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Thank you for your nice comment. Since this presentation, the following publication made an important progress on the issue of the reading direction of the Phaistos Disk: www.maajournal.com/index.php/maa/article/view/653/580 . This journal article gives more support to the correctness of the inside to outside reading direction in my translation of the Phaistos Disk: www.naun.org/main/NAUN/computers/2016/a282001-455.pdf .

Thank you for the comment and great question. Although the mathematical feature matrix similarity analysis shows that the two scripts are related, filling in the gap that you mentioned is still an open question that requires looking at the few written records that are available.

The Brahmi and the Indus Valley scripts were clustered into separate groups by the convolutional neural networks that we used. Hence, the two scripts do not seem to be closely related enough to be able to make inferences about phonetic connections. However, script form similarity is a different matter than language similarity. For example, Linear B and the anceint Greek alphabet also clustered into two different groups, even though they both record the Greek language.

The archaeological record needs to be considered in deciding which writing came before the other writing, or whether it is reasonable to assume that they had a common origin.

The results can be generalized to other languages. Please read the follow up paper on this topic with the title "Measuring vowel harmony within Hungarian, the Indus Valley Script language, Spanish and Turkish..." that is available from the ACM Digital Library at this website: doi.org/10.1145/3548785.3548788

Unfortunately, linguists cannot trace back the development of languages, which is the main focus of this channel, to over more than about 10,000 years ago. The earliest written records are about 5,000 years old, and theories about anything earlier than that are largely speculative and subject to much criticism.

Logographic scripts behave very differently than syllabic and alphabetic scripts. If Europe had an early logographic script, then today its descendant would be readable by English, German, etc. speakers just as well as Chinese logographs are readable throughout China. Moreover, English and German speakers would pronounce those logographs differently just as Chinese logographs are pronounced differently in various regions of China. Linear A is a syllabary according to the consensus of linguists. Syllabaries behave more like alphabets. The phonetic values are passed on, while the original logographic meaning is forgotten. For example, most of the English letters are pronounced similarly to how their ancestor Phoenician letters were pronounced thousands of years ago. However, few English speakers know that the letter A was originally written upside-down and was a logograph for an ox, whose Phoenician name was aleph, where the phoneme /a/ comes from. Hence, Chinese and European writings have developed differently and this needs to be taken into account.

@@PeterRevesz Thank you for the clarification. I enjoyed watching the whole class, which left me wanting to know and understand language more. Thank you very much.

These are good questions. On the first issue, I suggest that you read the following work from an expert archaeologist, who defends the authenticity of the Phaistos Disc: Baldacci, G. (2017) Low-relief potters’ marks and the Phaistos Disc: A note on the “comb” sign (n. 21). Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, Vol. 95, pp. 65-79. Regarding the scripts, the basic observation is that there are a number of related scripts that belong to the Cretan Script Family, including the Linear A, the Carian, and the Old Hungarian scripts. Each pair of these three scripts were compared and each pair was found to be closely related in the following paper: wseas.com/journals/isa/2017/a605909-068.pdf The close relationship between the Carian and the Old Hungarian alphabets can be explained by the Carians, especially those from the city of Miletus, founding many colonies on the Black Sea costal areas, from where they could spread their alphabet to people living nearby. The Carians were followed by the Greeks, and later the Greek alphabet also spread widely in those areas.

Brahmi and IVS were among the eight anceint scripts that we tested. Brahmi formed a cluster with the Phoenician alphabet and the ancient Greek alphabet, while IVS formed a cluster with Sumerian Pictograms and the Elamite script. Therefore, Brahmi is not closely related to IVS according to our results. However, script similarity may not imply similairty of languages because a script can be adapted by many different language speakers.

This is a very good question that comes up frequently. I gave an answer with an explanation and illustration in another video that you can see here: czcams.com/video/XVWa0WEn-e0/video.html

@@PeterRevesz thanks!

The video says that until the end of the last Ice Age, the Proto-Uralic speakers were living in a homeland somewhere in the lower Danube Basin. Hence, we can agree that there was no split before 10,000 BC, since the Ice Age ended only after that time. The earliest branches split sometime after the ice melted and people could move northward from their Ice Age abode. This means that the earliest split occurred sometime during the Mesolithic, which would be sometime before the beginning of the Neolithic, which started around 6000 BC in Central Europe with the Starčevo-Körös-Criș culture. If the split would have occurred later, then we would expect to have common names for domesticated plants and animals besides dogs. However, the Samoyedic and the Finno-Ugric branches of the Uralic languages, which are generally considered to have split earliest from each other, do not have cognate names for those.

