kilonova: When Neutron Stars Collide
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- čas přidán 19. 06. 2024
- We all know that neutron stars are pretty extreme stellar phenomena, but what would happen if two of them ever collided? Welcome to the strange world of the kilonova. Let’s find out more.
Kilonovas get their names from the fact that they are 1000 times brighter than a nova. This does mean that they are about 1 tenth to 1 hundredth the brightness of a supernova, and because of how they form they are incredibly interesting indeed.
Magnetar Video
• Magnetars: Neutron Sta...
Speed of light video
• Measuring the Speed of...
Chapters
0:00 - Introduction
0:12 - What are Kilonovas
0:42 - Neutron star formation
1:00 - Binary pairs
2:23 - Neutron star mergers
3:18 - Kilonova
3:48 - R process
4:50 - What does a kilonova produce?
5:17 - Gravity waves
7:00 - Gravity wave detection
Image Credits
GRB130603 Image
Credit: NASA, ESA, N. Tanvir (University of Leicester), A. Levan (University of Warwick), A. Fruchter (STScI), J. Hjorth (University of Copenhagen), R. Hounsell (STScI), K. Wiersema (University of Leicester), and R. Tunnicliffe (University of Warwick)
Hubble picture of NGC 4993 with inset showing GRB 170817A over 6 days. Credit: NASA and ESA
Hubble Space Telescope, NASA and ESA - www.nasa.gov/press-release/na... - Věda a technologie
The thought of an object (especially an object tens of kilometres wide) completing a orbit 1000 time in a single second is awesome in the true sense of the word. I actually paused the video to think about that...such phenomenal speeds. This is why I enjoy the subject of space and why I enjoy this channel so much. Much love for your videos 👍🏼.
Thank you very much
What‘s also awesome is the fact that neutron stars have the mass of the sun or more - ans orbit 1000 times a second
And the objects orbiting each other at that insane rate are SUPER heavy. The mass of the sun, or in fact normally about 1.4 times of the mass of the sun
To add a little more crazy to this, these 2 massive stellar remnants will be orbiting each other at around half the speed of light.
Gotta go fast!
Unrelated fun fact: Solitary stars being relatively rare might be at least a partial solution for the Fermi paradox. Maybe life is too rare in systems with multiple stars.
It definitely would have an impact for sure. Multiple Star systems would sweep or kick out planets, and then if still on a stable one, life would have to to deal with multiple solar hiccups and lifespans. Improbable, not impossible... Would depend on their size and distance from each other I would think.
A few decades ago, before exoplanets were found, it was suggested that binary systems might not be able to form planets because stable orbits might not exist. This is now known to be false, although planets around binary systems might still be quite rare and Goldilocks planets might be rarer still.?
“Hey what’s that shiny thing the trisolarans sent us?”
@@matgeezer2094 Not to mention that the stars could have massively different lifespans, resulting in planets being swallowed from the growth of one star and/or being in the front row of a supernova.
@@dankline9162 It's also much easier for the orbits to be disrupted by a passing star or black hole.
Neutron star material can only exist under the compression of extreme gravity. Knocking any of it off (as happens when these stars collide) releases some matter and a huge amount of energy.
your channel, videos, story telling and animations are beautiful. thank you and keep it up
Thank you so much 😀
This video was in my feed. I clicked, because it could be interesting. It was very interesting, and it was superbly well done. I figured it earned a like, and possibly a subscription.
Turns out, I was already subscribed. Nicely done past me! :)
Just found your channel today and loved your video thought about subscribing, then after watching this one, felt it was imperative to add. Great material, keep up the great work.
If you try using just grid lines to map the black hole in 3D space, i.e. just showing them converging to a single point, it makes it slightly less of a mess. Well produced. Nice job.
Those are some magnificent visuals, were helpful for understanding this interesting topic!
Just discovered your channel. What a gem!
@ChristopherColumbus
It's quite amazing to think about all these processes, everything around us, light, stars, planets, gravity, quantum mechanics, it's just there, happening, regardless of any observer, regardless of any conscious minds to understand it or eyes to perceive its shapes and forms. In reality, without an observer, in the non-existant perspective of, say a planet, or a proton, everything is happening in darkness. It just "is". When we are all gone, everything keeps happening without us and "it" doesn't care. The fact that we are here, that we have come to this point in time where we are able to even begin to understand how things work and explain it, is absolutely crazy.
Don’t even care bout midroll padding due to the fact that it is really good content either way!
