the future.
Did you know that what humanity collectively learned over the thousands of years up to the end of the 20th century, half of all that data is just in the 20th century alone? The most chaotic century in human history, on its own, supposedly doubled what humankind had overall gained.
Dont forget dark oxygen
"F*ck tha pole ice"
- IceCube
Creative
please leave
👏
they are coming straight from the underground
@@slyntho thank you
the best way to explain the cherenkov radiation i have ever heard...
I don't know squat about it but I feel like I understood that pretty well.
Me and my bro were using a screwdriver to separate two halves of a plutonium sphere rather than proper spacers. Anyway he slipped the screwdriver and the halves slapped together, a nice blue flash of cherenkov radiation lit up the room. Dumbass gave himself a lethal dose lol I survived but most of my flesh fell off. Good times.
Same!
I'm 72, the idea that 17 yr old me could find and learn all this is grounds for hope.
Too bad your hopes are dashed a thousand fold by the fact that 93% of 17 year olds are tik tok cell phone zombies these days.
You've some things. In a way you're something of a time traveler already.
good sir, i was a lazy ass in my young years and only started high school in Germany at 29 and am now studying physics. Just finished my bachelors degree and now will continue with my masters degree. It astonishes me every day how crazy things like QM are. There is always a place for hope
72 y/o Nerd. 🎉🎉🎉 Absolute beast.
@@thecaretaker407
Why do you say so... I've found so much great info through my lifetime usage of CZcams
I worked at McMurdo Station in 08/09 and I was so bummed (still am) to not be able to make it to the pole because I wanted to see Ice Cube. It's such a cool project.
Serious question, how could you be that close and not get there?
@@MarinCipollina It's pretty far away. You have to fly for a long time on a LC-130 to get from McMurdo to South Pole and that makes it very expensive for the NSF. There needs to be a very serious reason for you to be down there. One of my coworkers was lucky enough to make the trip, but only because he was the most senior on our team. I got to do plenty of amazing stuff, but not that trip.
Unironically thank you for your service
Yes that was unfortunate. I, on the other hand, did get to see it having worked on the project in its initial stages when it was some weird poroject. Gratifying to see how much interest it now commands.
How lucky to work in such a unique place, many less than the size of a small town have been there
I can't help but feel a lump in my throat anytime Arecibo is mentioned. 😔
Battlefield doomed it from the start
you feel a lump in your throat while I punch (a haymaker punch) straight to my face because I was in PR when it was in operation but kept putting off a visit before it went down :(
@@lowcorrelation”D’oh!!” Said Homer Simpson and @lowcorrelation 😢😊
Such a shame it all fell apart, quite literally
@@lowcorrelationAye man, I don't know if it's open anymore / remaining, but if both of that are true, then I'd still encourage you to go pay that one visit, and also pay respects now.
Hi astrum, I want to pour my heart into this comment. I am really long time viewer here (6-7years i think) I just want to let you know that you made me get fascinated in space and stuff around it so I am glad and proud to do so. I even crack some funfacts to my friends/family, because I gained the knowledge from your work which was and to this day and foward is just brilliant also that you are not like others promoting shitty brands and therefore you don't ruin the quality of videos because of it which is the one of the reasons that kept me watching you and let me tell you I am that type of the guy who just get bored after a while doing/watching the same stuff, but this channel and your team deservenot only my, but others attention too not only for the superior education than probably teachers around this topic, but also for learning about our place in the universe it self. I swear if you made a 4 hours long documentary video about a random rock in space I would watch it in one go ngl. 5 last words: Keep doing these videos please
EDIT: If someone found spelling mistakes ignore them, because english is not my main language :)
Zero significant language problems detected in your post by me, for what it’s worth. In fact, your post is superior to many native English speakers.
Totally agree.
Actually I did find a typo -you need a space between “[and your team ] deservenot”. But this not a language issue more fumbling on your typing. Other than that it’s okay.
I have lived long enough that you should never pick holes in comments from people that speak with love, that type of language is universal, and it unites Earthlings like us. I agree with your comment 100%.
