Why isn't the speed of light infinite? What if it were?
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- čas přidán 12. 03. 2021
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Why does the universe have an upper speed limit on the speed of light? Why isn’t the top limit infinite? Or what if the speed of light was not constant but changed in different reference frames?
The speed of light is dependent on two fundamental properties of space, the vacuum permittivity and permeability. These are measured constants with no theory to explain them. These constants represent the resistance of space to the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Since space exhibits a resistance to EM wave propagation, this sets a finite limit to the speed of light. If this resistance was much lower or nonexistent, then the speed of light would be much faster, or perhaps infinite.
The physical significance of the speed of light is that it's the upper limit of how fast information can flow. It is linked to causality and locality. If you are separated by some distance from an object. You cannot know anything about that object instantly.
If information could flow instantaneously from one part of the universe to another, it would mean that an event happening at any point in the universe could affect every other point. If there were a million hypernovae at any instant in space, this could kill us instantly because we would experience them simultaneously here on earth.
There would be no locality, which is the idea that objects in the universe are directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings.
Einstein’s Special relativity guarantees that there is no such thing as simultaneity. How would this break causality? Consider two events. If one observer determines that A caused B, a finite speed of light guarantees that all observers in all reference frames will also agree that A caused B, because in order for this not to be the case, information would have to travel back in time. In a universe with an infinite speed of light, observers would not be able to agree on the ordering of events, so there would be no agreement on causality.
We would have no sense of the history of the universe. There would be no redshift. We would not see the microwave background radiation, CMB. We would see the universe as it is in the current moment. But we would also see the full size of the universe, and know whether it was infinite or not.
The night sky would be completely lit up, because we would see all the light from all the stars everywhere in the universe simultaneously.
But an infinite speed of light would have a fundamental problem. If E=MC^2 is still correct, it would mean a universe with no mass, all energy. Since M = E/C^2. The higher the value of C, the more energy it takes to create mass. An infinite value of C would result in not being able to create any mass, regardless of how much energy we had. But note that E=MC^2 is based on Einstein’s special relativity, which is based on the idea that the speed of light is constant and finite, so this equation might not be valid.
Light speed is observer independent. You would measure the speed of light to be the same regardless of how fast you were traveling. How is that possible? Because time for the person traveling fast would run slower from the perspective of the person standing still.
This observer independence is necessary, otherwise there would not be a maximum speed limit because it would be different for different observers.
Varying speed of light would mean relativity is wrong,Quantum field theory would wrong. There would be no spacetime. Quantum mechanics may be salvageable. But causality would go out the window. The Big Bang would also have to be thrown out.
You may even have to bring back the idea of the luminiferous aether to explain how light moves according a fixed reference frame of the universe.
Why does the universe care about electromagnetic waves? Why is this speed of light so important in physics? What it cares about is causality, which is the maximum speed limit. And light just happens to have this maximum speed. Because photons have no mass, they can travel with no restriction.
#speedoflight
Another way to look at this maximum speed is to think about how Space and time are equivalent in special relativity.
The conversion factor that unites space and time in our universe is the maximum speed of causality, the speed of light.
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This is the same feeling you get from those exams where there’s only one problem and every answer is based on the previous one, till you realize you made a mistake on the first one 🙃
All of our test is almost exactly like this everytime, the only difference is ours is way more vauge and loosely said
I really think calling it "the speed of light" encourages misunderstanding. As this video notes, it's not a fundamental property of light, but rather a fundamental property of the universe. "The speed of light" makes it sound like it's a property of light, and its function as a speed limit seems arbitrary and even nonsensical. And it's often explained as "light goes this speed, and nothing can faster."
Explaining it first and foremost as a property of the universe, that it's the limit on how fast information can travel, and that light simply goes as fast as possible (which is slower in a medium) is, I think, a much better way to communicate these concepts. I like PBS SpaceTime's idea of it being "the speed of causality", as that's both a more accurate conception and it just happens to fit the term "c". (this also eliminates the need for the implied "in a vacuum" which also may confuse people)
It's the speed of causality, and when light is otherwise uninhibited, it goes at that speed.
Agreed. I think the concept would be much more readily digested if it was more conventional to teach it as you say.
On a related note, I always struggled with the "in a vacuum" caveat. Like what makes light move slower in a medium? It really muddied the waters for me and my ability to grasp the entire concept.
It wasn't until someone explained to me that, nono, light isn't going slower in a medium, it simply takes longer to travel from point A to point B; c is c, even in the medium, but the path it takes to get from point A to point B is longer as it bounces off of the atoms, so it seems slower. Once I understood that, I felt like that caveat was another sloppy convention that could be done away with.
@@Anonymous-de8uw Really? I have had the impression that light does slow down. That's why it bends. c is always c, but when light passes through a medium, it's going less than c. The speed of causality is always the same, but light can vary depending upon the medium. That's a big reason why I dislike calling c "the speed of light". Light can go slower, but "the speed of light" doesn't change, and that is confusing.
At least, that's how I read it. Light, when unencumbered, goes at c, but in a medium it slows a little bit below c.
