Evolution Soup
Evolution Soup
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Why We Got Smart - The Story of the Hominid Brain ~ with ZACHARY COFRAN
DR ZACHARY COFRAN is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Vassar College studying human evolution, growth, and development.
We catch up with Zachary in Dublin, Ireland, while he is on a break from his research.
MARK from Evolution Soup welcomes Zach back to the show and asks him one of the most intriguing questions surrounding humans and hominid evolution: why did our brains get so big?
00:00 START
02:10 Zach's research
06:55 The story of the hominid brain
16:08 Why did the hominid brain grow?
22:42 Why did humans get so smart?
31:31 The Homo naledi quandry
38:37 Upcoming projects
LINKS FOR ZACHARY COFRAN
SITE: lawnchairanthropology.com/
TWITTER/X: @ZCofran
ZCofran
INSTA: @zcofran
zcofran
VASSAR COLLEGE
SITE: www.vassar.edu/
TWITTER: @Vassar
Vassar
ARTICLE:
If Humans Evolved from Apes, Why Do Apes Still Exist?
bit.ly/3rC9EfI
RESEARCH:
Homo naledi, a new species of the genus
Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber,
South Africa: bit.ly/3v1Eh0x
A neonatal perspective on Homo
erectus brain growth: bit.ly/384HS4L
TOM BJÖRKLUND (artist):
SITE: www.tombjorklund.fi/
FACEBOOK: tombjorklundart
TWITTER/X: tombjorklundart
INSTA: tombjorklundart
FOOTAGE:
T. rex, crow, & human brain endocasts - Hong Kong Science Museum Exhibit - Via WitmerLab
Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon via Cam Nature
Interviews powered by streamyard.com/
#evolutionsoup #evolution #paleo #paleontology #paleoartist #Homosapiens #hominid #artwork #Darwin #cave #bone #fossils #Neanderthal #australopithecus #hominin #extinct #animals #science #anthropology #paleoanthropology #genus #species #africa #skull #skulls #naturalselection #lucy #paleontology
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DISCLAIMER:
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
Creative Commons.
zhlédnutí: 568