You communicate well. If someone complains, tell them "I speak English because it is the only language you speak. You speak English because it is the only language you speak. We are not the same."
The most fascinating use of neutrino detection for me was the collaboration between physicists and archeologists in Egypt about 10 years ago, to determine what, if anything was inside a newly discovered cavity in the Great Pyramid. Egyptologists felt certain that there were cavities still to be discovered within the pyramid, but the government prohibited them from excavating and damaging the temple; the solution to prove or disprove their theory was through neutrino detection and their patterns beneath the floor in question.
If I’m not mistaken, the test proved that there was nothing inside the cavity and that it was just hollow space, thus preventing any unnecessary alteration or destruction to the structure.
Essentially, the scientists were using neutrinos as a large X-ray machine to determine if the cavity was empty space or filled with unfound treasures.
😊
that's cool. thanks for sharing 👍
Yeah the fields should cross study so much more can be learned
I think you mean muons... Not neutrinos.
Tthey dont worked with neutrinos
Muons.
Same music as Anton Petrov, don't know if it was on purpose but love you both.
Anton Petrov is one of my favorite presenter/explainers
Hello wonderful person!
its just generic fill music, like stock photos anyone can use
Anton is miles ahead of this buffoon with this clickbait.
From hip hop to astronomy, Ice Cube has done it all!
I got 99 problems but a Higgs ain't one
George Clinton: "I knew ice cube when he was just water ".
Great information presented in an extremely professional way. The text, monologue, graphics and animations are of a quality far beyond 90% of the AI stuff here on CZcams - MUCH appreciated. Bravo!
Astrum is top tier! He also has the easiest voice to listen to.
Astrum, Sea, and History of the Universe are what all those stupid AI channels are trained with
14:58 why do they need to be bald? hahaha
That Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station would make a kick-ass LEGO kit!
great point!
So would CERN and the LHC.
this explains how we keep finding crazy new stuff in the sky , seeing a signal to an event makes capturing them far easier. I really hope human kind doesn't ruin the opportunity to continue making these discoveries and making progress. We have wasted too much time and energy on war and needless conflict.
War and conflict is often what advances technology at a quicker rate to allow us to make use of it in peacetime in ways such as this
My first thought to "picture a telescope" was legit "which kind?" 😆
I thought of a speckle-bellied lemur. My psychotherapist loves me. 🤎
Mine was similar: What are we observing?
Me too
Very nicely done and well researched. I am thrilled to see comments reflecting the joy of people watching your content!
As a physicist, I would just point out two errors, one significant, the other a point of detail: 1) neutrino interaction cross sections are strongly energy dependent. While neutrinos from reactors, the Sun and other "mundane sources" have earth penetrating capture lengths, extremely high energy ones (of cosmic interest) will actually have capture lengths of less than a mile of matter. This matters for detector design.
2) the Czerenkov radiation process can be successfully described in classical EM theory (QM not necc in practice), which I state specifically because your discussion of the atomic interactions involved in bulk matter is a nice semi-classical description of the process in this regard. Best regards DKB
Don't ever change brother. Best space-related channel out there!
Anton Petrov is also very good
Hey Astrum Team! Just wanted to thank you all for hitting it out of the park as always.
The fact that a particle can create a sort of light shock wave is just insane to me! I would like to see some more in depth videos on subatomic particles and why the neutrinos behave this way, like under what circumstance do they interact with normal matter? They don't for the vast majority of time, so what causes them to sometimes?
It's all very interesting, and I love to see videos that show the tools we use to see this beautiful universe.
Agreed.
Thanks for bringing this up. It's probably true that there are collisions that produce less Cherenkov Radiation than is detected in Ice Cube.
Neutrino's interact via the weak force. If a neutrino passes close to a nucleon it can interact via a heavy W or Z boson, by either being absorbed by the nucleus, turning into a charged lepton, or changing momentum or scattering (colliding with) the nucleus. Electrons can also interact by scattering or causing the neutrino to change into a charged lepton, eg. an electron, muon or tau particle.
