Is Jupiter A Failed Star? And What Would Happen If It Really Became One?
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- čas přidán 1. 07. 2024
- Not infrequently, especially on the Web, one still finds astronomy articles claiming that the planet Jupiter should be considered a "failed star," that is, a celestial body whose mass "almost" allowed it to trigger nuclear fusion reactions, but failed to do so.
What is true about this statement?
Let's go find out together!
In all likelihood, this is a belief born in the late 1970s, when it was discovered that Jupiter radiates about one and a half times the amount of heat it receives from the Sun into space. This may have led to the suggestion that at one time the planet may have produced heat by nuclear fusion; heat that would then have been partially conserved by thermal inertia.
But if this were indeed the case, how is it that Saturn, which has a mass more than three times less than that of Jupiter, emits as much as two and a half times the heat it receives from the Sun?
Indeed, it is impossible that a celestial body with a certain mass emits more heat than another with a higher mass.
And in fact, the explanation for the phenomenon is another. Jupiter's internal structure consists of several layers: below the gaseous atmosphere, we find a layer of liquid hydrogen and helium, one of metallic hydrogen, and a solid core whose composition is still uncertain. In the first layer, helium, being heavier, tends to descend, pushing up hydrogen. This results in a release of gravitational energy, and thus heat.
In the case of Saturn, since it is farther from the Sun and therefore colder, the "stirring" due to thermal motions is less, and therefore the helium sinks more easily. Hence the greater intensity of heat emitted by the planet.
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Video Chapters:
00:00 Introductko
04:45 Why Jupiter has remained a planet?
06:28 Is there any chance that this could happen?
09:25 Downsides of increasing Jupiter's mass
#insanecuriosity #jupiter #thesolarsystem - Věda a technologie
Or are stars just failed Jupiters?
Gas giants*
@@RandomthedimeOFFICIAL bro, they said jupiters because its a joke. stfu
Or are fails a star jupiters?
@@RandomthedimeOFFICIAL 🤓
@@RandomthedimeOFFICIAL umm actually they are called gaseous gigantics 🤓
I had a dream when I was a kid in the 70's that I went into my front yard and could see Jupiter in the sky like 100 times bigger than the moon. It was freaky but everything on earth was still status quo. It was vivid as I still remember it at 54 years old.
When the sun sets on a humid summer evening where I am, I call it a Jupiter Sun as it is so large and red.
I have dreams of the planets being super huge and visible quite often.
Because you watched 2010 Space Odessey movie....that was one of the final scenes...
I did psilocybin in the ‘70’s, too!
I have actually heard this from several people, people that do not know each other and have never met. A couple of them were your stereotypical no nonsense "mountain man" types that weren't given to letting their imagination run wild.
7:00 Deuterium is not a lighter isotope of hydrogen, it is in fact a HEAVIER isotope of hydrogen. By far the most common isotope of hydrogen is protium, which is half the mass of deuterium. There is also a third isotope of hydrogen called tritium, but it is very rare in the universe because 1) it decays with a short half-life, and 2) it fuses easily into helium.
But can it be easily converted into dilithium to power warp engines??? C'mon, let's focus on the important things here, y'all.
@@grumpus_hominidae so factual inaccuracies aren't important? Ok
@@grumpus_hominidae Not without flux capacitors, it wont...
Heavy water? D2O.
He means lighter than Helium.
So Jupiter is like an actor who wanted to make it big in Hollywood but ended up being known for his role in sitcoms instead.
Din-a-mite!
I have Universe Sandbox... I sometimes increase Jupiter's mass to make it turn into a red dwarf star. It's interesting to watch how the solar system rearranges itself and everything adjusts to the new star and its gravitational influence on our system, including Sol.
Same
There are 3 of us! 3
same
@@gotioify 4 know btw
All planets are yours, except Europa.
2010: a space odyssey
It could be argued that had Jupiter acquired enough mass, our system could have been a binary. However, the best estimates I have seen say Jupiter would have needed at least 15x more mass for fusion to happen.