Video

CRO-MAGNONS - The Last Ice Age People of Europe ~ with TRENTON HOLLIDAY
zhlédnutí 123KPřed 3 měsíci
What is the story of the "Cro-Magnons" (now more commonly referred to as European Early Modern Humans)? How did our most recent ancient relatives hunt, make art and live side-by-side with their Neandertal cousins? TRENTON HOLLIDAY is Professor of Anthropology at Tulane University. He is a human paleontologist and paleoanthropologist who specializes primarily in late Pleistocene human evolution....
When Rhinos Ruled the Earth ~ PIERRE OLIVIER-ANTOINE
zhlédnutí 9KPřed 6 měsíci
PIERRE OLIVIER-ANTOINE is a professor of paleontology at the University of Montpellier, France, with a special interest in rhinoceroses and their extinct relatives. His research takes him all over the world; Pierre has led many expeditions to such far-flung places as the Amazon and the Andes. MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Pierre about rhinos in the Ice Age and even further back in time - fr...
The Ancestors of Our Ancestors ~ with PROFESSOR DAVID BEGUN
zhlédnutí 92KPřed 8 měsíci
Did ancient African apes journey into Europe before returning to Africa? PROFESSOR DAVID R. BEGUN is a paleoanthropologist and paleoprimatologist based in the University of Toronto, researching the evolution of the lineages of great apes and humans. In August, 2023, news of the discovery of a new fossil ape - the 8-million-year-old Anadoluvius turkae - hit the headlines, supporting the hypothes...
BECOMING BIPEDS - Did It Happen More Than Once? ~ with GREGORY ADAMS
zhlédnutí 16KPřed 9 měsíci
GREGORY ADAMS is a recent graduate of Northern Arizona University, with a bachelors in biology, having gone back to school at age 39 to pursue a new career path. For his final thesis, Gregory submitted his hypothesis that hominids evolved to walk upright on more than one occasion in prehistory. Is bipedalism convergent? MARK from Evolution Soup discusses this fascinating hypothesis in detail wi...
Dunkleosteus Deconstructed ~ with RUSSELL ENGELMAN
zhlédnutí 3,7KPřed 10 měsíci
With a face only a mother could love, Dunkleosteus was the terror of the Devonian. An apex predator front-loaded with protective bone, Dunkleosteus has been known only by that armor, its true size only a matter of speculation and debate. RUSSELL ENGELMAN is a PhD student from Case Western Reserve University with interests in a wide variety of vertebrate groups. His current research focuses on t...
Is Evolution Dangerous By Design? ~ DR. ABBY HAFER
zhlédnutí 4,8KPřed 11 měsíci
Why do squid have better eyes than human beings? Why is human reproduction so fraught with peril? Is evolution trying to sabotage us? DR ABBY HAFER is a biologist, educator, and public speaker, teaching human anatomy and physiology at Curry College. She is the author of The Not-So-Intelligent Designer - a book which looks at the human body with a critical eye and questions just how well put tog...
CHASM OF THE BONES - A Deep Dive into the Sima De Los Huesos ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
zhlédnutí 7KPřed rokem
MARIO MODESTO-MATA is a paleoanthropologist combining data analysis with dental anthropology of the Atapuerca hominins - analysing fossil finds from the famed Sima de Los Huesos as well as other chambers from the Atapuerca mountains. Mario and MARK from Evolution Soup take a deep dive into the fossil site known as the Sima de Los Huesos - or Chasm of the Bones - which is has given up more speci...
The Secret Signs of Evolution ~ with DR ALEX BEZZERIDES
zhlédnutí 64KPřed rokem
DR ALEX BEZZERIDES is a Professor of biology at Lewis-Clark State College where he teaches human anatomy and physiology. He is the author of Evolution Gone Wrong: The Curious Reasons Why Our Bodies Work (Or Don't) - exploring everything from blurry vision to bad backs. Alex returns to Evolution Soup to talk about the evidence for evolution and why it has been the best explanation for the divers...
RISING STAR CAVE - Homo naledi & Fire Use ~ with GINIKA RAMSAWAK
zhlédnutí 5KPřed rokem
GINIKA RAMSAWAK is a Student at the University of the Witswatersrand; an aspiring archaeologist and paleo-ecologist just finishing up her Masters in archaeology. She spends much of her time in the Rising Star Cave fossil site, which has made worldwide news for its incredible discovery of a new hominid - Homo naledi. MARK from Evolution Soup talks to Ginika about life as a student, working in th...