This feels like the definition of the “I’ll allow it.” Meme
Thank you, I'm glad you enjoyed the video. The cut-off for midroll ads is 8 minutes not 10 by the way.
@@LearningCurveScienceno wonder Stupendous Wave keeps posting 8 minute only stuff
Loved this video, great graphics and interesting topic! 🎉❤
Thank you so much 🤗
5⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ video. Thanks. I just subscribed. Would love to be there with you watching the light show. Looking forward to more.
Me: Here, have some spinach, it's high in iron. It's really good for you.
Sun: Aw, thanks tiny human. This is delicio....
_I don't feel so good_
Me: _evil laugh_
Kaboom?
I like how you make up your own words that are completely understandable 😆
yes, hes very intelliquent.
@@MaIContent 😆🥰
@@MaIContent 😂🎉🎉🎉
Will enjoy this channel building to hundreds of thousands of subscribers, he deserves it.
Just a thought, when a gravity wave affects the length of the arm of the LIGO would it not also affect the speed of the light traveling along the same path as the gravity wave thereby removing the actual measurable change of relative lengths of the arms to zero?
I wonder if we could harness gravitational waves for useful energy production.
No, we couldn’t. The amount of energy in gravitational waves is so tiny, it took one of THE most sensitive experiments ever done to detect them! The Earth itself is, for all intents and purposes, transparent to gravitational waves.
It took the aforementioned experiment to detect them at all!
Look up the LIGO experiment.
I think a moroccan kid did made something similar
Neutron stars- beyond mind boggling, these exotic objects, these utter beasts... just amazing, terrifying, but amazing
If you ever find yourself bored some weekend, maybe make a couple videos covering the CCC Theory. Ok, it’s pretty heavy but I think it would be a fun project.
That is definitely one rabbit hole I might need some time to explore
Is it right that all elements gets to be neutronium when compressed and what keeps this compression to not expand into space, i meen you could compress a sponge in your hands but when you open your hands the sponge gets decompressed in an instant ?
Radioactivity and shock waves aside, what effect would gravity waves have on a nearby planet or even possibly living things? Given that the gravity waves that LIGO detects are so faint?
Short and sweet, thanks for the video.
Glad you liked it!
Loved the video, but how is it exactly short?
Learning Curve... great video. A channel called science clic English did a great job animating gravity in a 3d fashion.
Picture... A Thorne-Zitkow Object (TZO), except the neutron star at its core is a Magnetar, and the red giant is instead a blue supergiant. And then that modified TZO starts orbiting a black hole of equal mass to itself.
That would be pretty awesome to have an artistic depiction of.
And who knows how that might look? Besides I thought Thorne-Żytkow objects exist within other much more massive stars... so how can be one out of the star, and where will it meed Black Hole to orbit around it? And if the Black Hole is the same mass as that Neutron star, why that became Black Hole? It would have stayed on the level of a Neutron star, pauli exclusion principle is holding neutrons from collapse...Modified...you mean to be able to exist out of the massive star? All those artistic depictions are crude approximations, but they sure can be made to look cool.
maybe put it into mid-journey and see what you get?
@@Cookiekopter I’d rather pay a human to do it
I just wonder what the gravity waves would feel like near the neutron stars, would you feel anything, would it be dangerous, perhaps everything would change shape several times a second?
Honestly, I would like to see more 3D models of gravity. The 2D sheet makes me scream for some reason.
Really you don't, I tried it in my Strange Matter video (I think) and the results are very much less than impressive.
@@LearningCurveScience Can you maybe explain the 3D model? Because I (and maybe others) find it hard to picture. If a massive objecr compresses space in all directions, is that not the same as not compressing in any direction at all? And is that not the same as space retracting? Those 2D models of objects sinking into space are really making it harder to understand, because that's definitly not what's happening.
@@magichands135 Check out the video titled
'The Geometry of a Black Hole' by the 'Dialect' channel
for a great 3D visualization of Gravity.
It's kinda tricky to wrap your head around it, but it's still pretty good.
Another 3D visualization, not as detailed as the one above, but still a good alternative take, is the video
'What is General Relativity?' by the 'ScienceClic English' channel
ScienceClic also have some of the best visualizations for Quantum phenomenon that I've ever seen.... also a bit tricky to wrap your head around but, physics ain't a simple subject anyway.
I feel like the 2D sheet is easier to understand (in my opinion), though it could possibly be a good idea to try understanding 3D because you can get more of an idea of how a space-time sheet in a 3D dimension works.