There is only so much that can be put into a single video. For more details, please read the original journal publications available on my webpage cse.unl.edu/~revesz/publications.htm. In particular, I recommend that you read the following publication: wseas.com/journals/isa/2017/a605909-068.pdf

The Uralic language homeland was somewhere in Eastern Europe near the Black Sea.

@@PeterRevesz the same thing with the people right?

@@Omar24737 Ancient people had to migrate to take the languages with them, but wherever they went, they could have mixed with some local people too.

@@PeterRevesz I mean where is the origin of the uralic prople I which place and thank you for your effort

@@Omar24737 The Uralic peoples originated from somewhere near the Black Sea after the Ice Age. From there, the Uralic peoples spread out in various directions.

Thank you. Köszönöm.

Thank you for your comments and question. I'm glad that you watched several of my videos and like them. To learn more, you can access my journal publications, which are listed on my webpage: cse.unl.edu/~revesz/publications.htm I would be grateful if you would send me the links to the Indus Valley script and Elamite script videos that you mentioned. In addition, I also have a video about the IVS that you can see here: czcams.com/video/dClYybZLF4o/video.html

All people and cultures are somehow related because we all come from Africa. A single proto-language may also have come from Africa. My presentation on the origin of European river and mountain names also supports this theory: czcams.com/video/I_RCuwRx5hU/video.html

Thank you. Köszönöm.

There was not a staircase between the Brahmi script, which was used to write the Sanskrit language, and the Indus Valley script. The Brahmi script was found to be related to the Phoenician and Greek alphabets. The Indus Valley script was found to be similar to the Proto-Elamite and Sumerian scripts. It is important to note that this study was an inquiry in script development. It concluded nothing about what language the Indus Valley script was used to express, which is still unknown. This is because one script can be used or slightly modified to express a variety of languages. Also, a language could be written in several different scripts. For example, the Greek language was written using Linear B and an adaptation of the Phoenician alphabet.

Thank you for sharing your ideas. The origin of writing is a fascinating subject in which there is vast room for further study. Your comment makes me wonder how other Indian scripts are related to the Indus Valley Script. Interestingly, the machine put Brahmi and the Indus Valley Script into separate categories in this study. Brahmi was together with Greek and Phoenician, while the Indus Script was with Sumerian and Proto-Elamite. It would be interesting to add Thamizhi and see which group it falls into according to the neural network.

@@PeterRevesz Yes that would be awesome. However, I guess it would fall understand the same category. My point is to let you know that Brahmi got perfected from Thamizhi. Like I'd say Thamizhi is the primitive form of Brahmi. Tamil is the only Indian languages that still follows Tamili letters. Brahmi has 45+ letters. Thamili has 30 letters. All the languages except Tamil follows scripts derived from Brahmi script, hence they all have 45 to 55 letters. But Tamil is the only language that is using script derived from Thamili, hence still having just 30 letters, therefore holding the proto touch. Another important note is that, among all the Indian langauges Tamil is the only Indian langauge that was least Sanskritized, and it is the only language that can function without sanskirt borrowed words. Rest all of the Indian langauges have heavy Sanskrit influence, all because they adopted scripts derived from Brahmi.

@@whoops0 Wow. It’s fascinating that Tamil and Thamizhi have very unique features.

A staircase is rare, and it is an indication of related scripts. As explained at 1:31, if the machine produces a one-to-one matching between the characters of two scripts, then the diagram can be rearranged to form a staircase. However, this one-to-one matching is not guaranteed, and so a staircase is special. A result alternative to the staircase (i.e. something different from one-to-one matching) is possible. For example, if the letters of some Script 1 are being passed into the CNN that is trained to recognize the letters of some Script 2, then the CNN could recognize multiple Script 1 letters to be most similar to the same Script 2 letter, or it could leave out some Script 2 letters entirely by recognizing no Script 1 letters to be most similar to those Script 2 letters. For more details about how the CNNs in our study worked, you can read the original publication here: www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/14/4/227 .

@@PeterRevesz my bad. Makes sense

No one believes that this video has solved the problem of cracking the Indus Valley Script. The objective of this research paper and the corresponding video was not to propose a decipherment of the Indus Valley Script, but rather to find its ancestor script. Hence the title “Indus Valley Script's Ancestor found using AI”. For a decipherment, you can take a look at another video on this channel called “Breakthrough Decipherment of Minoan Linear A and Cretan Hieroglyphs”: czcams.com/video/PiLyN9T2stY/video.html .