But that is an interesting way to put it. On further thought, I don't think that explaination is any different than why anything else slows down when entering a "heavier" (or however you'd put it) medium. Like when you are in water. You move more slowly because of all of the water molecules you bounce off of.
Thanks, that definitely shed light on the topic.
You seriously just helped me understand it a little
The fact that light starts behaving differently when observed reminds me of how in video games certain things don't render unless you are close enough and look at it, like, instead of rendering countless photon particles it simplifies it to a wave
damnnn thats such an intuitive thought! wow man
that's because we live in a simulation neo
A highly suggestive thought indeed!
Omg, we are in a video game , confirmed
"Observed" doesn't mean viewed. Us looking at it is not what matters. In fact, we can't "look" at it at all unless it enters our retinas. Instead, we can observe the after-effects of it interacting with something else. What "observed" actually means is interacting with light, which experimentally usually involves efforts to measure it.
The word "observed" should never have been used by scientists. It's similar to terms like "god particle" and "big bang" -- the terms carry a lot of connotative baggage and are entirely misleading. Light's behavior has nothing to do with conscience observers. The Higgs Boson has nothing to do with "god," and isn't any more important than any other quantum particle. And the beginning of the universe was (most likely) not a massive explosion from a single point in space.
in all my years of life i have never heard an explanation that the speed of light is actually the speed of causality. this is revolutionary. thank you so much. you make the nature of our universe so clear
I recommend PBS spacetime. It is a very good physics channel - and the one that first taught me light speed isn't about light.
See here: czcams.com/video/msVuCEs8Ydo/video.html
It really isn't taught well enough, it took me way too long also, and now I know this a lot of theories started to make sense too.
Like why having FTL communication actually breaks causality. I've heard so many explanations about it, but I never understood why light speed mattered, it's because It doesn't matter. Casualty speed does, "C". in schools they should explain light speed as causality speed, and then mention as a foot note that light travels at this speed because it doesn't have mass.
Somewhere in a distant parallel universe, “Why doesn’t the speed of light has a limit? What if it was finite?”
Problem is without causality how would one be able to think? ;)
Causality defines the distinction between events, so without it there wouldn’t be any asymmetry or nuance whatsoever.
Problem is our linear thinking. There’s even universe possible where time runs backwards and yet it doesn’t break the casuality. In an universe where light has no speed limit, sure the physics might be different but that is not even slightly to say that there will be casuality problem, and also who is to say that they need to have casuality, we don’t know anything unlike us.
So many arguments against FTL come down to "you can't break the rules, if you follow the rules."
@@henrytjernlund what do you mean exactly, can you give an example?
Finally youtubes algorithm has shown me something I'm actually interested in
Welcome
Just saw your comment right after I finished writing basically the same thing!
Same
Magnetic moment M= IA mia
Lucky you. I had to go looking for videos like this because the algorithm kept recommending videos of sebaceous cysts and pimples being drained. 🤢
What I found really interesting is, how slow C is on a cosmic scale...it's like internet from the 90's
Great video! :)
exactly....I believe it's because space itself is actually not a very compressible medium
(Or rather, very resistant to expanding or contracting....but since it's a vacuum is a constant and therefore puts a limit on a photons speed)
How do you know it's slow? For all we know, in certain directions light might travel almost instantly, but slow to a crawl in the opposite way. The speed of light has not been proven to be a constant, because it has not been able to be accurately measured for one directional speed
There is much evidence to support light travels faster going from the center of the galaxy to the edge, than it does going from the edge to the center
Due to light being a particle, this is likely since the cosmic background radiation, or cmb, acts similar to air drag on light, since cmb radiates from the center of the galaxy to the outer edge of the galaxy, that means there's cosmic wind, it is something we'd almost never be able to observe without a reference point outside our galaxy, since we're already affected by the cosmic wind. However this drag causes light to have a maximum speed since it has mass, literally the exact same concept as terminal velocity, however it would be different speeds based on what direction in comparison to the cosmic wind, and this speed difference would cause what we consider time dilation, since time for us is a measurement based on the speed of light and particles
Also photons and gluons, as well as all particles have mass, they're just to small to measure, calculations have been done with the assumption that they have mass, that work mathematically and are often more accurate than those that don't, it's not something that matters outside quantum mechanics however
@@thezyreick4289 We know that no mass can travel at the speed of Light or its mass would become infinite.
Do you agree with this fundamental?
Therefore....light is not a particle
Secondly....did you know that as light propogates...it red shifts....or its frequency slows down.....case in point CMB
So....try again from there knowing these two things.
@@drd1924 no, I don't agree with your statement that no mass can travel at the speed of light, or it's mass would become infinite.
Because the photons that make up the energy source called light, have mass, energy has mass. That's not a random statement, einstein stated and proved mathematically energy has mass, and we use that in modern physics as a fundamental law.
Light redshifts? No fucking shit, all particles decay, what's the surprise?
If the particles grouped together to form light decay, it too decays if it cannot find suitable particles to replace the lost particles that caused the decay.