These processes have a very low probability due to the masses of the W and Z boson force particles (the weak force is similar to the electromagnetic force but the force carriers have a large mass unlike the photon which has zero mass) and the tiny cross section of the neutrino (collision area) which is why they hardly ever interact with matter.
@@tonywells6990thanks for the explanation
Wow! I was so bad at science at school, didn't study it after school and kinda get what you're explaining here. You're really good at breaking these things down. You spark the curiosity in people related with Science man! Thanks a lot!
Sausage
I didnt know about them being used as an advanced alert to look at something in other wavelengths. That's awesome!
" Nintendo's pass through everything" + Colonel Jack O'Neall, Stargate SG-1
Typical 5th kind sentence.
@@MrGerdbrecht You mean 5th RACE - they were never called a 5th "kind".
FAIL
😂😅😊
@@ross-carlson Never watched SG1 in english
This is what Astrum is best at, describing fascinating subjects about astronomy, the solar system and the universe in an easily understandable way.
Crazy how long light takes to leave the sun vs a neutrino. Millions of years vs 2 secs
The current evidence from the Sun is that there is no evidence of energy transport from below the photosphere.
The energy of the Sun appears to come directly out of the photosphere, like the Hannes Alfven model, minus the antimatter idea.
Given the neutrino issue of the Sun and that neutrinos are known to only come from sources where the nucleons are undergoing fission, the Sun most likely gets it energy from fission of the proton in the photosphere, not from fusion.
It doesn't take a billion years for light to migrate out of the core, the light and neutrinos are created simultaneously out of the photosphere.
What light takes like 8 minutes not millions of years
Oh to leave the sun yes sorry
The energy of the Sun comes directly out of the photosphere not from the core, according to multiple papers, especially those in the book 'Solar Physics and Solar wind,' based on current data from the solar observatories and probes. Light or photons do not migrate out of the core.
@@JoeDeglman interesting ill have to read up on this more.
The intro music and title are giving me serious Outer Wilds vibes, and i love it!
Maybe Ghost particles are related to Ghost Matter ?
IceCube can detect the Neutrinos because they come “Straight outta Compton”!
thank you, i thought i was the only one
Neutrinos with Attitude
We've always known Icecube is dope...eh well not lately actually. 😅
Next detector should be called the Dr. Dre Neutrino Observatory
Darn, beat me to it. I bow to your quick wit.
Good thing they were able to discover the neutrino's in the ice, because the Fermilab in Illinois and Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota hadn't discovered anything, according to the lead researcher working in the facility. The place in Sound Dakota was over $3 billion in 2006 to make and they aren't done expanding.
You know they've been detecting neutrinos since the 1950s, right?
They just finished excavating the caverns in SD. The detectors haven’t been installed yet.
And they're both much smaller than IceCube. I'm aware of several detector projects, but none on the scale of IceCube.
He won the rap game, made some great action movies, and pioneered neutrino telescopy. Truly a Renaissance man.
I love this channel. No click bait awesome content and just overall good vibes. Thank you Astrum
I got disoriented for a sec when I heard bits of music that Anton Petrov has used in his outro for years. My brain kept insisting you had the wrong accent. 😂
Ahhh Anton, the most wonderful of youtube personalities.. Just watching that guy talk warms my heart.
Don't think I missed the use of Anton Petrov's classic outro music, Great video!
It's generic public use music. Kinda like stock photos anyone can use...
@@michaellee6489 Oh I don't doubt it. It's just that on the astronomy side of CZcams, this track was used for years in Anton's videos, so it feels somewhat associated with his channel
How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress.
Astrum, great video you deserve more views
This video is one of the few science video on CZcams that id considers worthy of the time spent watching. Great vid and info. Delivery is awesome.
Great video, just watched the whole thing at 100x speed
skull
didn't watch at 100x speed or at all but I will take your word for it
Beat me to it!
Is that meth or acid speed? And if so, where can I get some 😵💫😁
Videos like this are why I love this channel.
It keeps us up to date, not just AI rehashing old findings from years ago
A tremendous script - really nice use of English, so clear , communicating so much clearly, with locvely descriptions and metaphors . Well done .