Secrets of Dragon Man ~ with PROFESSOR CHRIS STRINGER
zhlédnutí 34KPřed rokem
Homo longi or Dragon Man is one of the newest human species discoveries, but what do we know about these hominids? The single H. longi skull was found, hidden away, and then found again but remains full of mystery. PROFESSOR CHRIS STRINGER is a researcher in human evolution, Department of Earth Sciences, specializing in Human Origins at the Natural History Museum in London. MARK from Evolution ...
The Deadly Biology of 'The Last of Us' ~ with Mycologist ALISON HARRINGTON
zhlédnutí 1,7KPřed rokem
In the HBO adaptation of The Last of Us computer game, even more people have been infected with this horrific apocalyptic story. But what of the zombie-inducing spores of this fictional world? What is the cordyceps genus REALLY like ... and are we in danger from it? ALISON HARRINGTON manages and curates the preserved collections of fungi, lichens and bryophytes at the University of Michigan, an...
Why Were Homo Floresiensis So Small?
zhlédnutí 2,7KPřed rokem
DR KAREN BAAB is a biological anthropologist and an Associate Professor in the Department of Anatomy at Midwestern University, Arizona and her main interests are the extinct relatives of humans and what the shape of hominin brains can tell us. Dr Baab has also led a series of studies of the "Hobbits" of Flores Island, Indonesia. In this excerpt from Concerning Hobbits - The Story of Homo flores...
HOMO ERGASTER - African Homo erectus ~ with DR KAREN BAAB
zhlédnutí 6KPřed rokem
HOMO ERGASTER - African Homo erectus (Excerpt) ~ with KAREN BAAB *Re-upload with sound fixes. Excerpt from 'How Homo Erectus Took Over the World' (2021) - interview with paleoanthropologist Karen Baab. Here, Dr Baab discusses Homo ergaster and the species' most intriguing fossil, 'Turkana Boy - also known as 'Nariokotome Boy'. DR KAREN BAAB is a biological anthropologist studying human evolutio...
WHEN FISH WALKED - Tiktaalik, Qikiqtania & Early Tetrapods ~ with THOMAS STEWART
zhlédnutí 7KPřed rokem
WHEN FISH WALKED - Tiktaalik, Qikiqtania & Early Tetrapods ~ with THOMAS STEWART
Homo antecessor - the Forgotten Europeans ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
zhlédnutí 37KPřed rokem
Homo antecessor - the Forgotten Europeans ~ with MARIO MODESTO-MATA
The Evolution of Morality ~ with DR OLIVER SCOTT CURRY
zhlédnutí 6KPřed rokem
The Evolution of Morality ~ with DR OLIVER SCOTT CURRY
Reign of the Terror Birds - with FREDERICO DEGRANGE
zhlédnutí 5KPřed rokem
Reign of the Terror Birds - with FREDERICO DEGRANGE
The Marvel of Mutations ~ with JON PERRY of Stated Clearly
zhlédnutí 2,9KPřed rokem
The Marvel of Mutations ~ with JON PERRY of Stated Clearly
Secrets of the Piltdown Man ~ with RICK COSTE of Evolution Talk
zhlédnutí 1,9KPřed rokem
Secrets of the Piltdown Man ~ with RICK COSTE of Evolution Talk
The Human Evolution Story ~ with TikTok's ZEKE DARWIN
zhlédnutí 2,7KPřed rokem
The Human Evolution Story ~ with TikTok's ZEKE DARWIN
Life Before Life - The Ediacaran Explosion ~ with WILLIAM MCMAHON
zhlédnutí 12KPřed rokem
Life Before Life - The Ediacaran Explosion ~ with WILLIAM MCMAHON
The Rise and Reign of the Mammals ~ PROFESSOR STEVE BRUSATTE
zhlédnutí 6KPřed rokem
The Rise and Reign of the Mammals ~ PROFESSOR STEVE BRUSATTE
Ghosts of the Denisovans ~ with PROFESSOR LAURA SHACKELFORD
zhlédnutí 80KPřed rokem
Ghosts of the Denisovans ~ with PROFESSOR LAURA SHACKELFORD
Humans Are Apes (& Here's Why) ~ with Anthropologist ZACHARY COFRAN
zhlédnutí 201KPřed 2 lety
Humans Are Apes (& Here's Why) ~ with Anthropologist ZACHARY COFRAN
When Mammals Were Reptiles - The Synapsid Story ~ with JULIEN BENOIT
zhlédnutí 60KPřed 2 lety
When Mammals Were Reptiles - The Synapsid Story ~ with JULIEN BENOIT
In the Footsteps of Lucy ~ with ELLIE MCNUTT
zhlédnutí 16KPřed 2 lety
In the Footsteps of Lucy ~ with ELLIE MCNUTT
FIRST MAMMALS - DNA & Data Crunching ~ with SANDRA ÁLVAREZ
zhlédnutí 3,1KPřed 2 lety
FIRST MAMMALS - DNA & Data Crunching ~ with SANDRA ÁLVAREZ
ICE & THUNDER - When Mammoths Walked the Earth ~ with CHRIS WIDGA
zhlédnutí 9KPřed 2 lety
ICE & THUNDER - When Mammoths Walked the Earth ~ with CHRIS WIDGA
The Evolution of the Horse ~ with PROFESSOR JOHN HUTCHINSON
zhlédnutí 8KPřed 2 lety
The Evolution of the Horse ~ with PROFESSOR JOHN HUTCHINSON