Thank you for your interesting comments about toponyms. The etymology of toponyms is intriguing. Toponyms can be some of the best preserved words that go back to very ancient times. A detailed presentation about my study of toponyms can be seen here: czcams.com/video/I_RCuwRx5hU/video.html . It would indeed be nice if more people would hear about the sphinx decipherment. If you would share the video with more people, that would be appreciated.

ancient hungarians were more dacian / thracian related than it is today. recently an genetic study was made proving that hungarians are not related to huns, but you did adopted a foreign language. hungarians today are more related to thracians similar as dacians. the same can be said about romanians and their claim of being decendants of romans, not only they are not but genetically speaking romans are closer to hispanics similar as romanians/dacians are related to thracians. so once both hungary and romania had a similar language, then hungary just adopted some other language and celebrates their conqueror attilla the hun similary romania celebrates trajan. as if 8% of romans within 2 legions were able to impregnate all dacian women not only from 1/3 of occupied dacia but also in the remaining 2/3 of free dacians that kept fighting for freedom until 272AD forcing Aurelian to withdraw from Dacia.

This study left open the question of whether there existed some proto-script for each group or whether one of the scripts in the group acted as its proto-script.

@@PeterRevesz Thank you!

@@PeterRevesz Is it possible that the Sumerian, Elamite, and Indus scripts could have come from bullae/seals, which were in common use across the West & South Asian regions?

@@liquidoxygen819 Yes, that is possible. Pictograms and seals are considered the origin of scripts by many people. For example, Denise Schmandt-Besserat thought bullae contributed to the origin of Sumerian writing. The story goes that sometime while bullae were in use, people eventually started to inscribe the image of a bulla onto a piece of clay, which proved to be more convenient than making a bulla, and so there was a transition from bullae to writing. An example of a similar occurrence in another writing system was in the development from Cretan Hieroglyphs to the Linear A script. Many of the early Cretan Hieroglyphs were stylized seals and used as stamps.

@@PeterRevesz Thank you so much for your reply!

The basic unit of ancient weights in the Bronze Age was 8.3 grams according to Karl Petruso, who wrote a book about the subject.

@@PeterRevesz Thank you so much.

Nice to meet you! Good question. Somebody made a video that explains the pronunciation: czcams.com/video/afq3XIQ2YDk/video.html

C.S. Lewis is thought to have sourced the name Aslan for the lion character in "The Chronicles of Narnia" from 'aslan' the Turkish word for lion which the Turkish use today.

Interesting observation, Professor. One of Hollywood's ( *see: Transylvania ) latest successful television series from Disney ( *Dísz-nej ) also ran under the name of the indian pillar you mentioned, and the protagonist is a pharaoh-looking ( similar to the shape found on the head of the sphinx ) creature who is a female "knight". The earliest known reference to Transylvania appears in a Medieval Latin document of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1075 as "ultra silvam", in the Gesta Hungarorum as "terra ultrasilvana", meaning "land beyond the forest". Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". - wikipedia The colors of her headdress in the series match the national colors of the country today, where the divine feminine is said to be shekhinah ( שְׁכִינָה‎ / Šəḵīna *Szék-kín[j]a ), which means "dwelling" or "settlement", and denotes the presence of God in a place ( *Holly wood ). When the people of Israel ( *Isz-rá-él ) entered the Promised Land, they were given a coastal area ( *see: Havasalföld, or Havaselve ) and later moved north. It was not a large area, but it was all the more fertile. At the same time, the Israelites became neighbors with their strongest enemy, the Philistines. - wikipedia The Sphinx of Potaissa in Dacia ( Turda, Transylvania ) that you mentioned is even more interesting, and if you look at Wikipedia's map of Provincia Pannonia 8/9 - 433 AD ( titled in the first century ), which is an area wedged between Pannonia and the Dacian kingdom from the north, you can see that written on it, Jazyges "Jászok",in the time of Jesus. In the Middle Ages, the Jászok were called Philistines. It is not until the end of the 4th century, however, that Ἰουδαῖος / Ioudaîos ( "Jews" ) are first mentioned by Greek writers, who praise them as brave, self-disciplined, and philosophical. - Encyclopedia Britannica The first king with a Hebrew name beyond the forest was Aba Sámuel ( r. 1041 - 1044 ) and his wife Judith ( יְהוּדִית / Yahudit or Yehudit, feminine adjective "Jewish" ). The two were a pair ( Hungarian: "páros" ), Hebrew word פָּרָשׁ / pāroš "Horsemen, warhorse" ( *Centaur, Scythian, who lived in forests ), and Hebrew is a dialect of the Canaanite language, like Phoenician. The Chronicles of Eri [...] Translated from the Original Manuscripts in the Phoenician Dialect of the Scythian Language is a 1822 book in two volumes by Roger O'Connor. - wikipedia The Ashkenazis are members of the European Jewish community, their descendants make up more than 80% of the total Jewish population [...] In rabbinical literature, the descendants of Ashkenazi were first associated with the Scythian cultures. - wikipedia And in the first scene of the trailer, the engine of a "trinity" winged spaceship, in the middle of which the Scythian runic /\ sign can be seen, the sound value of which is /es/, and if we compare it with the Greek ethonym used for the Scythians ( Σκύθες / Skýthes / Eskütes[z] ), also we get the original name of their people. czcams.com/video/J_1EXWNETiI/video.htmlsi=MXMVN0XGfrPy7vvm The blood oath ( Hungarian: vérszerződés, literally "blood contract" *Isz-rá ) was, according to tradition, a pact among the leaders of the seven Hungarian tribes, traditionally held to be the first, unwritten constitution of the Hungarian nation. - wikipedia According to contemporary sources, similar blood oaths were common among Nomadic peoples that were similar to the Hungarians, like the Scythians ( *Szék[h]ely ). Herodotus described a Scythian ritual [...] - wikipedia