Yes my poop is working overtime in the dusky dungeons.
1:24 Honestly if you got to all the trouble of gaining access to a place that remote and inhospitable, you'd have to try really really hard to _avoid_ knowing what's happening there. Especially since it's one of the relatively very few things happening there to begin with.
Bro, that intro was incredible!
Never regret. If it's good, it's wonderful. If it's bad, it's experience.
Can't wait for my adjacent family to see another title like this and call me names because science proved ghosts are real and I didn't believe them
If they say it about this video you should tell them to actually WATCH the vid
I feel bro. 🫂
@@FeeshUnofficial you expect someone (who believes in ghosts) to spend all that time watching a video when they could just read the title? /s
reminds me of someone arguing with me about global warming - they definitely proved it was a hoax by posting a link to one of those "skeptical science" hoax debunking articles, hehe
We have been detecting them since 1956
Man, just watch the vid
9:00 My only beloved daughter hand-soldered a few dozens of these detectors. They work below the boiling temp of He⁴, 8 times of that, actually, at 0.25K. AHA, but she's so introverted that I can't promise an answer. I'm sure she'll answer reasonable physics questions indeed, altho.
What is her gut feeling about the existence of quantum gravity?
My doctor before he switch to a medical worked for Fermi lab and helped build the BOREXINO detector in Italy.
Wow, ghost particles sound super spooky 😂! It's wild how something so tiny can tell us so much about the universe. Makes me feel tiny yet connected, ya know? 🌌✨
How can we tell that there is trillions of neutrinos per second and they are hard to detect and not just a very rare event with little to almost no neutrinos?
For example, we know how much neutrino is produced in nuclear fusion in the Sun, and we know how much energy Sun produces, so we can estimate how many neutrinos come out from the sun. This estimation agrees with the established interaction cross-section of neutrino and rate or neutrino detection in the detectors. So it's probably true :)
The Neutrino has fascinated me ever since I heard about the original experiment to register one using an abandoned silver mine. Hats off to the scientists for this breakthrough.
Long time subscribed but, all I have is questions. Very interesting subject too! But I can't help my total confusion on how we know these exist.
The idea came 1930 - something like the neutrino could make some theories work out. The idea was embraced, and neutrinos were expected to exist. In particular, they should exist in nuclear reactors, so that's where they looked (1956) and found some 😊.
I think the history of science should be more in focus in schools. Not because it's important but because it's fascinating!
If we had no winter, the spring would not be so pleasant; if we did not sometimes taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.
0:13 an 8-inch dobsonian
P900. Take it or leave it
Inch? Please speak Metrics. The language of science. Thanks
@@tst6735 what are you even talking about, this dobsonians have always been specified with inches 🤦♂️
Maybe you can see it with mm if you're lucky too...
@@CassiniA312 OK. I have done the conversion.
This was a very fascinating topic to learn about. And both the video and the narration was so amazing that I basically listened to the whole thing in one sitting, which is fairly uncommon for me with science videos.
This is a really exciting strategy!
Our new "grand survey' telescopes demand processing huge amounts of data
Neutrinos timely arrivals allow the more unusual phenomenon to be observed with the resources we have
Classic Astrum, a super interesting topic, most of us don't know much about it, but then the delivery of all the amazing detail, clearly and concisely portrayed with enthusiasm by the speaker (Alex) to us the viewer. These are the type of videos I LOVE Astrum for. Thank you Astrum team 😊
Neutrinos are affected by gravitational lensing. I'm surprised they were able to pinpoint the source of the neutrino to a blazar. I guess the neutrino's tiny mass isn't as affected as other particles by gravitational lensing.
That's more because unlike other particles neutrinos can go right through the stars
Photons have even less mass than neutrinos and they're lensed. The black hole's jets point directly away from it though, so it's own gravity wouldn't distort the beam much (other than redshifting). Other gravity sources would lens neutrinos like normal though.
What on earth. The sheer thought of tracing back that powerful burst to a specific black hole is so outlandish to me. Time and position accuracy have to be ultra precise to be able to do that.