Komentáře

  • @billyboasiako1775
    @billyboasiako1775 Před 32 minutami

    Two hearts 💕 living in a separate world 🌎 Human and mankind Human are heru or Horus Mankind are neanderthal Human are hue Mankind are apes Human are black people Mankind are white Arab Chinese India and other 😅. Planet of apes 😮

  • @wgmbh1
    @wgmbh1 Před 50 minutami

    Wow now I have even more questions aaaaaaaaa….. Great show wonderful stuff

  • @vesuvandoppelganger
    @vesuvandoppelganger Před hodinou

    Humans didn't evolve into existence.

  • @tedc.4956
    @tedc.4956 Před 2 hodinami

    I would want to take all of the courses Dr. Cofran teaches were I a student. His response to questions was amazingly articulate, kind to non-scientists, and information dense. This is the first CZcams talk in a long time when I have not increased the speed to 1.25 or 1.5 because thoughts were not concisely conveyed. I wanted to have a backup button to listen again and again to all the new information. Great video!

  • @danmosley4387
    @danmosley4387 Před 3 hodinami

    Homo Naledi did not control fire.

    • @D.o.a
      @D.o.a Před 2 hodinami

      Better update yes it has changed that they did use fire 🔥 just saying

    • @sarahchristine2345
      @sarahchristine2345 Před 2 hodinami

      ⁠@@D.o.athere’s been some rumors that the hearths may have dated earlier than the fossils. As of now, the consensus is there isn’t enough evidence to conclude Naledi controlled fire.

  • @whiskeytango9769
    @whiskeytango9769 Před 4 hodinami

    Just starting this video, it seems to me that brain growth was driven by stone tool making, and then facilitated more complex social interactions, which may have resulted in a feedback mechanism of social complexity and brain growth. Stone tool making requires one to imagine the structure of the stone and the precise angles to strike it to get what you have envisioned. I have tried my hand at flint tool making and it is tough.

  • @danmosley4387
    @danmosley4387 Před 4 hodinami

    Self-domestication is incorrect.

  • @danmosley4387
    @danmosley4387 Před 4 hodinami

    Neanderthals were not symbolic. All those sights mentioned can be linked to modern humans.

    • @D.o.a
      @D.o.a Před 2 hodinami

      Look in to the European middle Paleolithic time yes there is evidence of that behavior so I don't know where your info is coming from. ALSO it's Neandertal so you know.

  • @FlintGiven
    @FlintGiven Před 4 hodinami

    Finally another one!

  • @TragoudistrosMPH
    @TragoudistrosMPH Před 4 hodinami

    37:00 The inuit people and Native Americans of the higher latitudes are great examples of this, too.

    • @TragoudistrosMPH
      @TragoudistrosMPH Před 4 hodinami

      39:10 Fixed in the population? That's interesting. I had not heard of that before!

  • @TragoudistrosMPH
    @TragoudistrosMPH Před 5 hodinami

    14:03 Christians have the Sacrement of blood and body, so they really shouldn't be so surprised...

  • @TragoudistrosMPH
    @TragoudistrosMPH Před 10 hodinami

    50:48 maybe that has something to do with axillary and pubic hair in humans? Sweat glands and hair, and lactation are linked. Maybe something derived?

  • @mcintosh479
    @mcintosh479 Před 14 hodinami

    Homo erectus evolved into what we call bigfoot,we would be with them if our dna wasnt changed to be intelligent enough to dig up gold for a dying planet,says bashar

  • @autarko
    @autarko Před dnem

    "We know that the origin of homo sapiens is in Europe" How do we know that?

  • @NeidlichesSchwert
    @NeidlichesSchwert Před 2 dny

    Horrible beginning. Nobody clicks on this video to learn about Billy.

  • @andrewenoch2561
    @andrewenoch2561 Před 2 dny

    This man up right man had skills enough skills to thrive as hunter gather and smart enough to be around for longer and most importantly one very powerful and flexible and adaptable person so making tools and weapons leading to be most successful species of homo

  • @flatearthgodsarenotreal

    I watched this episode last year,and I am here to rewatch it ❤ love it And I also read Jeremy's book

  • @flatearthgodsarenotreal

    I forgot the name of the channel And I had to go through all my watch later videos I finally found it 🎉❤

  • @paulenzor6993
    @paulenzor6993 Před 3 dny

    Film flam man!!

  • @Mike_Trainor
    @Mike_Trainor Před 3 dny

    I feel like the Patterson Gimlin film might help answer some of these questions, MK Davis has done some great work regarding the locomotion of the creature

  • @Housefly-sg1zw
    @Housefly-sg1zw Před 3 dny

    Whooaaa ... just had a strange thought. What if, instead of island dwarfism, the hobbits had experienced island gigantism?