Could Jupiter acquire enough mass over time? Sucking in material every more as it's mass increased?
At that mass Jupiter would become a brown dwarf. For fusion to fully start Jupiter needs to have a minimum mass 84 times that it has now.
Siri Soltau, yes you are absolutely right. Even a little red dwarf like Proxima Centauri or Barnard’s Star is like 80 Jupiters! That increase in mass would disrupt the solar system unless it was a wide binary. Actually the nemesis theory is that this possibility is not so far fetched and that the second star is a dwarf past the Oort Cloud on a wide orbit that grazes the Oort Cloud every 26 million years or so.
@@maxwellcrazycat9204 there isn't enough mass in the solar system for that to happen. it would need to suck up all the other planets , the asteroid belt and than some.
The sun is 99.8% of the solar system's mass so there isn't much left.
The best estimates are more than 80x Jupiter's mass, not 15x.
In 2010 space odyssey I'm pretty sure Jupiter's mass was not increased, rather it compressed the planet, increasing its density only to start fusion not adding mass.
In the book the new tiny star had only minor effects on earth, but the joviean system of course became much warmer.
Also, Saturn is almost twice as far from the Sun as Jupiter (9.5 AU to 5.2) so it GETS only around one-quarter of the solar heating as its larger neighbor, so it's easier to surpass that. Remember, it's not a matter of more radiated energy than Jupiter, mere more IN COMPARISON to the amount it receives.
Never thought about the possibility that a brown dwarf actually has a solid surface. Would be pretty interesting to have a Sci-Fi race based off of a brown dwarfs surface far in the future when it's cooled down enough
a race of Alien Space Brownies :)
Like the Anunnaki of Sumerian myth from Nibiru 🤣🤣
Ya the star turns into a planet and the core is miniature star so you could have underground life.
@@loganshaw4527 or large openings with reflective mirrors above in geostationary orbit raining down light onto the surface
The gravity would be far to high for any complex organism to form me thinks. Not to mention the insane levels of radiation.
A failed star would imply a Brown Dwarf. Quite literally an object that failed to achieve fusion.
Brown dwarves do some fusion, just not much and not continuously.
Jupiter... You aren't a failure. We love you just as you are (yes even your spots too)
At around 7:05 you said deuterium it's lighter than regular hydrogen when it's actually heavier. I'm sure everyone knew what you meant though. Keep it up!
Jupiter's application for starhood was denied, because it had bad credit.
Well Jupiter should've been more responsible
OK, you win ;-)
@@SoulDelSol life doesn't work like that sorry where not all from the suburbs and have rich parents
The more you squeeze enough matter together the more you can technically call anything a failed something. My taco is a failed black hole. Were only it composed of just a wee bit more matter...
You put a lot of work into this video and it is appreciated. However, it was spoiled by the music being too loud in a lot of places and drowning out what you were saying. By all means have background music or sound effects. But, they should be just that, in the background not overpowering everything else. As far as Jupiter goes it was never going to become a star, its mass is way too low and with its mass being what it is. It could never become a star. When comes to stars, mass is everything size is nothing.
Yeah, fully agree. I watch the videos every day and have never noticed this before so maybe it's a new piece of kit that isn't quite mastered? Sounds like a compression issue to me, way too much pulling the music up when the narration stops, then too slow to bring it down. Maybe best to go back to the old methods?
In fact I moved onto another video because the constant surging of the music was just awful. Please fix.
Exactly. I always watch and appreciate your videos, but in this one the sound balance was totally off
I don’t understand why content creators insist on doing this
Funny because I didn't even notice the music, I was just listening to him talk.
Deuterium got one more neutron than hydrogen so its a 'heaviler' isotope of hydrogen. Not lighter.
what about tritium? Is Tritium got one more neutron than deuterium so its a 'heaviler' isotope of hydrogen? Its also not lighter?
exactly，although tritium decay into helium-3 quite fast（12.3year half life）
It can't be considered failed if it never had the means.