Why do you think stable particles are stable? Its because they don't have any problem replacing lost parts to keep themselves balanced and stable, that goes for every stage of particle from celestial bodies like black holes, all the way down to gluons and all the infinitely small particles that make them up.
Or what, you one of those loons that claim a gluon wills itself into existence for the fucking hell of it? No, they form from energy, guess what energy has? Mass, guess what mass is? A physical manifestation in reality, so no shit energy is just particles, and when they come together right they form gluons and every other form of matter we know to exist.
Think before you speak, and you should check your own crap you're saying isn't contradicting itself before speaking
Trying to say a mass of energy doesn't have mass because it'd be infinite if it did, the hells wrong with you? If it don't have mass it can't exist, it can't interact with anything
How the fuck you think they discovered the higgs boson? They collided photons together dumbass, how can you collide 2 things together if neither have any mass?????
@@drd1924 also, if my belief is so fundamentally wrong, then prove the theory I believe in is wrong. Go on, here is a link
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93tensor%E2%80%93vector_gravity
Feel free, put it through the wringer, test it on the bullet cluster, I don't care, it works for the bullet cluster and explains it perfectly fine without breaking, test it on black holes, does that too, fuck take it to the quantum realm, I'm still testing it there, I'm not the one who made it, but no matter how much I test it, I cant break it, so please, try to help me break this theory because that's how I choose my theory, I don't assume shit's right, I do my absolute best to break it, and when I can't break it, then I know it's right, never need to assume
This is one of the best videos on physics that I've ever seen (and I've seen many). It pulls together and explains so many fundamental concepts.
Seeing the night sky with the speed of light being infinite would be either magnificent or terrifying, either way I’d like to see.
You wouldn't survive to feel anything unfortunately. The energy from the light coming from everywhere in the universe simultaneously will instantly vaporize you, along with the earth.
It would be blinding at the very least. Instantly destructive at the worst :P
I mean it would just be pure white. In fact you'd probably not be able to see at all.
@@jeremias-serus None of that is actually true though. An infinite sum doesn't have to have an infinite value. Assuming a fairly uniform distribution of matter in an infinite universe there would be a hard limit on the total amount of light hitting the Earth just as there is now in our universe. The sky would not be lit up. It would most likely look about the same with the exception that we would not see the past but the present.
@@Ryrzard No one's saying it would have infinite outputs, that's because there aren't infinite stars. Only that the amount of outputs visible from Earth would be obscenely large. Easily so to the point that the entire sky should blinding.
"This would lead to a bizarre universe". As opposed to our completely non bizarre one? Lol. I find the universe pretty bizarre as it is.
Well perhaps, but it is comprehensible, not chaotic.
@Asymmetrical Horse light is diaper than wave and practical
@Asymmetrical Horse particles don’t “behave differently” you are interpreting wave/particle duality to mean that (for example) an electron is sometimes a wave and sometimes a particle, depending on how/if it is observed, but it’s not one or the other, the electron has *both* wave properties and particle properties at all times, and depending on the experimental setup one characteristic or the other will be observed, but both properties are always there. The so-called “quantum eraser” illustrates this nicely, see en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment
Wave function, the total possible probability of finding a particle in any given location within the function as it is defined. This is like an upper and lower bound for the location as we understand particle interactions. Before we measure it, how do we know? We don't... That is why we measure... The function is either correct or not, measuring allows us to update the function. You cannot throw energy or another particle at a particle and expect it to continue doing what it was doing before. Meaning, once you measure it, you no longer know where it is because it was deflected by the measurement. But you can infer how fast it was going based on the particle that you measured with.
Multiverse confirmed
Light: *Goes as fast as the universe can allow*
Humans: Why don't you go faster?
Light: *Sad light noises*
that makes me think how would happy light noises sound lol
From lights perspective it gets anywhere instantly tho.
@@kaydens6964 ?
@@deltamico the faster you go the shorter the distance, once you reach light speed there’s no concept of distance
....and the light noises would be travelling almost 900,000 times slower than the light itself, so we wouldn't even know what made the noise
This is the best explanation about this topic I’ve ever had so far.
Hello
“Honey, I never drive faster than I can see. Besides that, it's all in the reflexes.”
Did you just quote Jack Burton in response to a physics video? Well played sir!
@@sonofawil who?
yes sir the check is in the mail
@@elck3 Jack Burton… ME!
Very underrated comment, I love it. Say you take a car moving at lightspeed and it shines its headlights, the headlights would shine at light speed ahead of the car. How is light not infinite? I think we're just biased observers
Definitely a very underrated channel that more people need to see. You should have your own Netflix special hosting along side NdGT! Thanks for making very difficult subject matter easy to understand and accessible.
Fun fact: if c was infinite, that might also cause capacitors to hold no charge because at least one of the permeability or permittivity would have to be 0
True. I remember the capacity formula when he mentioned permeability.
This is true, but, there would be no matter, so, no capacitors either
I would say it is more a question of would these constants work in the same manner?
If we are making such a fundamental change as changing the speed of light, it is reasonable to assume lots of other things will change as well.
Haven't watched it, but to answer the question directly(as I think it is), if light's speed could be infinite, then a blackhole wouldn't be able to keep it from escaping its gravitational pull.