And the thing u said about gravitational waves the only time we have ever proven something causing gravitational waves was when 2 black holes collided together other than that it’s still but only a theory that neutron stars cause ripples on the fabric of space time (which is what gravity waves are)
Space would be the ideal environment to build much larger LIGO detectors, they could be 3 dimensional and positioned 2 or 3 AU apart
LISA. note the size determines the frequency response.
Wouldn't that just make it so marvelously easy to make sure they're synchronized... NOT!
@@chrisbaker2903 That's why I said "see: Laser Interferometer Space Antenna" (LISA). with on-board atomic clocks and the International Pulsar Timing Array, the necessary synchronization can be achieved. It might also use inter-s/c microwaves as GRACE did, but idk.
4:47 4 dwarfs in the corner, "We're Rich!"
If two black hole merge together and release energy if forms or gravitational waves and no light or mass is ejected (being that they are black holes) if I was on a planet near by would I actually feel or noticed anything had happened?
If two black holes merge in space, and no one's around, does it make a gravitational wave?
I think you, along with the whole planet, would either first get bathed in an ultra-lethal dose of radiation or ripped appart by the gravitational wave.
probably not. GW amplitude is linear with distance, and since the 1st LIGO detection was 10^-19 m at 1B ly, you can scale that to 1 AU, and you get about 6 microns. However, the energy passing through you in that tenth of a second is 3 solar masses over 4 pi 1AU^2, which is equal to 500 billion megatons of TNT per square meter (10 Tsar bombs per square millimeter). Spacetime is really stiff.
edit I forgot to scale the 4km antenna to 2m human, so 6um/2000 = a few nanometers. You wouldn't even notice.
@@DrDeuteron thank you very much for your reply
a gravitational wave changes the length of both arms of the interferometer. They stretch in on direction and squish in the perpendicular direction (alternating, ofc). It's quadrupole polarization, so if the wave is aligned + and so is the detector, great signal. If the wave is X and detector is +: no signal at all.
It does so by squeezing and stretching the space along the direction of travel, thereby squeezing the distance the light has to travel as well so there is no actual change in travel time.
@@chrisbaker2903 massless fields cannot have longitudinal polarization modes bc gauge invariance, so all stretching is transverse and there are only two polarizations instead of five ( or 3 for light)
When I first heard the word “Kilonova” at first I thought they were spelled “Killer nova”
The exist in binary “purrs”… lol, nice!
Neutron stars are the most fascinating objects - black holes and super massive black holes are very interesting, but they are also secretive. Neutron stars are super extreme objects
7:12 You're saying the detectors are 3000km apart, but that must be a mistake when the tubes are 4km long. Or is this adding up the entire length of both tubes and fact the lasers bounce several times?
There are 2 LIGO facilities. Each facility has a detector with 2 tubes 4km long. Each detector acts individually but the 2 signals can be used to ignore vibrations that only happen at one site and just focus on signals that occur at both sites simultaneously. I hope that clears it up.
@@LearningCurveScience That clears it up, I completely misinterpreted it I see now. Thanks!
Your description of how the LIGO works is incorrect. There is a pair of mirrors in each arm and each mirror is suspended on a long thin fiber. When a gravity wave comes through the distance between mirrors in each arm changes a tiny bit, but a different amount in each arm. This difference is the signal for a gravity wave.
2:00 Two stars form a purr. LOL The Brits, gotta love em.
6:00 A sheet of robah'. He's better than some comedians I've heard lately.
When did people start calling the video details "doobiedoo"? I've heard this on several different, totally unrelated channels, and I don't understand it
Just blew my mind, two spheres the size of manhattan create dozens of earth-sized quantities of heavy metals...
Abraham Lincoln and JFK had their minds blown away…
literally! 😭😭😭
In the scenario of two orbiting big solar masses, I'm wondering about the variables when one of them goes nova to become a neutron star:
1. what effect does the force of the explosion leading to ejection of outer layers have on its orbiting partner star? Their gravity is strong enough to overcome that sudden force?
2. How much mass % is lost by the ex Star?
3. What effect does this have on their orbit paths/precession/barycenter since mass has be lost by the newly formed neuron star?
A star turning into a neutron star undergoes a supernova, you'd imagine the effect on its binary partner would be catastrophic, but the star carries on, no problems, but if was either a white dwarf or a neutron star, the sudden extra mass could force the other star to undergo a collapse to a black hole. As for planets - a planetary atmosphere would surely be hugely damaged , if it was orbiting either star. The orbits might change, but the planets aren't destroyed or ejected, mostly, from what I've read.