The movie 2010 told us about Jupiter becoming a star..but I don't think we've encountered any black monoliths yet?..
After having seen the 2010 film and wondering what the consequences of Jupiter becoming a star would be, I'm glad this video addressed it.
Yeah, 2010 made it being such a wonderful event....NOT!
But it addressed it incorrectly.
I don’t care what you say - Jupiter will always be a star in our hearts 💕
If it wasn't for Ole Jupe the asteroids it displaces with its gravity would have destroyed earth long ago.
Yeah...until they cancel it like they did with Pluto.
It's not that hard to define a star, and it begins at 80 times Jupiter's mass.
A star is an object that undergoes fusion due to its own mass.
That's it. There's no confusion. That's the definition.
Also, in 2010, Jupiter did not increase in mass. It decreased in volume while maintaining mass, therefore increasing in density.
It also changed consistency. If I remember right, the Jovian atmosphere was being turned into obelisks. No clue what those are made of, but they seemed to support fusion once they all fell down to the center.
@@ZlothZlothYeah that's how density works, and that's a more or less accurate description of the mechanism
Brilliant!
Thank you! 👏🏿
Amazing footage!
I need to correct you on a fact of yours. Deuterium is not lighter than Hydrogen, it is an isotope of Hydrogen. It is just happened to be easier to ignite than regular Hydrogen.
Obviously denser than protium.
I love when I find a new channel I can fall in love with! I love Insane Curiosity!!
Yes we need more on this subject
When I read the Second Odyssey book, my understanding wasn't that Jupiter's mass wasn't increased, just its density - that the fleet of monoliths compacted Jupiter until it ignited.
Me: Knows you need at least 13 Jupiter masses for ignition.
Also me: Clicks on every video asking if Jupiter can become a star...
The 2 lines "Use them together. Use them in peace.", were added for the movie 2010. They weren't in the book, so it probably wasn't Arthur C. Clarke that wrote those particular lines. Still a good movie worth watching, though.
What is your point
@@geraldnix5535 I thought I made it. But apparently not. Never mind, I guess I was just babbling. Just a string of random words put together with no point whatsoever. Thanks for straightening me out.
@12:33 When I saw the title of this, it peaked my curiosity, and I had to test this in Simulation. In the Simulation, I started the sim at current date; I increased the size of Jupiter to equal 1.01 of Sol (aka slightly bigger by 1%), I then let the simulation run for 10 years from 12/23/22 until 12/23/32. I saw no true change to Earth or the inner or outer planets to temperature, or orbits. However, I could notice a 0.40 degrees Centigrade increase to Earth's average temperature when the new Jovian Star and Earth were in parallel at points in the respective orbits, and this could be seen as when you were talking about night time skies, animals, etc. Sol still did remain the dominant attractor for most of the solar system, however, as you noted about the asteroid belt, I could see certain asteroids were being captured by Jupiter and some by Sol (like a tug of war).
To "fail" implies agency and intent. No limit to what people will anthropomorphise.
Same when people call Brown Dwarves failed stars when they were never ones to start with
No it doesn't... like the asteroid belt was a failed planet, it was a planet that later fell apart due to gravitational stresses. Absolutely no implication that there's any sort of will there.
@@Transilvanian90 For your comparison to work, Jupiter would have to have been a star at some point to have failed. As stated in the video the required mass was never possible.
You can say the asteroid belt is the debris of a former planet. In what regard is it a failed planet?
Wow! Are you sure you are not Carl Sagan?
Clarke did *not* write the "Use them together, use them in peace" bit. That was pure Hyams.
I think it needs to be about 80x more massive before anything like that could happen.
Not necessarily true. Its the mass it needs not size. Their are stars smaller then jupiter, even brown dwarfs which jupiter seems to have resemblance are failed stars. Jupiter could be a failed star a brown dwarf or almost one but didnt gather enough mass maybe their other giants formed around instead.