How do you even manage that. How do you account for all the variables sneak into the measurement, and potential accuracy loss in computation etc. This is super impressive.
neutrinos are one of those particles that in our universe just didn’t get a charge when the physics dice was rolled.
Yes they did. Left neutrinos and right anti-neutrinos both have weak nuclear charge (i.e. isospin) - the same, in fact, as left electrons and right positrons. Right electrons and left positrons have no weak nuclear or color charge and right neutrinos and left anti-neutrinos *if they exist* have no electrical, weak nuclear or color charge. However, they *still* have Higgs charge, if they exist, as do *all* fundamental particles, except gluons and photons.
@@RockBrentwood uh, sir, i’ve got a PHD in particleology. i think i know what im taking about.
More often than not, anger is actually an indication of weakness rather than of strength.
In the movie “2012,” a scientist looks at a monitor and says, “This neutrino is not behaving normally.” That was a very funny scene. 😁
Crack in The World is a much better film.
“With the 1000 neutrino detections that Ice Cube makes each year…” makes me giggle every time.
I go into Homer Simpson mode & imagine the Friday actor in a lab coat, doing serious cosmology science 😂 He must be pretty good at it too if he’s picking up 1000 per year.
Foo!
Ghost particles were first detected in 1956.
so, the speed of light slows down in ice quite a bit. But the muon is traveling faster than light? I had to replay that, you say polarization by superluminal particle velocities cause the blue light. start at 7:16...someone explain this to me?
It doesn't slow down, the photons pounce so the path is not straight
14:18 one of the people appears to be a dog !
One of my fav episodes yet!
Love how he slowly explains how this stuff works at a perfect pace.
Seen docs before about this telescope array before but a perfect refresher!
If a neutrino DOES interact with an atom several interesting reactions can occur with the creation of a muon being only one of several.
Ghost particles on Earth?
"Who ya gonna call? 👻..."
🎶Particle Physicists🎶
@@deadralynx1288
when there's a strange quark pair, in your neighborhood, who ya gonna call?
@@timberwolf0122 Quark Busters!😂
Scooby Doobie Doo!
The way you describe this really makes it sound like subatomic ghost hunting, which is really cool.
ITS THE GHOST SIGNAL
PREPARE FOR THE CONTINGENCY LADS
You, yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.
Once again we have the misuse of the word "infamous" when he refers to the now defunct Arecibo Telescope. Infamous is used to refer to people or places with a bad reputation like "the infamous SS troops". Use the word "famous" when refering to a non negative person or place, i.e., the famous Arecibo Radio Telescope.
You have such a gift for science education. Thank you for your amazing catalog and frequent updates for us space dorks that just can’t get enough fun facts.
Can’t help but notice you didn’t cite any sources or link any material in your description. For all we know you could just be making all this up.
He's talking about ice cube and it says credit in The bottom right corner.
😮😮😮
You explain things so clearly, and add valuable context and essential details: I learn so much with each video!
I’ve never witnessed such awesome editing as this one.
"why are the polar ice caps melting?" "Lol idk, stop using gasoline >continues to drill the ice cap with gasoline"
Time is the most valuable thing a man can spend.
Astrum: imagine a telescope, me: imagining Amudsen-Scott south pole station abservatory because of the title of the video
Neither genius, fame, nor love show the greatness of the soul. Only kindness can do that.
Kindness comes from love silly goose
Didn't work on it myself, but in the past worked with engineers at an electronics development firm called Bit7 in northern IL. They'd developed power distribution components for IceCube. In their entry area where they displayed current and past products, they had a nice thank you letter and a picture they were sent of the facility and the team. Displayed upside down, of course. (Just the picture.) 😊
Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap but by the seeds that you plant.
All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.
I was at South Pole Station for summers from 2009 to 2012, plus a winter - it's hard to understate how important IceCube is. Fun fact: if you consider the volume of ice contained within it as part of it, then IceCube is the biggest scientific instrument ever built in human history.
Whoh, i looked every episode of some youtuber who worked there when i was out with corona.