@@tattooairinc6308 As you noted, the region where the Sphinx of Potaissa was found is referred to in some ancient documents as Transylvania, which means “land beyond the forest”. In writing about the Sphinx of Potaissa, the archaeologist Adam Szabo said that the sphinx cult originates from Egypt. It is therefore likely that the Sphinx of Giza and the Sphinx of Potaissa are related. In addition, there is some Scythian influence on the Sphinx of Potaissa, since there also are some similarities between the Pazyryk Sphinx and the Sphinx of Potaissa. Both of these sphinxes have wings. The Pazyryk Sphinx is spotted with star symbols, while the Sphinx of Potaissa has a sun symbol on its chest. In both cultures, the sphinx was viewed as having celestial properties and being related to light. Such similarities are possible, since there are records of ancient Scythian presence in Transylvania.

I am also hopeful, because several researchers are working on the Indus Valley Script using different AI techniques. For example, some of them are mentioned here: www.discovermagazine.com/technology/could-ai-language-models-like-chatgpt-unlock-mysterious-ancient-texts

There are hundreds of Indus Valley Script signs and Sumerian pictograms. Hence, we just compared the most frequent signs from these two syllabic scripts.

It is a hypothesis that I also saw before. I hope that the Indus Valley Script will be deciphered soon, and we will know a sure answer.

Thank you for sharing this observation.

Köszönöm! The Némati reference about the sphinx looks interesting. I will read it.

Your observations about the Pazyryk sphinx are very interesting. They reflect examples of cross-cultural influence.

Thank you! Köszönöm!

Thank you! Köszönöm!

@@PeterRevesz Etruszk-magyar írást látom azonosnak.

The gold jewelry likely traveled as a trade item on the famous Silk Road. I also studied trade routes between Europe and Asia in the Bronze Age. You can see a video about that here: czcams.com/video/pW5mbJL4Xyo/video.html

Thanks

let me know, what u SAY

Thank you for mentioning. σφίγγα is an awesome Greek word! Robert Beekes suggested that the verb σφίγγω and the noun Σφίγξ -ιγγός are Pre-Greek.

That is a plausible interpretation. About this topic, the scholar Janice Siegel says that: “Perhaps this is Sophocles’ message to his fifth century audience after all - that man has the power to both preserve and destroy. In order to make the right decision, he must go about his business with both eyes open.” It can be admired in the Oedipus and the sphinx myth that the way to succeed against a terrifying creature was by some sort of enlightening knowledge, i.e. the answer to the sphinx’s riddle. As you say, the knowledge is likely symbolic of the right way to live. This is probably why the answer to the riddle involved considering the entire lifespan of a person, and thus applies to right conduct throughout one’s life. Regarding Hindu literature, there is a similar quote that mentions dogs and pigs from Chandogya Upanishad, a Hindu text that refers to reincarnation: “Those whose conduct here on earth has been good will quickly attain some good birth - birth as a brāhmin, a kṣatriya, or a vaiśya. But those whose conduct here has been evil will quickly attain some evil birth - birth as a dog, birth as a pig...” (translated by Jayaram V, 5.10.7). This quote is also about right conduct throughout one’s lifespan. Additionally, it reflects one of the various forms in which the sense of justice people have is expressed.

