Lutetium - Periodic Table of Videos
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- čas přidán 28. 08. 2024
- New video on the element Lutetium... Check out KiwiCo.com/Peri... for 50% off your first month of any subscription. More links and info in full description ↓↓↓
Videos on all 118 elements: bit.ly/118elements
Some featured papers...
Urbain's discovery paper: gallica.bnf.fr...
Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente: api.semanticsc...
Crystal Growth and Properties of (Lu,Y)3Al5O12: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.08.060
Early Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer with PSMA-Targeted Radioligand Therapy Prolongs Life: www.snmmi.org/N...
Meteorite zircon constraints on the bulk Lu−Hf isotope composition and early differentiation of the Earth: www.pnas.org/c...
Support us on Patreon: / periodicvideos
More chemistry at www.periodicvid...
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And on Twitter at / periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: bit.ly/NottChem
This episode was also generously supported by The Gatsby Charitable Foundation
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: www.bradyharan....
Brady's Blog: www.bradyharanb...
Join Brady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- eepurl.com/YdjL9
Every single video: "I persuaded Neil..."
Yes! I wonder why
To be fair, when there's fire or explosions involved I suspect Neil doesn't require all that much persuasion :D
Its that damn white/grey curly hair, irresistible to Neil
Just don't tell him how highly toxic it is.
Must be blackmailing
Element: exists.
Professor Poliakoff: I persuaded Neill...
"Now you wouldn't think you could get a gram of Francium, but I persuaded Neil..."
"So anyway, I started persuading..."
@@garethdean6382 "And then we made some Francium Astatide - FrAt"
i have to admit i want to know his tactic for this
@@abigaildavenport8195 what would be neills payment? What materials does he eat? Etc.
I have a sneaking feeling that Neil doesn't take too much persuasion.
We don’t know what methods are necessary for persuading Neil, perhaps he likes treats, maybe it’s all reverse psychology, it’s an ongoing experiment.
You need a Neil-detector made of Plutonium Oganesside
Or the professor has proficiency in Persuasion
depends on who pays for the metal.
Tbf it does seem that the thing slowing down uploads is neil deciding if he wants to or not
"This metal is very expensive, so we're going to spend a significant part of our very small samples to teach the public about chemistry"
This is very generous.
Persuading Neil: Hey Neil, would you like to set something on fire?
Neil:
When i remembered right part on the chemical university burned to flames years ago. That was on time by the first periodic elements videos. Then since Neil never talks. Its strange.
@@stuehleruecker HMMM lol... but naw, that's just his stage persona. He gets chatty in the outtakes ;)
@@ThePlacehole until it's a chunk of an alkali metal!
Neil: [barely audible] Nice
[Potassium explodes in a pond]
Neil: [barely audible] Whoa
"For some reason Litetium is extremely expensive" *piece flies across the room*
I saw that too. According to google (!) lutetium costs $10,000 per KG. So realistically, that was maybe $30 or $40 that went flying.
Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't want to lose $40, but it's not like they dropped $5000 worth of metal.
Edit: So the density is 9.85 grams per CC. That sliver looked to be about a centimeter long, and pretty thin. We'll say a millimeter just to keep it simple. So that's .01 CC. So .1 Gram of Lutetium. .0001 x 10000 = 1.
So more like $1 went flying.
@@nasonguy Really did your research 👏🏾 I forget that people advanced in years sometimes consider things more expensive than we would these days. To him that little sample was probably a big investment lol
@@nasonguy one seller (that i trust somewhat) sells a gram of supposedly 99,95% purity for about 10€.
Sigma-Aldrich however, which is a supplier for analytical chemicals for many universities, sells a gram for about 600€ (lump) to 900€ (fine powder).
I guess they took the Sigma-Aldrich prices as a general guide.
@@darnoc4470 Totally editing to completely rewrite my comment, haha.
10 euros a gram isn't too far off 10,000 USD per KG.
@@nasonguy Sorry, i didnt mean to correct you ;)
I commented to explain why the prof said Lu was very expensive
This channel, and specifically this series is criminally underrated.