Its so fascinating and now i get to hear it from you... Such a treat 😍
I am curious of how can the IceCube's signals from cosmic rays can be distinguished from those of neutrinos. It is a very large amount of data to sift through to isolate the meaningful events. Would deserve an episode on its own.
Two ways - there's a surface component not mentioned called IceTop - if you get a strong trigger from a shower event of an atmospheric cosmic ray interaction followed by interactions in the icebound component, that's a strong sign that the neutrino is from a cosmic ray. Second - many of the interactions are coming up from north, passing through a large cross section of the earth, which acts as a very convenient filter. The main neutrino cross section IceCube is looking for are also much higher energy than what can be regularly produced by cosmic rays.
Source - worked for IceCube / WIPAC from 2009-2016.
@@bombznin Thank you for taking your time to explain.
Not every difficult and dangerous thing is suitable for training, but only that which is conducive to success in achieving the object of our effort.
3:55 Well it's not the same photon. One gets absorbed, later a different one gets emitted. But I guess we can say that one million years separate the cause (a photon being created by a nuclear reaction) and the effect (a different photon leaving the sun as a result)?
RIP Arecibo. Big old dish in the middle of a mountain was my favorite instrument to marvel at
Thank you for clearly explaining the mechanism behind Cherenkov Radiation. Nice one Astrum Alex
The idea of there being a 1:4 chance of a single neutrino interacting with a single atom in your body over the course of your entire lifetime feels like an excellent premise for a series of YA superhero novels, manga, or comic books.
Courage is not the absence of fear, but simply moving on with dignity despite that fear.
This channel might be my new favorite sleep routine channel
Because your voice is soothing and the content is educational and fascinating
Just recently watched the video about neutrinos on scishow, so this video really came on time ❤
It's one thing to live that deep in Antarctica, but what I want to know is how people managed to build the facility. Where did the construction workers sleep during that time? How'd they get the materials there? In conditions that cold, things like batteries, diesel fuel, and wet concrete aren't always usable.
Thank you for remarkable information on neutrinos, the IceCube Observatory, etc., I knew nothing about.
The Canary Islands at 10:00 🇮🇨!
This is f*ckin complicated and the folks that came up with it are f*ckin clever
man, this videos are soo good
So with regards to the propagation of light through a substance, it's a little more complicated than "the light slows down". Astrum likely already knows this, and left it out for the sake of making a video and not a documentary; but it can still be helpful/interesting to others. So here, if you're interested:
In reality, a photon is much more likely to "hit" an atom and be absorbed by one of its electrons, than a neutrino is to interact in its own special way to an atom.
The affected electron is temporarily "supercharged" with this boost of energy it gets, before it eventually sinks back down to its normal state. During this, some of the energy it had is released in the form of another photon, which gets ejected out at light speed again in a mostly random direction. This new photon then bumps into another atom, gets absorbed, exciting another electron, which then poops out another photon, etc.
The fact that each time a photon is generated, it scoots off in a largely random direction; combined with the fact that photons are much more likely to be absorbed by atoms than neutrinos are; results in the overall "path" that one of these photon chain reactions is much longer than a neutrino's movement through the same substance. Hence, it takes a million years for a photon chain reaction to eventually kick one out of the sun, while it takes only a couple seconds for a neutrino to exit along its much straighter path. The light in fact still moves at _light speed,_ but the path the process follows is just about _16 trillion_ times as long*
*Give or take. Every interaction takes a little time as well, and the neutrino moves slightly slower, and while these differences in the short term can be mostly ignored, over the course of a million years they'll amount to some pretty significant variations and I'm not planning to research the exact numbers; so instead I just multiplied the amount of seconds in a year by 500,000 to arrive at roughly 1.5768e13 ≈ 16 trillion.
Finally got to order one of your amazing books, missed out last time and my kids will love looking at these.
This is mind-blowing! Amazing video! I had no idea this detector existed, wow!
This channel is so good. I'm gonna order the book, I can't wait.
If we look at the world with a love of life, the world will reveal its beauty to us.
This is absolutely fantastic! I am proud to see that a few countries are investing so much money in such ethereal research that, I am sure, will one day yield tangible benefits for humanity.