@@PeterRevesz Indeed. Do note that I deliberately pointed out the most obvious and practical interpretation visible to anyone and everyone. There are other aspects (and riddles) of the sphinx too.

@@NervozniZivota What you mentioned in your comment was very reasonable. Thank you for writing your ideas.

Much appreciated! The Mari word for аслан 'lion' is related to the Proto-Hungarian word *arslan 'lion'. These words may be borrowed words from the same source. According to the etymologist Zaicz, modern Hungarian word oroszlán 'lion' developed from a word for lion borrowed from a Turkic language, and he writes that lion is arslan in Uyghur too. C.S. Lewis is thought to have sourced the name Aslan for the lion character in Narnia from 'aslan' the Turkish word for lion which the Turkish use today.

@@PeterRevesz You hit the nail! The state of things is one may know a lot, everything or here and there but there has to be someone outside who says something that makes it into a coherent whole. In Mesopotamian Ugric there's liit kiri (compound kiri) 𒌨𒃵 тур (tur) meaning Taurus (Bos primigenius). In Estonian we say tarvas. In Ukrainian it's тавр (tavr). Both meanings have the root CVC or тур <-> tar*(vas) <-> та(в)р where due to already established language pronunciation rules consonants may change the order. The only caveat is - the constant are persistent, they don't appear from nowhere, the persist over aeons. In Ukrainian there are a lot of words and meanings which stem from Estonian like the root part of Ukrainian capital Київ or Киї - snake. In Estonian Saarema dialectal language küü is also snake and that meaning is exclusive to them. Ukrainian киї is Saaremaa küü. And that's why we say Kiiev, as küü in Estonian transforms into kii*. Proto-Hungarian *arslan instantly reminds Estonian arsenal where the 2nd root word nal <-> lan reversed the order. CS Lewis used Aslan in his "The Chronicles of Narnia" because the fearless might of a lion in modern Turkish is aslan, but the Turks loaned / took over the meaning from a source which expressed that etymology they attributed to the lion. Arsenal in Estonian means weapons making foundry but weapons are tools to express one's full might in a fierce manners. In Mesopotamian Ugric there's also meaning топ (top) or ball, also meaning cannon. I have not found it's kiri but this gets more interesting than that. The Japanese TV crew from NHK made a documentary "Aurá: Last Survivor of an Unknown Tribe" of two survivors of a unknown tribe which had no human contact until the 90's when their Amazonas forest strip was bulldozered down. They both spoke a language no local could understand nor the university scholars who have devoted to studying the languages of Amazonas tribes. I was able based on that documentary translate what he spoke per his pronunciation. There's also a scene where the person, Aurá, speaks about something that is translated as cannons / cannon fire and that was the moment when I got independent confirmation my translation of Meadow Mari топ (top) as ball / cannon is correct meaning the etymology that we are using nowadays precedes the emergence of the technology that we associate with the meaning. Here I see the same taking place with arsenal and *arslan. Now knowing the latter I try to translate to see how this evolves and what else I can find. Also the Japanese TV documentary is a modern day proof the last ice age Beringia period was the last window of human migration to the Americas to the point we have there pristine human tribes which speak in their language being divergent from Ugric substrate and not being Ugric in any way or shape. This knowledge didn't come easy nor did I accept it open handedly. There was a long discovery that proceeded to when I took for fun attempt to translate Australian aboriginal words and toponyms.

@@lennutrajektoor It is fascinating that you found your knowledge of Finno-Ugric languages useful to translate the speech of Aurá. A possible explanation for the similarities between Finno-Ugric languages and Aurá’s Native American language is because some Finno-Ugric speakers could have come to America during the ice age or later, as you suggested. Otto von Sadovszky is a researcher who also thought similarly. Another possible explanation is by the theory that there was one Proto-language at some point from which all the different language families diverged. This explains why basic words such as “father, ” “mother,” and “water” are similar even across languages that are in different language families. Your study of Australian aboriginal toponyms is also intriguing. Toponyms can be some of the best preserved words that can go back to very ancient times. In a study of European river and mountain names, I found that many of them are so ancient that their origin can be traced back to the Near East and Africa.