1.5 million subscribers is hardly small.
Hey shaco
This channel has almost 250 million total views. Don't know you can call that underrated
He got knighted for this channel lol
@@koolaidman324 That's amazing lol
I love these new videos on elements, especially the lesser known ones. They always turn out to have unique and interesting properties after all. Keep 'em coming!
i doubt having a red colour from flame test and forming nitrides and oxides is an "interesting property"
It's like how Explosions&Fire mentioned how expensive rubidium salt was simply because it's fairly useless, so nobody produces it.
*inhales*
YELLOW!
@@tafazzi-on-discord _* GASP!! *_
It was probably cheaper in the 60s
The thing about the rare earths is that, chemically, they are all very similar. This makes separating them from each other (a) very difficult, and therefore expensive, and (b) not that useful, since rare-earth mixtures can already cover most of the potential applications that the pure metals and their compounds might have.
This leaves most of the rare earths, particularly the more obscure ones, with a handful of niche applications which exploit very specific electromagnetic or nuclear properties of those elements. As a result, the likes of lutetium are among the most useless of the stable elements to humanity.
People kind of assume that the more obscure an element is, the more interesting its chemistry; but in reality it tends to be the opposite.
Rubidium is used in atomic clocks.
What a cool coincidence! I am at this moment sitting isolated at the University Hospital in Uppsala Sweden. And I have been given a treatment with Lu177 wich is attached to a peptide (Tyr3 Octreotate) to form a compound to treat Neuroendocrine tumours. It has been used successfully in this application for many years. Neuroendocrine tumours are not very common so it is likely that it is not very well known as functioning application for Lutetium. Thank you for cool and interesting video as always! 😊
Best of luck with your treatment. Results so far with Lutetium theranostics products are very promising! I just made Lu-177 PSMA this morning at work, and we have some other Lu products coming on line as part of clinical trials. The Lu-PSMA is quite a sticky compound, so you have to be careful with handling (or risk having beta-emitting contamination all over the place). Interestingly, there are two commercially available types of Lu-177. Carrier Added (Contains Lu177m), and Non Carrier Added (just contains Lu177). The Lu177m has a half life of around 160 days, and so poses a bit more of an issue for waste disposal. We are currently using the carrier added product made by IDB in the Netherlands. We are looking to switch to the ANSTO (Australia) carrier-free product, as the waste handling is just that much nicer.
I used to work at that very ward in Uppsala. Indeed interesting and rare treatment, we had quite a few foreign patients receive it as well. We usually gave 4 treatments at around 2 month intervals. It is not a cure, but some patients respond very well and remain progression-free for years, and some can be re-treated by then. Bone marrow toxicity is the main limiting factor. Before therapy, a scan (often PET using 68Ga) is done to ensure that the tumors overexpress somatostatin receptors. This type of targeted therapy, using a radionuclide and a tumor-homing ligand (here, a somatostatin analogue) is called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).
@@touta2647 Nice to hear from you! Yes I recognize everything you write. I have met patients from Ireland and Norway on my visits. For me, it has slowed down, or put a lid to the progression so to speak. Although I am back for a second round, it at least reduces the symptoms considerably. I am lucky to have a large uptake of 68ga so I can receive further treatments. Tack för att du svarade! Ha det fint!
Professor Poliakoff: "It was very boring, two colourless solutions mixing".
Me, a biochemist: :(
As a biochemist student, i loled
Oh no! My saccharides are polymerizing!
Neil is such a pushover for marginally-controlled rapid oxidation reactions!
Easily the earliest I've ever been to a periodic video. It feels like an honor.
In celebration I think I'll just binge the whole channel from the beginning again... been a few years since my last.
Sounds like a good plan!
I wish you were my teacher when I was in school. I've learned so much from this channel alone. I work in refractory. I work with Chromium, Borax, Muradic Acid, Carbon, and mainly Graphite. It has given me a love for physics and chemistry.
Every video from this channel, is a delightful experience of nowledge. Professor martin is a chemistry rock star!