In Cosmic Scales, Light is Super Slow. It takes years to reach the next star, Lol. Once again, Great video with great insights !!
i think you have it wrong:
on cosmic scales, the universe is BIG. it takes years to reach the next start because distance is vast, not because light is slow
@@scruffytube5169 same thing, different wordings
@@scruffytube5169 And that is because the space itself could travel/expand at a much faster rate than the speed of light. We have no appreciation as to how large this value could be, perhaps the speed of light really is insignificant compared to the rate at which the space expands beyond the observable universe.
Causality might have something to say about that. That was his point about non-locality. However, think about the desktop toy, Newton's cradle, causation is happening everywhere at local scales. So yeah, it may seem like photons are "slow" as they traverse their lone paths, even if they feel no time. But literally everything is happening around it along the way. Measuring one photon is great for physics but it doesn't do us any good to try and observer the universe from that point of view...
If we are travelling at light speed, wouldn't we not age..and hence instant in out perceptive.. 🤔
That was probably one of the best explanations I've seen. Really good visuals too. A must see.
This was fascinating. Thank you. I want more theoretical video like this, I’ll run through your channel now!
Wow, Arvin!!! I have never heard a talk like this that connects so many complex phenomena together in such a comprehensive manner...great production and graphics too!!! 👏👏👏
I normally don't comment on videos but this was something really interesting, thank you!
Listening second time now. Maybe 🤔 after 10 times I’ll begin to understand.
@Nobita Plotiwst: He is Jeff Bezozs
I have never heard a presentation that talked about a universe without a speed limit. And I thought I’d listened to every lecture, and concept of the universe ever presented. This was a fantastic presentation
As a chemistry instructor teaching conversion factors and dimensional analysis - the realization that the speed of causality is a conversion factor between space and time BLEW MY MIND.
So if we are not moving in space, we are moving at C in time scale.
Hey, this was very cool. I’m just impressed at the clarity of your delivery, the depth of your explanation and your visualisations. I’m glad I found your channel!
Ah yes, one of the precious times the CZcams algorithm recommends a new-to-me channel I truly love. I smashed subscribe instantly.
Are you also a PBS SpaceTime fan? Or MinutePhysics? Or SFIA? Or Physics Girl?
@@coopergates9680 PBS SpaceTime yes; gonna check the others out now, thanks for the tip!
@@ofconsciousness Primarily astrophysics? Or a few other topics also?
@@coopergates9680 yeah I follow a lot of channels. Two Minute Papers, Anton Petrov, Dr Becky, Jabrils, Short and Sweet AI, etc
@@ofconsciousness Computerphile and numberphile? Oh... and this one lol
czcams.com/video/rYLzxcU6ROM/video.html
The illustration of the flashlight on the train was superb. Perfectly visualized maximum speed even if you could measure it on the train from the standing reference. Beautiful. Thank you.
Very well done! Really nice breakdown, and I truly appreciate your calm and sagely voice, which does wonders to relay the complex information.
I love your enthusiasm, your presentations are inspiring and very appreciated. Thank you Arvin.
Thank you so much!
This is the first video ever that made me understand, why there has to be a speed limit for causality und why the speed of electromagnetic waves equals that speed.
Absolutely brilliant, my favorite video so far! I understand so many things now that I was never really able to reconcile during physics class.
A thoroughly enjoyable video, so fascinating and well explained. Such an excellent channel!
Great video, some food for thought!
I wonder: if the speed of light was infinite, would it mean that magnetic and electric resistance of space would be zero? Would it make electricity and magnetism behave oddly as well, like easy superconductivity or something?
Yes, excellent point! Many things would be affected including EM forces, as well as gravity. You can't really change the speed of light without affecting a bunch of other things.
Excellent as always Arvin. I cant believe Ive never thought about what the night sky would look like if the speed of light was instantaneous...... thats such a simple concept that has never crossed my mind before today. Thank you for bringing it to my attention, now I have more to ponder about.
I don’t think it would look any different if we assume that light attenuates by the inverse square law.
@@Tailspin80 but then we would be able to see beyond the cosmological constant, which depending on if the universe is infinitely big or not, then there wouldn’t anywhere you couldn’t see light from a far away galaxy/star anything with The homogeneous matter dispersal in the universe.
No loss of illumination from redshifted light, every wavelength visible at all times.
@@brianpj5860 Not sure, but wouldn’t the received light intensity be dominated by local sources? You would be able to see light from the observable universe but the distant sources would be very faint.
it crossed my mind just about 2 weeks ago. i think i am entangled with arvins brain
@@Tailspin80 I'm with you. When he said that, I was like, "not so fast, sir!" Even local sources of light become diffuse over space alone. Time diffusion seems unnecessary in order to have a universe of infinite light speed. Light traveling from an infinite number of light sources in the universe would have an infinite number of celestial bodies blocking them from our view. Come on!
Still the most informative YT channel. Please keep educating Arvin!!
this is a 5-star science video Arvin that should be shown in every school science class. thank you thank you for living proof that the internet can increase the spread of human understanding
Hi again Arvin. You are becoming endearing! That was not there when I met you. Now it is. It is present in the expressions of your face as you speak. Very nice. Felicitaciones mi amigo!