Sure! Mass is lost to the new neutron star and that with the pushing against it by the blast would cause it to assume a larger diameter orbit but then the neutron star starts collecting all the solar wind off the normal star and regaining mass, right up until it gains enough to produce fusion creating another blast called a nova and then it starts eating the solar wind again till it blows again and eventually the other star grows and grows till the solar wind is pretty much the outer shells of the "normal" giant star and then the neutron star gets enough mass to really blow up and destroys both stars leaving nothing behind and all the mass being blown out into the galaxy to make us and our planet etc.
Can Catholics go to Solar Mass for Sunday services? 😂
This is way off topic, but is english your first language? You have what to me sounds like a very unusual sequence of tones in your sentences, inflecting either too far, the opposite direction, or too little, compared to what I expect. The phrases which end near 3:20 are a good example.
Yes I'm from Northern England. Lots of planets have a North though.
@@LearningCurveScience so true :D
Thanks!
Thank you so much. That's very kind of you!!
@@LearningCurveScience You`re welcome.
How does it blow away when there is a 15 mile moon right in middle where the star was. I don't think supernova or kilonova blows away i think a strong solar wind takes the star apart or maybe gravity repels all the gas away from the star till only the core is left on. I just have serious doubts about what happens to the star after it runs off gas.
NOiCE
Could gravity waves (from extremely huge black holes)be the source of dark energy? They seem to push mater away leading to an expansion of the universe.
Pardon me, my understanding is that dark energy/matter is a fundamental feature of the universe from its inception; in only slightly less abundance than energy/matter. (which is why we're here?) it DOES contribute to the continued expansion of the universe. Gravity waves (of measurable significance) are a function of "kilo-mergers" of varying intensity. The two are not corelative though. You might say that dark energy is an element of the medium in which gravity waves move. Spacetime.
Either that or it is theorized that there could be an unthinkable amount of smaller black holes in inter-galactic space.
The only thing that is more powerful than a neutron star collision?
Is a merger between two supermassive stars or black holes, trapped in a rapidly decreasing spiral.
Unfortunately the event of two supermassive stars(such as wolf Rayet stars)merging,is incredibly rare, and most likely not going to happen, or even exist,
But the other types of collisions that could happen, are other versions of neutron star collisions.
I love when i learn something new , speacially that there exist Binary pears. i had no clue.
Silly h00min. Binary _purrs._
so your best shot is trotting out the century-old rubber sheet saw?
do black holes bend gravity waves like it does for light?
ofc.
The subtitles change the "Kilo" in Kilonova to "Killer" But i don't blame it because a Kilonova is perfectly a Killer-Nova
But mass is energy and energy bends SpaceTime too, so don’t all forces bend spacetime?
You said that when they collide, they will send out a burst of gravitational waves, how is this possible? The weight has not increased, so how can they suddenly exert more gravity, even for only a short time?
Good question but if you think about it, a black hole has less mass than a star but way more gravity. Gravity isn't just about mass, it is about the density of that mass
0:40 Science Asylum reference? ;)
What is the physical reason the two neutron stars loose orbital distance over time and spiral inwards? As an analogy: Will the Earth and the Sund one day in the far distant future also colide?
I think that because they decrease in size, the center of gravity is closer together. There could be a point that the mass of one star would try to pull the other star into itself, with the other star doing the same. As for the other question, it's much more likely that the Earth would be swallowed by the Sun as it becomes a Red Giant at the end of its life in 5 Billion years from now. Until then, unless a very massive object passes very close to the Solar System, all of the Planets orbit will be mostly stable.
I think they lose distance over time because they are emitting gravitational energy in the form of waves, this energy has to come from somewhere, so it is stealing tiny amounts of speed and momentum from the neutron stars converting them into gravitational waves. As the speed decreases so will the distance between the objects.
@@mikehawk5492 thanks. As they decrease their distance do they further emit gravitional waves?
@@luudest yes at increased rate the closer they get
@@mikehawk5492 Follow up question: Let‘s say a distant planet is bound to the two neutron stars and orbits their barycenter. As they spiral in they emit gravitational waves which will eventually reach the distant planet. Will the planet then (and in the further process) also spiral in towards the neutron stars (until they collided) ?
IIRC the minimum mass for a large star to undergo a Type-II core-collapse supernova is eight solar masses not ten.
in all seriousness, when i die and my spirit is free, i will make for the nearest neutron star to trod its impossible surface. to take a load off on a centimeter tall mountain top and witness 650 sunrises per minute. but thats just the first thing...