  • @pooyanshafai7566
    @pooyanshafai7566 Před 4 dny

    Can you pitch this Idea that instead of oversized featherless Velociraptors, maybe use Gorgonopsids in the next movie? Just show them the majestic beast here and there, oh sorry, I messed up the new pictures. that is another big carnivore from 260 million years ago. Or my kid just drew this Gorgonopsid, they were the apex predator of their time before dinosaurs, very good-looking, and he loves them, he says they are just like Bagheera the black panther in Jungle Book, oh no, the good one 67 Disney animation. You know they could kill a Velociraptor in a fair fight.. Something along this line, maybe we'll have a Gorgonopsid by the fifth move.

  • @briseboy
    @briseboy Před 4 dny

    Inference. Consider the genetic evidence estimating when head lice separated from crab lice, which mostly survive in pubic hair. Their divergence (and divergence is largely allopatric. It OS doubtful that the dovergence occurred sympatrically) indicates the period when hominins ceased to have contiguois fur over the body. A paleoanthropologist suggested adaptive characteristics of long head hair and hairlessnes, in traveling across water, with infants hanging on. To litle evidence, of course, though the water-borne parasites, no matter the vectors, , the melanocytes, etc. can hypothetically add evidence to our ancestors being unconstrained by rivers, etc. whereas our closest social primate relatives do not do that. Back to video, as inference can be derived from phenotype variation. More concrete evidence is necessary, but Darwin, Wallace others had to work from inference.

  • @terrydawson2239
    @terrydawson2239 Před 5 dny

    Should have named him chocolate man.

  • @WhyAreTheyOverHere
    @WhyAreTheyOverHere Před 5 dny

    "VertigoPolitix - The Faulty Science Behind Cheddar Man"

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 5 dny

    Woman in the thumbnail looks like haplogroup C type Australian aboriginal

  • @NativeEyesNc
    @NativeEyesNc Před 5 dny

    You can tell when one is passionate about something the whole energy glows! ❤

  • @connoroleary591
    @connoroleary591 Před 8 dny

    I like the way you don't assume that couplings with Neanderthals wasn't necessarily peaceful and consenting. There is a middle-class bias amongst many historians. People living for millenia at the edge of existence, are unlikely to have been pleasant and polite. I expect that the advantage modren humans had over the Neanderthals, was a much greater capacity for cunning and violence. Traits, that kept modren humans on the move, seeking out unpopulated territories away from the aggression of their own kind.

  • @TheShamwari
    @TheShamwari Před 9 dny

    I have not seen the book but from this video it sounds a bit " hit and miss "to me ??

  • @JonDoeNeace
    @JonDoeNeace Před 9 dny

    He was an olive skinned, bearded, wavy haired North Atlantic Native American from 9,000 years ago whose relatives & descendants are almost exclusively only among North Native American Indian tribes. *That's who Kennewick is*

  • @jerrychacon8814
    @jerrychacon8814 Před 10 dny

    If man did evolve, then language should have evolved too. Language experts say thete is no language ever found that is primitive as from animal sounds. Linguist experts say language is language no matter were its from or time period.

  • @heiligebimbam3073
    @heiligebimbam3073 Před 12 dny

    Well, the iceman found in the Austrian Alps was also dark brown with blue eyes. I believe he was older than cheddar man.

  • @stephenskinner3851
    @stephenskinner3851 Před 13 dny

    The Japanese eat lots of fish and have light skin. Also, Cheddar man was a descendant of the modern humans that came out of Africa about 80,000 years ago. That is almost 70,000 years of 'out of Africa' humans not being under an African sun. Non African Modern humans that still retain dark skin are in Southern India and the Australian Aboriginals.

  • @MythWizdom
    @MythWizdom Před 14 dny

    When modern man (Africans) arrived in Europe, there were no modern Europeans ("whites") in Existence, only the Neanderthal and maybe some Denisovan. It looks like the Cheddar man is the result of hybridization between the African and the Neanderthal/Denisovan, a few generations removed. It was from hybrids like Cheddar man that the various peoples ("whites") of Europe evolved, fascinating! The fact that the first modern Europeans were black is giving the r@cists fits, as for the hair, he most likely had dreadlocks. So, white skin in modern man is even younger than we thought, less than 10,000 years old. This definitely makes a lot of sense when all things are considered!