Lu-177 is used to treat a couple different types of cancer. The first image you show is for Lu-177 DOTATATE which is used to treat neuroendocrine tumors (commonly found in the pancreas or small intestine; what Steve Jobs had). Lu-177 PSMA is the agent used to treat prostate cancer. I believe, though I might be misremembering, that Lutetium is also used to dope scintillators used to detect gamma rays (like in PET scanners)
You are so lovely to listen to you. Not talking down to us and putting the joy of learning in our grasp
Always highly informative. The color looks almost like fuchsia or magneta.
With a fuchsia so bright, you gotta wear shades?
Magenta and fuschia arguably the same thing idk. Magenta was just a renaming of fuschia after some lord but i guess it now means specific computer primary colour or printer ink now.
@@jorgepeterbarton i always thought magenta was more purple and fuschia was more pink but now i have no clue
@@AleK0451 it all looks the same to me.
deuteranopia.
Somewhat unbelievably, this exact question of where lutetium (or rather lanthanum) appears on the periodic table just came up in my life yesterday, the same day this video was uploaded. I also find the argument somewhat academic, but in this case it was really about which arrangement of the periodic table to buy. So it could never be more relevant!
Lutetium is also an extremely promising candidate for optical atomic clocks, having many advantages over the current Al and Yb clocks
I own an Aluminium clock. It's not very pretty.
@@PopeLando Haha fair enough!
Lutetium actually has a major use in industry that was not talked about much that shocked me.
Lutetium is a component of the LSO scintillator crystal, which is used for radiation detectors. It’s primary use is in PET and SPECT cameras, but is also used in X-ray astronomy.
Anyways, I was surprised that the radiotherapy application was mentioned but not the use in PET cameras.
I believe LYSO crystals are radioactive themselves due to the presence of the long lived radioisotope ¹⁷⁶Lu which makes up 2.6% of all natural lutetium as pointed out in this video.
2:02 "So we only had very small pieces of the metal" *yeets a piece of it off-screen*
yeets?? a word not found in any of my dictionaries
Its funny how a chemistry professor at the top of his field still has a soft spot for pretty chemical colors
Carl Auer von Welsbach actually had some intersting inventions and even was founder of the brand Osram (which produce lights).
Actually, it would be neat to see a series on the lives and inventions of 19th-20th century chemists.
Truly fascinating thanking I must confess that even with my degree in Chemistry I hadn't heard of Lutetium, I was a bit of an organic specialist. Keep safe and well during these very difficult days.
I love yalls videos. Cause you give tips and ins and outs of science. the bit "If you heat nitrates they'll give off nitrogen dioxide" is a super useful tip :D
The readioactive version is also used to treat Neuroendocrine tumors and seems to work very well there...
"Prostate cancer, a very unpleasant disease."
Dr. Martin understating quite a lot, here. hehe
Hope you have been safe, professor!
In which university..
I really love these redone element videos, I could listen to the professor talk chemistry history for hours upon hours, he should start a podcast.
Lutetium is also used in scintillating crystals in PET scanners (LSO and LYSO)
Personally I think this is one of the best videos on this channel. Niel performed beautiful experiments with the lutetium. It was a pleasure to watch. I really learned something new and exciting!
Just found your channel not too long ago and watched a ton of your videos. Some of them several years old. Wish I could have had a science teacher like you when I was in high school. I might have had a completely different career path. Glad to see you're doing well and still making new content. Happy holidays sir, stay safe!!!
I learned in school that THREE people discovered it at almost the same time, the two named and an American chemist named Charles James. I also thought Welsbach was an Austrian. Not that these at all effect my enjoyment of the video. It's just rare that I can add something but details of this one stuck in my memory because it's number 71.
I swear to the almighty chemistry gods, I was just reading the Lutetium Wikipedia article. Freaky...
That's why they chose to make this video.
It's called Baader meinhof phenomenon, aka the frequency illusion
Plate of Shrimp (Repoman reference)
@@danielkron2513 more likely google using your data
@@danielkron2513 yeah I understand that, but I was at the time literally just (as in closed chrome and opened CZcams) and boom top of the new sub videos was this. Perfect timing.