No lie. Last night, I was trying to exist in two dimensions. Actually, we may be there.
Ah yes, the purr of stars 🐱
Are we seeing evidence they occur close in time as well as space. Maybe first creates last, as was at the big bang.
Thx to Albert Sneppen. We now know. That the explosion is 100% spherical.
5:02 you showed the two starts merging to make a new nuetron star about the size of them combined. This is inaccurate however as nuetron stars actually get smaller the more massive they become.
And if you watched for 30 more seconds you would see the part where he explained there is a limit to how massive they can be before gravity collapses them into a black hole.
@@chrislawson3418 so?
huh its actually pretty hard to picture that in my mind
@@Cookiekopter the force compressing the star is gravity and the force stopping it from collapsing is degeneracy pressure (matter doesnt want to be in the same spot as other matter). adding more mass increases gravity but the degeneracy pressure only goes up when density does. this means the star compresses until the degeneracy pressure matches the new gravity
Stars are like grains of sand in a galaxy which makes the planets more like dust and us much much less.
I thought that rather than gravity warping spacetime, gravity is the resultant effect caused by the warping of spacetime.
In the video you mention binary stars, and how they may collapse into orbiting neutron stars. And that because these stars emit gravitational energy, they will lose energy and spiral closer until they eventually collide. But why does that happen only after the stars become neutron stars? The mass of the individual stars has not changed, in fact it has decreased due to the outer layers being blasted away when the neutron stars were formed. Why did the original pair of binary stars not emit gravitational energy and spiral towards each other and collide way before they even turned into neutron stars?
There was no subscribe button on this video. I had to go to your channel page to subscribe. Anybody else having the same experience? Very weird...
7:16 3,000 km apart? That’s 2/3 the distance across the US at its widest point
Yes and we are supposed to believe that they can measure the synchronicity of any gravity waves coming in even though that synchronicity would also be affected by said gravity waves.
I have to admit, on a 2d plane, gravity doesn't make since.....it supports the idea that there is an up and down in space. I understand that trying to show curvature of space in 3d is difficult, as you would have to show space as something that exists all around the object, and you already said that the model you made was just messy
I thought neutrons dont react with anything, yet they do this ?
Kilonova sounds like a late 70s dance you'd do in a nightclub to disco music😉😁🤣.
Well, we have the Neutron Dance by The Pointer Sisters. So there you go 😊
@@alexnorthsea LOL😁!
I was thinking of a really fast Chevy Nova.
The paths of objects are bent into elliptical orbits, not circular orbits. 🥸
Actually the orbits of a freely falling object basically from infinity in the case of unrelated stars would most likely be hyperbolic or maybe parabolic. Either way they'd go on in their new paths. This is easily seen in how the various spacecraft we've launched into the outer parts of the solar system have traveled.
What would happen if two magnetars collide?
Imagine if not a conscience ever came into being anywhere in the Universe itself and never will for all eternity. It would simply just be this unfathomably enormous thing that existed without knowledge of it existing, along with everything within it, like time, matter, energy etc.
Come to think of it, doesn't that mean that there are things that do exist that don't have an observer?
Trees have been falling over in forests for a very long time with no one to observe them.
Practically NOTHING that happens or exists in the universe is observed!
it's not that things tend to move in a straight line, and is not because of the space bending, its because time is bent andyou are moving in a straight line through time and that brings you closer to massive objects
Nearly right about the shape of debris, new results are showing a spherical ejection not doughnut.
What separates a standard Neutron star from a Magnetar?
Magnetars have magnetic fields about 1,000 times stronger, on average, than standard Neutron stars.
@@bickboose9364 How do they get that way?
@@chrisbaker2903 I don't know.
It’s was a rain storm
Mmm.. florescent doughnut.
Fun part....this world will be long gone before we reach the nearest star. 😂
Binary Purrs
You know people criticize learning from online videos calling them inaccurate and false information but do you know what it really has to do with. The fact that the people learning from this source of information didn't pay butt loads of money and waste 12 years of their life going to an ivy league college to learn what they have.
Amen
When my dad sneezes
Isn't a "binary pair" a pleonasm, or "wet water"?
I for one believe, we should extirpate, and eradicate all superfluous pleonasms.
@@fistpunder I'm generally leaning toward considering serious possibility of conditional agreement with your proposal.