  • @MythWizdom
    @MythWizdom Před 14 dny

    This is silly, there are many African living all over Europe without any issues, and have been living there more than 1000 years!

  • @kevinsamuelsghost685
    @kevinsamuelsghost685 Před 14 dny

    Look at all the white people crying in the comment section because Cheddar man was dark skin I love it 😂

  • @void________
    @void________ Před 17 dny

    How are you going to make life if you don't define it?

  • @lauramarkee5536
    @lauramarkee5536 Před 17 dny

    The sound special effects are distracting and annoying.

  • @ronrogers876
    @ronrogers876 Před 17 dny

    There was a dwarf species of mammoths that evolved in the Aleutian islands off Alaska, similarly isolated

  • @MythWizdom
    @MythWizdom Před 20 dny

    'Modern" Europeans are not represented as part of homo sapiens (Africans), 300,000 years ago there were no "modern" Europeans ("whites") in existence. We don't start seeing "white" people until around 12,000 to 6,000 years ago, at the earliest. It strikes me as ironic that Europeans talk about "our" species when referring to homo sapiens entering Europe 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. There were no modern European (whites) in existence when homo sapiens (Africans) left Africa, and there were no modern Europeans in existence when Africans (homo sapiens) entered Europe. Modern Europeans were Africans for at least 50,000 years before modern "white" Europeans came on the scene, those are the unvarnished facts that these so-called scientists never make clear!

  • @MythWizdom
    @MythWizdom Před 20 dny

    The earliest homo sapien is probably more than 1.5 million years old, this will become apparent once the European academic obfuscation is removed!

  • @kimshaw-williams
    @kimshaw-williams Před 21 dnem

    First off Lucy did not walk like that, she was strongly arboreally adapted (abducted big toe, long curved fingers, semi-vertical shoulder-blades, etc) so she mostly waded when she walked, and walked bent-kneed bowed-hipped(like a chimpanzee) if she actually walked on land, because she was a proto-gorilla herbivorous sedge-root (rhizome) muncher, in the swamps and wetlands of the East African Rift....her larger cousin Australopithecus boisei became the far more arboreal Gorilla species, as the Pleistocene progressed. Wake up, you paradigm-driven yes-men: CHARLES DARWIN WARNED US NOT TO EXPECT OUR ANCESTORS TO HAVE RESEMBLED ANYTHING LIKE PRESENT DAY APES BACK IN 1872!!!!!!. Science becomes just another religion unless it stays aware of the evidence....I REFER TO THE 6.05 MYA TRACHILOS CRETIAN SEASHORE FOOTPINTS < OK??? WAKE UP< YOU IDJITS!!!

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    40:10 since it is harder to live at higher latitudes, requires more knowledge and technology, more brains to succeed, then could that drive evolution by selecting for the 'smarter' in early Eurasian homo populations?

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    37:02 we see those big-bladed hip bones in many Africans today, that is interesting.

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    17:46 if Erectus was at high altitude in China then how to they relate to Denisovians whom we know had genetic adaptation to low oxygen/high altitude

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    14:16 since Homo Erectus was in Eurasia 1.8 million years ago and that they are a direct ancestor to both Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals then doesn't that speak against the Out of Africa hypothesis in terms of the claim that Homo Sapiens first evolved and only evolved in East Africa?

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    32:25 question: the other apes share common ancestors with Homo Sapiens, apes have pink-white skin under their dark fur. Our ancestors were hairy. Does it not then follow that as we lost hair we became darker in the tropics, but Homo Sapiens sapiens left Africa over 150,000 years ago, maybe more. Why is the assumption that we came from black like Bantu people? Doesnt make sense.

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    25:43 why have they made him so black? There isn't enough understanding and certainty to make him so dark, so why? Have they made him as black as the data suggests that he could possibly be? What would possess them to do that? It has caused much confusion, we have many now who think that black sub-saharan Africans have been in Great Britain throughout the Holocene.

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    14:00 can be be sure that Neanderthals weren't in Great Britain too? Eating people

  • @RichardEnglander
    @RichardEnglander Před 22 dny

    Hi from 2024 I keep seeing two things related to this: 1 that Cheddar Man wae black 2 that there has been no continuous population of Great Britain but that the descents of Cheddar Man live in the area today. Can anybody please explain?