@@pride2184 I"m sure its gravity draws in a lot of mass on a regular basis, maybe it'll get there.
@@pride2184 - the mass of Jupiter is 0.000955 solar masses. The mass of the smallest brown dwarf is 0.075 solar masses. Not even close.
@@darcydj I've heard it's about 90x until it can classify as a small star... or was it brown dwarf... ?
Something close to that.
Would be interesting to see intermediate steps as mass contracts planet radius but not enough to spark fusion.
10x to 70x Jupiter mass.
In the film 2010, Jupiter becomes a small star.
Well, I think aliens had something to do with it, Cousin.
@@tureytayno3154 1X4X9
Great video !
❤
"Mom, I want to become a star when I grow up !"
"Well, ... you are never going to grow up darling. Live with it !"
Great fun to speculate sometimes!
Pretty much Jupiter tried to hang with the stars but got demoted to planet 🤔🤔🤔
And a rather gassy one as well..
Lets stop courting death guys , let Jupiter be as is where is
Curious if billions of years from now as the sun slowly dies and starts shedding off it’s materials, that if this would give Jupiter the chance to replace it over millions of years, birthing a new and completely different solar system here
Jupiter is basically its own system anyway. I'm grateful it's there because we wouldn't be here without it for sure.
Another lifter who is into science! I just read your page - I'll call you next time I move my piano.
@@Leftatalbuquerque that will depend if I’m not busy taking photos of a galaxy. I do astrophotography too haha
@@grumpus_hominidae agreed!
Note to the editor: use a fade or “constant power” at the ends of your audio clips. I can here the pop at each cut
Great video! Only that (correct me if i am wrong) i think deuterium is heavier than hydrogen
Protium*
Great vid and wonderful comments - having taken astronomy classes myself I 4 one am grateful Jupiter is not a failure but our protector or a giant Vacum - Go Jupiter
That is indeed a good question!
The editor needs a little more practice with scene transition (sound peaks) and background music levels(slightly too loud in some spots). But I otherwise really enjoyed this video. Thank you for the time and effort. (Good luck in the future, you all got this.)
The smallest known Red Dwarf (EBLM J0555-57Ab) is about 70 Jupiter masses, so the estimate of 80~85 is a little outdated.
Why does this video feel like it was written by ChatGPT
I mistakenly skipped the long intro, and you started the next segment mid sentence. And it sounded like you were saying the sun was only a fraction the size of Jupiter.
I was like, wait a goddamn second.
Many years back I read an article about Boriska the boy from Mars mention about turning Jupiter into a star.
This could present an interesting plot for some sci fi/apocalyptic type work. An earth sized rogue planet comes in at an acute angle opposite Jupiter's orbit, smashes head on, and has just enough energy transfer to ignite a fusion reaction without blowing everything apart. Unfortunately, the wave of energy released from that initial ignition would likely cause massive havoc throughout the solar system, and especially on earth.
Jared, I wish you would just go to Jupiter.
@@geraldnix5535 At times I wish I could, if only just for the company.
Haven't watched the video yet just glad I'm not the only one to have this baked epiphany.
I've heard of this hypothesis but ,I don't think Jupiter has the potential to be a star. However many solar systems are a binary star system. So that would be interesting if we did have 2 stars. Not sure if we could survive.
@n n so it will always be sunny in Philadelphia? Someone gets it. 😆
The sound effects in this video are terrifying
Small point of order. It is not the low intensity of the stellar fusion that accounts for the bulk of the longevity of low mass stars. Instead it's the full convectivity that allows them to discharge fusion waste from the core and replenish it with fresh hydrogen from the rest of the star.
I wonder if you built a tube that extended from the surface of earth, 150,000 miles straight up, and filled it with water would that be enough pressure to cause fusion at the base.
That’s very impractical that’s halfway to the moon.