Gravitational waves ?? Okay what’s waving.
Space
Space-time.
My 2 cats live in a binary purr
A kiloniva can produce Golds of mass 3 to 13 times than that of earth itself..... Dude .....i mean litreally my mind broke after watching that
Sorry, but neutron stars have enormous escape velocity, some half the speed of light! modern physics is in trouble.
They might release massive amounts of energy if, if they collide, but exploding neutron stars is just not possible.
The sun alone has escape velocity of 650 kilometres per second, and has no problem retaining itself, only releasing energy, ie solar wind through colliding magnetic filaments.
Neutron star is not able to explode.
If it could, you'd be talking, mere teaspoons of this stuff, weighing the weight of Mt Everest, flying through space at more than half the speed of light, it would not seed life in the universe, but destroy life.
But back in reality land, neutron stars are safe, at a distance. Phew, now I can sleep at night, I'm not sure the fire brigade could help, if this hit my house!
🌞
I love that stars dont play by our rules of whats possible. They basically just create rules to suit whatever the hell they do. Sorta.
They follow all the rules of physics laid out by God when He built the universe.
Earth masses of gold.... Hmmm. I wonder what the gravity on the surface of a planet of earth's size made out of pure solid gold would be. I guess it would be quite bad for a human, given the density and weight of gold. But still. Would be interesting.
If any one whom sees this is good at math and can calculate it whit out burning out a few braincells go ahead. I truly suck at math, and don't even know where to start such an equation, or what ever. Unfortunately I won't see it, since CZcams no longer notifies me about answers or replies to my comments here. But some one else who asks the same question will at least get the answer to this question, even tho I will not.
Can i have that supernova sfx?
Just a couple of questions. What do you want to use it for? Do you want just the effect or the original blend files?
@LearningCurveScience Just the sound effect, I don't really intend to use it for much besides putting it over the original supernova sfx to really feel it without the well.. Voice.
@@xyrah-kadachi4186 the sound I got from free sounds. Give me a few days and I'll see what I can do.
@LearningCurveScience Alright, Thank you!
Jo, kann schon boese werden.
So... nova -> supernova -> hypernova -> kilonova ?
Kilonovas are bigger that novas (about 1000 times bigger), but smaller than supernovas about a tenth as big.
nova -> *kilonova* -> supernova -> hypernova
I've seen this neutron star or white dwarf star being formed with my eyes one sits really close to earth. I always wondered what that was I was thinking Aliens or something but this explains it so perfectly stars typically aren't RGB like that. could be one of those Magnetic Reactive ones.
What if two black holes come close to eachother? they would refute eachothers gravity and the mass would expand/explode possibly eliminating eachother spreading across the universe in a "big bang".
+ As with the example in the video where the narrator says the neutron stars would increase in speed as they circle eachother I think another scenario is possible. As they increase in speed they will eliminate eachothers gravity in between eachother as well as on the opposite side of themself to eachother through the centrapetal force created by the cyclic speed basically throwing away their outside as they get torn apart on the inside.
Nah, they would just become a bigger black hole. Infinity + Infinity = Infinity, not 2 Infinity.
@@Toonrick12
Ypu didnt adress my theory at all so try again.
No
@@mikehawk5492
Why "no"?
@@Toonrick12 black holes mass/gravity is not infinite
Lol u say the word “pair” very oddly I couldn’t help but notice
5:53 You're using gravity to explain gravity.....
It's the universe's very own tautology.
@@chrisbaker2903 Except its not a tautology ...
Bai Nurry Purr
Mmmm… cosmic doughnut…
Need a really big glass of milk to go with that doughnut. Maybe a hyperglass.
Kilo nova or Killer nova 😂
The video is wrong. A sheet doesn't create gravity. The sheet has to be moving for it to bend. Gravity: Imagine a sheet called space moving through a 4th dimension where the 4th dimension was called time. The fabric’s direction of travel is from a place we call the past to a place we call the future. The surface of the sheet is what we will call the present. This 4th dimension is not the same as our ordinary experience of time but is related to it. If you put a lead ball on the moving fabric the ball would resist the movement so as to cause the fabric to deform. The ball and the fabric pushing the ball would lag behind the rest of the fabric. According to our definitions, the ball could be said to be in the past. If another ball were put on the fabric it would deform the fabric too. If the two balls were close together they would approach. The balls would seem to be attracted to one another but in reality, the same place is moving toward both of them. When you fall the Earth is moving toward you. .
So God's great Planetary Eviction is coming...