Hehe. I'm from Perth West Australia. The paper on meteorites was from WAIT (Western Australia Institute of Technology)which is now called Curtin University. It was going to be renamed WAIT & C (Western Australia Institute of Technology & Computing).
Lots of Hafnium in Western Australia. I didn't know it came from outer space... Then again, everything did.
Love your videos guys. I've learned so much.
Thank you for all of your hard work, I very much appreciate this video series. Marvelous, simply marvelous.
I came here today because I read an article in the New York Times about a high-temperature superconductor developed using lutetium. If that goes anywhere this element may not remain relatively obscure for much longer.
If I never knew him and saw him at a supermarket, I would have probably guessed him to be a chemistry professor
Met Poliakoff and Neil at Liysf 2019... I've been watching the channel ever since!
Your channel has always been so helpful. I am not able to get higher education but so enjoy sharing such fascinating info with family.
6:00 Abundance is misspelled twice.
I hope everyone is okay. I miss them
I’ve never seen someone love chemistry more than this man right here
Do love these educational nuggets. Always learning something new.
I like your videos, which often give me inspiration for my work. But I have just a little remark: Carl Auer von Welsbach was not a German, but an Austrian chemist... and yes... There is a difference...
LuAG:Ce is also commonly used as a scintillator to convert synchrotron X-rays to visible light in a sCMOS (or CCD) camera for imaging.
You missed a big use of lutetium! I do some work involving lutetium in the form of LYSO (lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate), which is a scintillator. For those unaware, a scintillator is a material that converts single high energy radiation particles to low energy bursts of photons (usually in the visible range). These bursts can be measured and analyzed to detect and measure radiation.
As a scintillator, LYSO is very fast in terms of decay time (the speed of the "burst"), so it's used in PET and other high speed stuff where timing is critical. It's also incredibly dense (about on par with steel), so it can trap fairly high energies. Also, many scintillators can't deal with water vapor, or oxygen, or they're toxic, or carcinogenic, or have some other fundamental problem - but LYSO is basically inert, except for some very minimal background radiation. It also has relatively high light output, making it easier to read out and yielding a better signal to noise ratio than other options.
Of course, LYSO has the same problem you had in this video... EXTREMELY high cost. If someone is using LYSO, you know there's a darn good reason, because that stuff does NOT come cheap. Not only is does it contain lutetium, it needs to be carefully grown into a perfectly clear crystal, which is... tricky, to say the least. It's not something you want to drop while walking across the shop floor.
Dropping it on a shop floor is why I have a teeny, tiny fragment of LYSO in my crystal collection. Fortunately, it was not me that broke the crystal.
Lutetium has always been my favorite element.
Everything in professor video is awesome which motivate us to love chemistry
I enjoy learning these facts.
Just a little nitpick I have, Carl Auer von Welsbach was from Austria, not Germany
This is about chemistry. Not history.
@@SonofTheMorningStar666 Chemistry is history in big parts.
@@SonofTheMorningStar666 No, if it were solely about chemistry the history of this elements discovery would not have been covered. It is about the history of chemistry, where they have made a mistake that I pointed out, or do you have a problem with that?
@@diewildemathilde4432 Ouch! In a bad mood? My answer is no and my comment was ment to be lighthearted.
@@SonofTheMorningStar666 Still, if you are stating anything, and some parts are not true, simply it loses relevance
I have a newfound appreciation for my last name
I would have liked to have heard more of it's physical properties, even if it's not particularly spectacular.
@MichaelKingsfordGray Plenty of people know my name, it's just a privilege. One that evidently is not worthy of you, sir. Why are you getting combative to a stranger just expressing a suggestion on an educational video?
I also plan to make a video about lutetium!
Woaahhhhh..... I'm craving for your videos! It's finally there 🔥🔥🔥
Do not ever remember handling this in the laboratory.
Thanks for the video.
Happy to see everyone safe and healthy
Your chemistry videos are the best in the world
Keep the chemistry coming 👨🔬⚛️🧪⚗️ I use some of your content to help me teach chemistry and physics.