@@Tophtoph24 I agree but that’s not what I’m asking, would nuclear fusion occur at those pressures
@@GRosa250 Guessing the 'tube' would have to be basically electromagnets all the way up because no normal material could handle the pressure at a point.
The tube would have to be virtually indestructible and so much water would be required that at some point, the water "highest up" wouldn't even be attracted to wherever the tube is eminating from due to gravity not being able to reach that far. The minimum mass for nuclear fusion is I think 80 jupiter masses but lithium fusion is possible at much lower masses.
Nap lol nope chancelow hehe haha their coming to take me away hoho hehe haha WWWWEEEEEEE AAAAAHHHHH AH¡ AH¡. ah.
7:00 While the fact is that deuterium is a heavier isotope of hydrogen, there is an exotic isotope that's lighter. Muonium, a very short lived "atom" consisting of an antimuon orbited by an electron. Which is super cool because it's literally a hybrid of matter AND antimatter.
Keep your hearts warm and help those in need
Correction: Deuterium is a HEAVIER isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium is a proton bound with a neutron. Tritium, which is even heavier is one proton with 2 neutrons. Let it be known that both 2H and 3H are not stable isotopes and will decay quickly if not being constantly replenished.
Watch your quotes, folks. Peter Hyams wielded a tad more heavy hand with the 2010 script (having had a heavy hand in the scriptorium) than Mr Kubrick did in his collaboration with the hallowed Sir Arthur. This one's a nuanced tale.
Our solar system works wonderfully the way it is.
CZcamss reading my mind with this one
When the music crescendos or spots where the background noise peeks, like when you are showing individual stars and have that roar, it becomes very difficult to hear the narrator.
I thought that the video might mention this, but presumably we have discovered other planets in the galaxy that are bigger/more massive than jupiter.
Most of planets we discover are very large (unless they're very close to their star). We look for tiny dip in light as it crosses in between its star and us
Re: "a lighter isotope of hydrogen": The most common form of hydrogen is 'protium'. This is the prototypical hydrogen: One proton and one electron. It has an atomic weight of 1.0. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, with one proton and one neutron in the nucleus, and one electron. It has an atomic weight of 2.014. Tritium, yet another isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus consisting of one proton, two neutrons and one electron in orbit around the nucleus. It has an atomic weight of 3.016. Now, if your description of hydrogen in this video refers to tritium, then indeed deuterium is a lighter isotope. If you are referring to protium, then deuterium has 2.014 times the mass meaning that it is not a lighter isotope. Just wanted to clarify.
Somebody once told me the world was gonna roll me
I ain't the sharpest tool in the shed
I once saw a comment saying that we should "ignite" Jupiter to make a psuedo-star and warm up Mars.
That just sounds like playing with fire in my opinion. Thank god it's not even possible in the first place.
Jupiter would need to be 80x bigger to become even a red dwarf star. The gravitational effects would have wiped out the inner terrestrial planets. The Sun would have a hot Jupiter orbiting closer than Mercury is today.
The universe doesn't amaze me as much as the minds of those who discovered so many things about it without even leaving Earth.
Smalle the star’s mass, the less photons from it, even less neutrinos
I read a science fiction book many, many, many years ago that said this very thing.
Very interested
❤
If they really want the answer to this they're going to have to build some kind of probe that can withstand the pressure add gravitational forces of Jupiter, in order to explore its atmosphere and go down to what would be assumed as a surface even though there isn't one. It's only assumed that Jupiter has a core but it does have one, so perhaps they could build something that could get to the core and take samples.
Oh, referencing the famous 2010 The Year We Make Contact flick? 😉
"All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landing there."
I have read it would take roughly 70 Jupiter Masses before it’s core ignited with Thermonuclear Fusion processing?.
You would need 78 more Jupiters in order it to become a star
What effect do you think the Oort cloud of our star has on a protostar within its boundaries?
I think you should live in the Oort cloud and leave intelligent people alone.