Absolutely LOVE your videos. So easy to understand.
Another great video. Thank you for explaining it in such an understandable way.
I follow a lot of Scientific CZcams channels, but You, sir have answered all questions my head asks at 2am. I will now like, suscribe and sleep soundly..
This is a good one Arvin. I like how you give a new look to physics.
"In 1905...Albert Einstein killed the idea of the ether."
Michelson & Morely: "Are we a joke to you?"
I caught that too.
The ether is literally a placeholder for unknown functions
It takes a lot for me to downvote a video, but this sentence achieved that for me. The Michaelson-Morely experiment in 1997 killed the Ether, not relativity.
@@NeilFein you got a typo, it's 1887 - but you're right
Wouldn’t be the first time he stole credit for something.
Thanks for the video, even as someone who has dealt with the subject, I really enjoyed this amazing explanation - that's an immediate subscription for me.
You not only ask great questions, you answer them well too.
FINALLY!!! Clarity on the space/time/causality/locality/speed of light relationship!!! Best one I've ever come across!! Profoundly appreciative for the Enlightening presentation (pun intended)!!!
“There would be no agreement on causality”.... sounds like politics! Lol Great vid as usual- thanks!
That phrase makes no sense what so ever. If all observers can be aware of an event at the same time, there being no difference in the time taken for light to reach observers at different distances, then there would be uniform agreement on causality of events rather than the current relative effect that makes all observers disagree (and then need understand Special Relativilty to piece back what the sequence must have been). True that is not the universe we are in where one can use time delays beween receivers to calculate distance from a source (eg position with GPS), but I don't see that breaking causality. Indeed one could still be aware of one's position, if one used the reduced signal intensity through inverse-square law to calculate distance.
Inverse square law still holding would party break earlier argument Ash raises 4:00 that one would be obliterated by the radiation from a million hypernova in space reaching us at once. This is I think invoking Olbers' Paradox of why is the night sky not white from the light from stars if we lived in an infinite static universe (anwser being that light is finite, universe is finite in size, universe is finite in age, universe is expanding and red shift). With infinite speed light from beyond just the limits of the Observeable universe bubble (now 46 billion light year radius and light having travelled 13billion years) would reach us. However the intensity of that far-distance light would still be reduced by the inverse square law. Absorption of light by interstellar dust further reduces the intensity of received light. While given infinite time that dust then would heat up and start emitting light of its own as black-body radiation, that this does not occur is partly explained by the universe having existed for only a finite period of time and the universe is not static, but is expanding, so light from far off universe would still be increasingly diminished by inverse-square law. The final component to the solution to Olbers' Paradox in our universe is that the expanding universe also causes light to progressively red-shift for farther objects, which I don't think would still occur if light had infinite speed.
This instant, is the only time there is...
You are a lot closer to the truth than you realize. Mutual agreement = democracy.
If all observers agree you have objective or 100% absolute democracy.
The laws of physics conform to a principle of objective democracy.
The velocity of light is the same & equal for all observers, it is independent of the observer's perspective, it conforms to a principle of objective democracy therefore.
Democracy is the correct word to use here.
Objective democracy is a target or goal -- teleology.
Teleological physics (syntropy) is dual to non-teleological physics (entropy).
Syntropy (prediction) is dual to increasing entropy -- the 4th law of thermodynamics!
@@bi1iruben Imagine writing a large paragraph in a youtube comment section over a joke.
@@bi1iruben I wanted to post this same question myself. In a universe with an infinite speed of light, we are guaranteed to see events in the exact order in which they happen. How can that break causality?
Literally was just wondering about this as i couldnt sleep, and now i open youtube to find a video explaining it. Sometimes it feels like the internet can read your mind.
Great video, clear explanation, nicely put.
I loved this video! CZcams subtitled it for me. I'm of Spanish talk. Great job!!!!!
I think a better question to ask would be: what would happen if "c" approached infinity?
This would get rid of the causality problem to some degree and mostly give us Newton's mechanics.
@Zhang ShiYing can you provide an example of a setup in which some measurement doesn't approach a limit as "c" approaches infinity?
It might exist, but I can't think of one, so my question stands.
And the Universe definitely won't happen all at once cause speeds below "c" exist. I mean, most computer physics engines work as if "c" is infinite.
@Zhang ShiYing ...and that's relevant how?
"c" is a parameter, we can take a limit of any measurement as "c" approaches infinity while other parameters remain the same to get a model of the world where "c" is infinite.
This is incredible!!
Thank you
Awesome video. It helps me appreciate all that I had previously learned.
This was one of the best videos I ever watched: You really nailed explaining thing fundamental principle simply! AWESOME!!!! WELL DONE!!!! I literally (Not making it up) got goosebumps
You actually got something from this video? Oh. Well you must be able to say why the speed of light is not infinite then?
He said it the video. Space fabric puts up a certain resistance which limits how fast light can travel through space.