Auer von Welsbach was an Austrian, born in my town Vienna, and beside this element heavily involved with the discovery of Neodym, Praseodym and Ytterbium... as I just learned
my one and only fav chemistry channel
love your vids! there very easy to understand for me, and I'm in 8th grade! thank you very much! I use these for school!
Good work as always Martin these videos always bring a little spark of joy in my life
Auer von Welsbach was an Austrian chemist. The big chemistry lecture hall at University of Vienna is named after him.
Always a pleasure to see you cover another element!
It is a great nonmagnetic substitute for Yb. I am finishing out my PhD work in a lab that specializes in growing single crystals of lanthanide compounds. If you have a single crystal of YbFe5P3, and a single crystal of LuFe5P3( assuming both exist and have the same crystal structure) you can measure the heat capacity and/or the electrical resistivity of both and subtract the latter compound from the former compound. I am sure the professor can talk how the f-shell of Yb is one electron short (depending on oxidation state), while the f-shell of Lu usually has all 14 f-electrons.
The hard part is actually growing the single crystals in molten In, Sn, Pb, Ga, Bi, Zn, etc at ~1000 C.
The Professor is most effective at persuasion!
No greater honour than naming an element
If this is the office they give to a knighted professor, imagine what they give to new ones!
Something tells me he's a bit of a hoarder. 😏
This is his home study. I think it's probably what he got as a new professor and hasn't felt the need to change since.
They get a broom closet. If they're lucky the brooms are moved out first.
This is his home office. Look at older videos for his university office. (bigger, but full of stuff, too.)
This week in "persuading Neil"
30 degree angle holder for the bunsen burner can be made for tilted test tube observations.
Another potentially game changing future application: Ambient Superconductors.
This guy and his hair are global treasures.
This man is the perfect solution to have a peaceful day
Neil deserves his own episode
This man is a national treasure
Notifications for your videos brighten my day instantly :)
Thanks so much Professor for explaining , very useful information's my regards.
2:08 a piece jumped away
There goes $10...
(Probably not. Lutetium is expensive at $10,000 per kg, but i doubt that piece weighed 1g.)
@@CristiNeagu Wow, I'm putting "1kg of Lutetium" on my Christmas wishlist. You never know!
Dissolving the decomposed nitrate should form the chloride, when reacted with hydrochloric acid, which could have been used to get a strong flame color.
Im so happy to see you well!!
Lu-177 is not just for prostate cancer, but many neuroendocrine tumors. For example, the drug Lutathera has had many successes in treating aggressive pancreatic cancers.
Thank you for that description and illustrations. It makes me curious regarding the where in the light spectrum that red emission is and what the chemical dynamics were in that flame.
Lovely red colour.
I don't know nothing about nothing. But I will always watch so i can learn something. :)
Love you professor Poliakoff
fantastic red color
The Professor really is a living treasure.
I love these. Has there been a video on the most boring element?
Oooo! I love that color! Very pretty! Thank you for sharing!
When the lutesium nitrate is heated, the reaction that happens is 4Lu(NO3)2 --> 2Lu2NO3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Hello, let me correct your reaction. I think the correct reaction is 4Lu(NO3)3 --> 2Lu2NO3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
I increasingly feel a palpable nostalgia over those Ytterby trip videos. How odd.
We need a video about the new room temperature super conductor.
Prof. You are the best!!!
Didn't the symbol for copernicium get chosen to be Cn to avoid confusion with the cyclopentadienyl ligand (commonly noted as Cp) in organometallic ccomplexes?
Yes, in fact this was the bigger factor, but new element names take into account any and all conflicts that may arise.
Although Copernicium probably decidedly lives in the realm of inorganic chem, I agree that still makes a whole lot more sense than people confusing it with a name that was never actually used by anyone but some old timey Austrian.
Ask some of the Deep Sky Videos cast members about Cassiopia. Also, I've always envisioned a ballista as a catapult-sized crossbow.
The red (magenta, rather) flame colour was already visible when heating the Lutetiumnitrate in the test tube (3:34). The glass was probably contaminated at the outside.
I am so happy you are still alive!
Cassiopeia also a constellation! 🤩