Sounds like you're living on Oort Cloud 9.
I often wonder if we could have would up in a binary star system if the matter had split more evenly between jupiter and the sun during formation...like, if you took 85 jupiter masses worth of matter away from the sun and gave it to jupiter, would the sun still have enough mass still be what it is?
the script of this video feels like it was google translated
12:06 - My Babelfish tells me that those dolphins are saying, "So long, and thanks for all the fish."
As long as Jupiter doesn't give up it will get there, I believe in it, you can do it.
Jupiter just needs to believe in itself!
I don't want to pop your bubble, but that won't never happen. For growth Jupiter needs 'a little' more gas, which isn't here.
@@Random_user_8472 Jupiter just needs to believe, believe in itself, it can do it, something will come and it will help it become the star it was meant to be.
So, let's say that jupiter actually has consciousness and wants to become a star... If I stand on a tall building and I close my eyes, believing that I can fly, I am convinced for 100%, I know that I can! I step of the building... what do you think that would happen? Reality steps in and it will be me not flying.
You will never know unless you really believe!
Cool stuff
Another one of those "what if" scenarios, where if something was just slightly different we wouldn't be here.
Not a failed star. It's mass is only a small fraction of the neccessary mass for it to begin fusing hydrogen.
Let's start a movement. It's OK to be a Jupiter! YAY!
Just some randomness… About 1000 Jupiters could fit in the sun and about 1000 earths can fit inside Jupiter.
Jupiter: "I'm the biggest planet in the solar system!"
Sol: "But you're not a star. You're my biggest disappointment."
Jupiter: :(
Sol - the Mama Rose of stars.
Twins
I was really digging this up until the talk about the asteroid belt was accommodated by cartoonish renderings of an Empire-Strikes-Back-esque asteroid field of incredibly dense clouds of large rocks floating near each other…the actual average distance between asteroids on our system’s belt is over 100,000 miles. 😂 Fun to think through the knock-on effects largely glossed over in 2010, though.
My opinion, No, Jupiter is the infant stage of a star. Eventually after growing and multiplying itself in matter and mass it will become a star.
Thanks for sharing your opinion ❤
The thumbnail is unexplainably humorous
*Who knows what's hiding below the clouds of Jupiter*
I know nothing alive which has high technology.
nice video, but you need to work on the audio edit. every cut there is a distinct popping sound and it is very distracting
Why is the background music louder than the narrator? I would like to hear the information.
If Jupiter became a star, we would have dinosaurs again here on earth
Yeah, that would be when x-mas and easter fall on the same day!
I wish these astronomy/space videos and TV programs would only use *real* photographic images, rather than computer-generated artistic interpretations.
In 2010: Odyssey Two, it did!
A body large enough to be a failed or 'almost' star is called a brown dwarf. Jupiter is a few times less massive than a minimum brown dwarf, but it might contain enough hydrogen that if it were to be compressed it might become one.
Very small stars (red dwarfs) fuse hydrogen in their cores, and those cores contain almost ALL of the hydrogen. Larger stars will not burn all of their hydrogen before they end up with large amounts of inert matter in their cores and then either swell up and then shrink into white dwarfs (as will our sun), or blow up as a super nova. That's why a red dwarf star can live a few hundred billion to a few trillion years, and giant stars only a few million years.
I don’t imagine anything different would happen.
It would still have the same gravity.
OMG I’VE BEEN THINKING THIS FOREVER!!!
Could are scientists send a gigantic nuclear fusion bomb through Jupiter's huge RED storm and activate Jupiter into a brown dwarf???
Jupiter has only a fraction of the mass of even a brown dwarf and at that it has most of the mass in the Solar System beyond that of the Sun. So there's no way it could ever have become a star.
Many says that stars normally comes in pairs and sun should have it's twin... maybe Jupiter was the pair of sun but it just didn't ignite
We'd find ourselves in the novel and movie 2010,only a decade removed.