@@b4ph0m3tdk9 Yes. These are called permeability & permittivity. But why is light slowed down by these? Arvin Ash doesn't say why. He just says they give some resistance. The click bait-ness of this video becomes more obvious the more you delve into & think about permittivity & permeability. ok sorry but wall of text because it's complicated:
Boze Science explains permeability nicely using simple diagrams. Space does not bend magnetic field lines because it has low permeability. Iron does because it has high permeability.
Permittivity is found in 2 basic equations: force between 2 charges = QQ / 4pi times permittivity times r squared
& capacitance = permittivity times area / the distance between the capacitor plates
The reason why permittivity increases capacitor is explained by DrPhysicsA & Eugene animation guy whathsiname & there's a video by...can't remember non-Ivy league US university videos with few views can be very good sometimes.
Materials with high permittivity are insulators eg plastic. The atoms in the plastic become polarised when the plastic is placed in the middle of a capacitor. The electron clouds get pulled towards the positive capacitor plate. This strips the plastic atoms of their electrons clouds & effectively causes a mass of positive charge to appear near the negative plate. Electrons love this & try to cram onto the negative capacitor plate to get near to the positive charge in the plastic. Thus you end up cramming more electrons on there. Thus the capacitance has increased.
This process probably happens in a vacuum as well but on a smaller scale. Veritasium's video 'Empty space is not empty' shows that it isn't empty. & physicists seem to talk about vacuum polarization & maybe electron-pair shielding around an atom or something with Feynman diagrams. I dunno about this stuff yet.
But this polarisation process can explain why force between 2 charges is inversely proportional to permittivity because when something becomes polarised the positive & negative parts are separated & there is an electric field between them which acts in the opposite direction to the electric field which caused the polarisation in the 1st place. Effectively the atom (or smaller thing) is acting like a spring. It takes energy to move the electron cloud away from the protons in the nucleus. NB Like a spring.
The way in which permeability slows down light is a hard nice puzzle. At least this video has made me think about it. What i have now is that the magnetic part of light is basically a form of momentum. (See G Chang's vid = hydraulic analogy of LC circuit). & a big object with momentum takes time to slow down. Time. It takes time to slow down.
What slows it down? I think the spring of polarisation that occurs in dielectrics & in vacuum. Plastic has high permittivity because you can spend a good 15 minutes pulling & stretching those electron clouds. Ok not 15 minutes but a long arse time. They like being stretched. Stretching things can take a while sometimes. It takes time.
Don't ask me why there's a square root in there c = 1/square root of permittivity times permeability. i do not know why!
(Yet)
i think DrPhysicsA is really going to help me today with his video on reactance.
So the video title effectively asks why are permeability & permittivity not zero? Also it asks why do these 2 values slow light down? If they were 0 then c would not get slowed down. It would be infinite. Since Ash does not answer these questions other than a very brief "it causes resistance" the title is click bait. It's a shame as his videos are pretty good IMO & I do learn things from them.
@@alwaysdisputin9930 Fabric of space it self sets a limit for how fast information can travel, but the resistance mentioned does NOT slow light down, as you say, it takes energy out of light.
@@b4ph0m3tdk9I agree it takes energy out of light but see the equation at 1:20
v = 1 over √ɛ₀ μ₀
See also Arvin Ash's video 'Why is the speed of light what it is? Maxwell equations visualized'
czcams.com/video/FSEJ4YLXtt8/video.html
v = 1 over something means 'inversely proportional'
So as ɛ₀ μ₀ go up, then v goes down
For example, glass has a higher ɛ than space therefore light travels slower in glass, this causes refraction
Another way of saying it is c² = 1 / ɛ₀ μ₀
which is interesting because E = mc²
& nukes release a lot of energy because E = mc² & c² is huge
which means nukes are powerful because ɛ₀ μ₀ are near to zero
i.e. nukes are powerful because space doesn't slow light down very much
Edit: This comment initially started with 'No v = 1 over √ɛ₀ μ₀
which was a bit harsh & unskilful of me because i was focusing on the thing i disagree with whereas I agree that: the resistance in space takes energy out of light. I think this is true because empty space is not empty & vacuum polarisation occurs & that is like compressing a spring which takes energy
Thank you so much for your videos... they’re incredibly interesting and inspiring, and so well put together... Bravo my friend!
Thank you. Much appreciated.
@@ArvinAsh Great explanation for permittivity and permeability. And if we can understand these terms then relativity is much easier! But now question arises to my mind, how can we calculate that property of space that affects speed of electric and magnetic field.? I mean it seems like a simple constant in an equation just as G constant in newtonian gravity equation. If this works there then it should work there too(am I wrong again).
BUT the MOST Major of my all questions comes now.
Hw did scientists actually found that electric has finite speed(means it is travelling out of charge)? And also how did they found its velocity then after confirming that it has finite velocity? Make a video on that 🥰please.
This video was absolutely amazing. Thank you
On man, that was such a clear explanation, thank you for answering this...
I have just watched this video and I think I love physics science :) good job bro!!!
I often wondered in what sense space and time 'switch'; and now you've highlighted the connection between the two. Great stuff.
You are such a great explainer. Magnificent!
First time ever someone has shown the formula for Velocity of light... Now I know how they got to that mathematically. Thank you.
this channel = physics + philosophy. the only channel on youtube that I have found to have this quality.
This is a very good channel, but there are some others that address philosophy of science. "Up and Atom" is one.
Veritasium, Vsauce, Carl Sagan's lectures
To photons, everything happens instantaneously.
So nothing happens?
Turtles perceive everything the same way.
@@moistmike4150 what?
@@tuneboyz5634 Turtles perceive everything the same way as photons. Google it.
You an Ubuntu fan?
10:08 - So the speed of light is really the speed of causality. Light just happens to be one of multiple things that's capable of traveling at the speed of causality. We call it the "speed of light" because light was the first thing we observed traveling at this speed.
Yes. That is a good way of putting it.
Arvin, You're the man! Absolutely love your work ❤️
I love this channel, such interesting content presented so well
crazy how ive been discussing my interest in quantum mechanics to my coworkers in fast food and they ask me pretty simple questions in response about this exact topic! very serendipitous.
I appreciate that he mentioned (briefly) that C in E=MC² is not the speed of light but rather the speed of light is C, the fastest a particle with no rest mass can travel.
Now you gave us a full range of information. "All in one" ! Genial!
There was a brilliant communication moment on the train. The light moving from the stationary observer and the light moving from the train passenger move at the same objective speed. The train passenger perceives the time component of "m/s" differently, which is why the "photon speed + train speed" paradox doesn't apply. Thanks for sharing. This was interesting.
why the need of slowing time? since light is massless, it doesn´t gain any „push“ from train, it simply starts to propage itself through space at it´s speed, no matter if source of light is moving, or not, right?
@@7JeTeL7 _"why the need of slowing time?"_ - watch the video at 7:30 again. From the outside observer's point of the view, the relative speed between the guy on the train and the light is less than c (it's c-v, where v is the speed of the train wrt. the outside observer). If the observer on the train would use the same length and time measurements as the outside observer, he would necessarily measure that slower relative speed of the light.
In reality, he measures speed c.
@@renedekker9806 i don´t think so; guy in the train would measure distance for which light travelled from point (that point is obviously not in the train; it would be something outside the train, like telegraph pole or something) where he turned flashlight on...this would not aplly for, let´s say, gun; i am moving in train with 0.5 bullet speed and i shoot from the gun same time like someone outside, while passing him; my bullet would be 1.5 bullet speed(since it´s carring momentum of the train) while bullet shot from outsiders gun would travell it´s regular speed; both would see, that train bullet is faster, while in experiment with light speeed would be same(since it doesn´t carry momentum)
@@7JeTeL7 _"guy in the train would measure distance for which light travelled from point (that point is obviously not in the train"_ - the guy on the train obviously measures the points on the train. When we are talking about the speed of light, then it is measured wrt yourself. When you are on the train, then obviously, that is on the train.
_"while in experiment with light speeed would be same"_ - Exactly, the light from the flashlight on the train measures as speed c for both of you. The light from the flashlight outside the train ALSO measures as speed c for both of you.
@@renedekker9806 i am sorry, but guy in train must always count from starting point/or, if he chooses train itself as reference point, he must add distance which he travelled from that point during measurment; both approaches give same speed...massless property of light is, that it doesn´t matter how fast its source moves; source of light doesn´t give momentum to light, so it´s speed is constatnt, no matter where it came from...why slowing time to solve this?
The theory of ether was killed way before einstein, as far as I remember by the michelson Morley experiment in the 1880s.
You must have lived a long time to remember that experiment! I had no clue the average Joe of the 1880's was even aware that such an experiment was taking place by the elitists philosophers of the time
Thank you Arvin, you've inspired me today! :)
What if this is a simulation, the speed of light is the processor speed, and the Planck length is a pixel or a bit?
Several months ago, I read someone's comment proposing that if we live in a simulated reality, then the speed of light/travel in space has to be limited as the "Matrix" needs time to load the remote scenes when one travels in simulated space.
That's the render speed of the computer that runs this simulation. They needed to set a limit so the game engine is able to keep up with players moving.
Interesting thought. I don't know if you're serious or not.
@@johnmckown1267 Some experts think we might live in a simulation so if that's the case than the game/rendering engine must have limits. For example our primitive engines have LoD and Draw Distance to keep things smooth and manageable. The universe engine might have the Speed of Light limit for the same purpose.
I know some scientists have invoked the simulation hypothesis based on presumed probabilities. I even made a video about it. But realistically, I don't think we live in a simulation. There is no evidence that we do. All the hype is based on statistics, which are based on presumed assumptions about the future, and not on any known probabilities.
@@ArvinAsh I like what Sabine Hossenfelder more or less said. If you can't measure it / observe it / test it, it's not science, it's religion/belief/philosophy.
@ There is something about the results of quantum mechanics that really feel uncomfortably like looking at the edge cases of an optimization from the inside. Like maybe entanglement and late resolution of variables leads to easier calculations or a huge reduction in storage requirements. A good analogy might be floating point math. It lets you work with really big numbers and is largely correct for a pretty nice savings in storage. However, its not too hard to get some shocking results with it if you didn't realize how it worked to begin with.
thank you, it enlightens a concept not always clear in my physic classes! :)
Where is your pfp from?
This is amazing! Thanks so much. Seing time converted to space and vice versa really gives depth to the spacetime theory for me.
Light's intensity would still drop with the square of the distance. You still wouldn't have a fully bright sky and the super novas would still not kill us. Also causality would still be conserved, because you would get Galilean transformations and they are consistent too. But the one comment down there is right, e0 or m0 would need to be zero and that would be bad news for electronics.
May you please elaborate on why it would be bad for electronics🥺.
Please make a video on casuality , and possibility of acasual objects .
Visuals were very easy to understand. I do kids classes, I will take ideas from here + will share this video.
It's always amazing to watch how fast the unknown parameters of permeability and permittivity are glossed over. They should be the focus of new discovery.
The funny thing is, for a photon, light does travel at infinite speed. When it leaves its origin, it will arrive at its destination instantly from the photon's perspective.
Hello, your comment doesn’t have sense, the speed of light has a value, hence the proton travel at such value.
@@10418 look up special relativity and time dilation
czcams.com/video/ZGoDK18b3LE/video.html
Arvin ash
The space is expanding faster than the speed of light.
How is it possible to gain speed greater than such a speed?
It is impossible to travel faster than speed of light inside spacetime, but spacetime itself can travel faster than light on two distant places
Very informative, thank you
Thankyou Arvin ash for explaining physics so well and cohesively. I watch a lot of these science videos on CZcams and I have to say, yours are quite good!! Very well explained and great visuals too. Can you do a video about Schrödinger’s cat? I’m having a lot of problems accepting the idea of superposition until measurement. How can an electron be in all places around the nucleus in the same instant? And in all spin directions? I hate this theory but I think it’s because I’m just not understanding it. Thanks!!
Thank you. Here's a video on Copenhagen interpretation using Schrodinger's cat: czcams.com/video/OjrEudqgZ1M/video.html -- It is not dead and alive at the same time in reality. The analogy is just meant to prove a somewhat absurd point.
Arvin is the best! I love those videos :)
You touched on refraction. The eye can only form an image when the curvature of the eye (and lens) refracts light onto the retina. We could not ‘see’ as we do now. Could seeing even be a thing? My expensive DSLR would be useless? Could I get my money back?
Your eye will be useless ask god to return you money
DSLR work on different properties, but the lense is not part of that. You can change the lense. In your eye the lense changes, no need for extra parts. If you tried taking pictures without a lense... Would they still give your money back?
@@Robert_McGarry_Poems 14 days time over....so now its late to claim for ur money
You shouldn't have bought into the hype and been content with your phone camera
Everything that you “see” is resolved by a “graphics program” running in your Visual Cortex, which is your brains “graphics card”.
This answered a lot of questions I've had for many years in a straightforward way, without a ton of math, but still at an adult comprehension level. Thank you!
Marvellous explanation of the matter! Most importantly that it's not the speed of light but on the most general scale the speed of causality which defines the universe!!!
Most underrated channel on CZcams
Ohh that explanation of space/time continuum clicked with me. The constant of lights speed is a property of space fabric it self. Thanks
At least it appears to be, given we have pretty much no idea what „space fabric“ is, beyond an abstract concept. What‘s it made of, how can it expand and be curved by gravity etc.
Interesting and well explained!
Thank you for explanation now I understand why
Probably one of ur best episodes Ever Arvin. 🙌
I see the visual the train, but I still have a hard time wrapping my brain around the idea that the photons from each person (moving and not-moving) would be matched. Just...wow.
I agree, it's bothered me for a long time that I can't understand it intuitively but this video brought me a bit closer. Time dilation makes it possible -- or is caused by it, depending on your point of view :)
@@georgie3 time warp lines would exist around everything traveling fast ?
I love this channel because it give best explanation on CZcams
THANK YOU DR.ARVIN ASH...!!!
But from the point of view of light itself, a photon doesn't experience time and so wouldn't that mean that it leaves and reaches its destination instantly ?
It depends on the point of view that you are looking at it from, relativity!
C is not a fundamental property of universe. It is only a fine tune convention to obtain more precise data, necessary on then new quantum mechanics.
Nobody knows if light in other zones of Universe is lower or higher, presuming the vacuum is equal everywhere, which is an epic presumption...
@@rubenangelvarisco9719 That's true and I didn't think about that if I'm honest.
Thanks for the reminder.
That's coming up right now!
Good video. Perhaps I would add a small thing that the transmission of energy depends on the speed limit of light. Thus, if there were an unlimited speed of light, it would not be possible to mediate any energy transfer through an infinitely long wave (it would not be possible to sunbathe on the beach under the sun). The resistance of the environment (permittivity) seems to compress the velocity into waves that can already carry energy, interactions. That is why various sci-fi ideas about superlight travel are meaningless, which also require exotic matter, which is matter that does not exist in the whole universe.
Very nice! You won me over with this video.